Issue各类题型小析.doc

Issue 各类题型小析一、 历史类1、 历史的定义 History in its broadest sense is the totality of all past events, although a more realistic definition would limit it to the known past. Historiography is the written record of what is known of human lives and societies in the past and how historians have attempted to understand them. (Whether the historians are storytellers? No.110)2、Hegel的观点 According to Hegel, “One more word about giving instruction as to what the world ought to be. Philosophy in any case always comes on the scene too late to give itWhen philosophy paints its gray in gray, then as a shape of life grown old. By philosophys gray in gray it cannot be rejuvenated but understood. The owl of Minerva spreads its wings only with the falling of the dusk.”3、历史研究的目的 Moreover, the purpose of history as a serious endeavor to understand human life is never fulfilled by the mere sifting of evidence for fact-finding is only the foundation for the selection, arrangement, and explanation that constitute historical interpretation.The process of interpretation informs all aspects of historical inquiry, beginning with the selection of a subject for investigation, because the very choice of a particular event or society or institution is itself an act of judgment that asserts the importance of the subject. Once chosen, the subject itself suggests a provisional model or hypothesis that guides research and helps the historian to assess and classify the available evidence and to present a detailed and coherent account of the subject. The historian must respond the fact, avoid ignorance and error as far as possible, and create a convincing, intellectually satisfying interpretation. Until modern times, history was regarded primarily as a special kind of literature that shared many techniques and effects with fictional narrative. Historians were committed to factual materials and personal truthfulness, but like writers of fiction they wrote detailed narratives of events and vivid character sketches with great attention to language and style. The complex relations between literary art and historiography have been and continue to be a subject of serious debate.（以上都是湘湘划在书上的，太多打不完了。） No.110“When we concern ourselves with the study of history, we become storytellers. Because we can never know the past directly but must construct it by interpreting evidence, exploring history is more of a creative enterprise than it is an objective pursuit. All historians are storytellers.”Outline:Agree: (此观点较新颖)1. Ancient history mythology and legendcreative/ingeniouse.g.: Homer, Bible（慎用）2. Archeology fictitious and creative general example analogy/simile3. History: understand or interpretation of history which is recorded or preserved till today.Disagree:1. Hard to distinguish storytellers and historians, to differentiate literature and history. (e.g. 三国志VS三国演义；civil war VS gone with the wind )2. To predict or assume the historical events or history by means of creative enterprise does not necessarily mean that some evident can be fabricated.3. supposing that history is the story interpreted or modified by those historians namely the storytellers, then the lesson or the value people today, derive from the so called history would cause pose less positive influence upon peoples daily life.NO.125 (else NO.103, NO.54, NO.221)“The past is no predictor of the future.”Outline:Agree:1. Unpredictable factors such as environmental will play a large role.2. (分领域)for instant: university: opportunity enterprise: opportunity, economic market troop: climate, geography factors3. nation/societyDisagree:(分对象)1. As for individuals, their character and personality cultivated/natured mainly in ones past years or namely in ones childhood/early adulthood, will exert some great influence on ones future.2. As for groups, the development/growth/evolution of a university, an enterprise, a troop is mainly determined by its past achievement in many aspects. (university: principle, academic tradition; troop: training, quotation; enterprise: capital circulation, human resources, brain trust, morale, incentives)3. As for the survival and revival of a nation, there is no denying fact the upon some essential factors like (GDP, CIA, stocks, financial revenue, welfare ,environmental)二、 政治类1、政府与民众的斗争 Political bands between citizens and their governments generally need to be dissolved when the government becomes too oppressive. Oppressiveness is usually expressed through heavy taxation and the silencing of critics. In this situation, citizens usually form small militias and communities of support in order to withstand resistance from their government once the government becomes aware that they no longer support it. The unwillingness to continue supporting, ones government is often called treason, sedition, or simply tax evasion. Unfortunately, these expressions of unwillingness are usually illegal, and so it is illegal for citizens to terminate a government, regardless of whether or not that government is worth anything to anyone.2、直接民主的概念 Direct democracy, classically termed pure democracy, comprises a form of democracy and theory of civics wherein sovereignty is lodged in the assembly of all citizens who choose to participate. Depending on the particular system, this assembly might pass executive motions (decrees), make law, elect and dismiss officials and conduct trials. Where the assembly elected officials, these were executive agents or representatives (bound the will of the people). Direct democracy stands in contrast to representative democracy, where sovereignty is exercised by a subset of the people, elected periodically, but otherwise free to advance their own agendas. These two forms of democracy can be combined into representative direct democracy, where elected representatives vote on the behalf of citizens, as long as they do not choose to vote themselves. Direct democracy also deals with how citizens are “directly” involved with voting for various laws, instead of voting for representative to decide for them.(这些也是我从书上抄下来的。) NO.79 (also NO.202, NO.105, NO.132, NO.167)“Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public”Outline: (Julius Caesar, Hitler)Disagree: (reserved to the general public)1. Supposing/Supposed/Given that the rights or power making some decisions are not reserved left to the general public, the basic/fundamental principles of democracy will be violated/distorted. (concept)2. Looking back to the long river of history a myriad of examples/stories both in the western kingdoms and the eastern empires, reflect the point that despotism is mainly result from violation of democracy, for instant, 3. No matter either in the past or in the present, in the western or eastern world, it is the general public that have the final say of whether a government functions satisfactorily and whether peoples democracy is well guaranteed/ensure.Agree:1. Democracy is not efficiently.2. Experts advantages.3. Representative.NO.202, NO.79“Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise.”概念补充：Government: The organization that is the governing authority of publican unit.基本功能：the maintenance of basic security and public order; military defense; internal security; economic security; healthy care; education; pension;类型：Anarchy无政府 Monarchy君权 Democracy民主Outline:（NO.202应该妥协，妥协未必放弃原则, NO.79决策权应交由人民）1. The government when making a decision or some changes/reforms, tends to be more warlike aggressive, considering the benefit and loss which nation may undertake.(specific examples, World War )2. Enslavement: Qin Shi HuangThe government, both in the western and eastern world, during some particular historical stages, will be more likely to enslave their citizens mainly for the purpose of satisfying their rulers individual desires and the national benefits.3. class oppression which is still prevalent in some areas across the globe is another reflection in the situation where most decisions are reserved to the governments those government experts.(Cultural Revolution; Civil Rights Movement in 1950s- 1970s)(4. environmental pollution) as for/to the environmental pollution mainly triggered by the speedily development of some industries, a majority government, especially those developing countries, actuality seldom take this environmental risk into the consideration, because the economics interest is their first concern. 三、法律类1、法律的概念Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of historys stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labor law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth.2、 苏格拉底的观点：公正 Socrates has his work cut out for him as how to promote justice as a way of life. The basis of his argument is the most persuasive part, and is that justice is needed to hold society together. He uses many examples of professions to prove that in a business sense: people do what they are best at, not what they will benefit most from. This gives way to the point that people do what is in the best interest to society, and that which benefits others most.NO.241（NO.174）“There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws.”Outline:Disagree:1. As for/to /With respect to the appropriateness and authority a well-established law bears, one should be fairly aware of the difference between them. Laws appropriateness may be perceived differently from those with different interest or requirement; however, laws authority, whatever, one views at their own positions, should never be changed by ones own will.2. supposing hat individuals disobey or even resist the laws which they themselves thinks of as unjust or unfair, then the just laws will be questioned or loss its effectiveness/power, in maintaining the basic order/stability of the society where citizens are inhabited.3. when there appears some argument over the justness/appropriateness of a law which is currently enforced, the rights of amending or even abolishing those unjust laws should be reserved to the judicial and legislative procedure instead of individual will.(specific examples USA:amendant.1,19)四、文化类1、文化的定义 Culture is defined here as asset of distinctive material, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual features of a social group, including art , literature, lifestyles, value systems, traditions, rituals and beliefs.2、文化的定义和内涵 Culture is a complex term that consists of so many things. At the base of culture, one would find people who live in social groups and share a way of living which separates them from other human groups.3、仪式的概念 A ritual is a set of actions, often thought to have symbolic value, the performance of which is usually prescribed by a religion or by the traditions of a community by religious or political laws because of the perceived efficacy of those actions.NO.43 “To truly understand your own cultureno matter how you define itrequires personal knowledge of at least one other cuture, one that is distinctly different from your own.”Outline:Agree:1. The best way to understand ones own cultural, fromtois achieved by the true knowledge of the culture which is different.(definition “Encarta”)2. Supposing that one people merely stay at his own homeland for a long period of time, it is probably unlike for him to best understand his own culture in different aspects.(aspects: rituals, belief, dress, food)3. As for those people who understand/experience the true knowledge/identity of their own cultures by means of knowing those different cultures, they will have an all-around view of their life and others.NO.208 “The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interest. You can tell much about a societys ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of is people.”Outline:Agree:1. The style of dress which is preferred or opted/chosen by women from different places and in different periods can undoubted reveal their openness or conservativeness.(western, Chinese, middle east)2. Womens idea of the fashion or style of their dress, on different social occasion, reflects their aesthetic value and pursuits.(chronological sequence: ancient; 近代的; modern)3. In such a globalize society which the cultural collision and assimilation are pervasive, the style of dress women take on, their daily lives. (collision and assimilation, cross culture)五、教育类1、教育的三大目的 Fundamental purposes that have been proposed for education include: The enterprise of civil society depends on educating young people to become responsible, thoughtful and enterprising citizens. This is an intricate, challenging task requiring deep understanding of ethical principles, moral values, political theory, aesthetics, and economics, not to mention an understanding pf who children are, in themselves and in society. Progress in every practical field depends on having capacities that schooling can educate. Education is thus a means to foster the individuals, societys, and even humanitys future development and prosperity. Emphasis is often put on economic success in this regard. Ones individual development and the capacity to fulfill ones own purposes can depend on an adequate preparation in childhood. Education can thus attempt to give a firm foundation for rhe achievement of personal fulfillment. The better the foundation is built, the more successful the child will be. Simple basics in education can carry a child far.2、histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Francis Bacon3、Confucius: six subjects Ethic, Music, Archery, Horsemanship, Reading, MathematicsNO.90 (NO.80, NO.94, NO.106, NO.158)“College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather than seek programs that promise entry into the job market.”Outline:1. The study of a wide range of subjects on arts and science will enable a student to be educated in an all-round way and develop him both academically and socially.2. The professional or academic study of some courses which mainly satisfy students need in acquiring a wide range of knowledge is the first concern which a university should bear when designing the curriculum available. As for the job-oriented subject, obviously, it is not such courses to students because students choices of career is not movely decided in their four-year college and become the vocational education system is the organ responsible for this job-oriented training. If university put too many human and economic resources into this field, it si definitely a heavy burden to them.NO.132“The university community consists of three different worldsthe sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Because each world operates on its own assumptions and has its own special habits of thinking, rarely is there meaningful interaction among the sciences, the sciences, the humanities and the social sciences.”Concept:Natural science: 研究对象：nature; 研究方法：experimentAstronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Earth science, PhysicsHumanities:研究对象：human condition; 研究方法：imaginationLiterature, Visual Art, Music, Philosophy, performingSocial Science:研究对象：Social; 研究方法：surveyAnthropology, Economic, Education, History, Law, Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology, Sociology六、科技类1、技术对社会和环境的影响 Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies ( including todays global economy ) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the earth and its environment. Various implementations of