Lesson 5修辞与结构.doc

Structural Analysisl Part I: a piece of narrationl Background of the speechPart II. the speech properl an argument or persuasionl Section 1: The Nazi regime horrors upon mankindl Scenario on both sides of the border. l To arouse emotion.l Section 2: I have to declare thein determination and in resources.l What we should do.l Section 3: This is no timelife and power remain.l Further persuasion, to convince the audience of the justification of the decision. Rhetoricl Simile: a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. l tenor: the subject of the comparisonl Vehicle: the image of which this idea is conveyed l The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word like or as.l The bus (tenor) went as slowly similarity as a snail (vehicle).l The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephants skin.l Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall. Metaphor: a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two unlike things is clearly stated, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned. l The essential form of a metaphor is X is Y, and all forms of metaphor can be condensed into this form.l The ship ploughed the sea.l Ship (X - tenor) is plough (Y -vehicle)tenor：隐喻所指的词、短语或对象，如生命 在 “Lifes but a walking shadow”(Shakespeare)“生命不过是一个行走的影子”(莎士比亚)Vehicle: 比喻词、形象词：具体的或特定的词或短语，用于某个比喻要旨并且给予该比喻形象力，如walking shadow（行走的阴影） 节自 “Lifes but a walking shadow”(Shakespeare)“生活不过是一个行走的阴影”(莎士比亚)l Metaphor:l They will be rounded up in hordes.l I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold.l Means of existence is wrung from the soil.l cataract of horrorsl rid the earth of his shadow.liberate people from his yokel The scene will be clear for the final act.Alliteration:l dull, drilled, docile.l for his hearth and homel with its clanking, heel-clicking.Assonance: the use of the same or related, vowel sounds in successive wordsl clanking, heel-clicking,l cowing and tying .plodding on like crawling locusts, .smarting from many a British whipping.l easier and safer preyl Repetition:l We have but one aim and one single purposel nothing will turn us-nothingl We will never parley, we will never negotiate.l This is our policy and this is our declarationl as we shall faithfully and steadfastlyl Parallelism:l The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies.l I see,.I see.l the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector l We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the airl Any man or state. Any man or state.l Let us. Let us.l Noun phrases:l I had not the slightest doubt where .l With great rapidity and violencel Periodic sentences:l When I awoke on.invasion of Russia.l If Hitler imagines that. woefully mistaken. 1. Loose sentence:(松散句) main idea is presented at the beginning and the elements of the sentences are placed in a natural order like this: subject-verb-complement. The information is orderly presentation. It is often simpler, natural, and direct.E.g. my roommate told me to buy a ticket for him when I went to train station yesterday.2. Periodic sentence:（圆周句）Main idea is presented at the end. You cant understand the writer until you read thoroughly. Such sentence can emphasize the element placed at the beginning. It is more complex, emphatic, formal or literary. E.g. having considered both sides of the argument, I have come to the conclusion that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that you may take a horse to the water, but you cannot make him drink. Periodic Sentence圆周句，也称“掉尾句”或“尾重句”，它是英语中末端中心（end focus）或句尾重心（end weight）原则的应用。它的特点是，主要信息或实质部分(如复合句的主句或主句的主要成分置于句尾，形成整句的高潮，从而达到突出该部分内容的目的。圆周句属于一种修辞强调句。因此，圆周句具有制造悬念、吸引读者注意力，强调主旨，给人以深刻印象的修辞作用。例如：But if life hardly seems worth living, if liberty is used for subhuman purposes, if the pursuers of happiness know nothing about the nature of their quarry or the elementary techniques of hunting, these constitutional rights will not be very meaningful.（黄任 2005）作者用三个if引导的从句引出主句，逐渐达到整句的高潮，从而使主句信息得到强调。Having passed the house everyday for two years, and knowing that the man was a cripple, I could not believe what the next-door neighbor told me.（谢祖钧 2002）这个句子，如果在two years或cripple之后停顿，语义和语法结构就都不完整。必须到句末，句子意思才清晰，才知道说话人要说的是什么。收到了引人入胜，信息突出的修辞效果。Just before I went away to college, my father took me aside, as I had expected, and said, as I had not expected, “ now, son, if a strange woman comes up to you on a street corner and offers to take your watch around corner and have it engraved(雕刻), dont do it.”这个长句是一个圆周句，一直要读到最后的句号才能明白全句的意思，而其中父亲对儿子说的话也是一个圆周句，只有听他讲到”dont do it”才明白他要说什么。注：圆周句比较复杂、着重、正式和文雅。 Loose Sentence松散句也称“松弛句”或“迟缓句”，它与圆周句恰恰相反，是把主要信息或实质部分首先提出来，随后附加修饰语或补充细节。松散句具有自然、轻松、随意、质朴、流畅的修辞效果。例如：Sept.11 delivered both a shock and a surprise-the attack, and our response to it-and we can argue forever over which mattered more.（吕煦 2004）此句的主要信息在第一句，随后的两个名词(短语)和一个句子是第一句内容的补充。读者即使在它们各自之间停顿，其语义和语法结构都有相对的完整性，语句自然而又流畅。He was an inch, perhaps two, under six feet, powerfully built, and he advanced straight at you with a slight stoop of the shoulders, head forward, and a fixed from under stare which made you think of a charging bull. His voice was deep, loud, and his manner displayed a kind of dogged self-assertion which had nothing aggressive in it. It seemed a necessity, and it was directed apparently as much of himself as of anybody else. He was spotlessly neat, appareled in immaculate white from shoes to hat, and in the various Eastern parts where he got his living as ship-chandlers water-clerk he was very popular.（黄任 2005）这是英国作家Joseph Conrad的小说Lord Jim的开头一段.作者使用了一连串松散句，把他的故事以轻松自如的口气随意道来，直到最后一句的后半部，即从and开始作者才改变句子结构，以倒装的圆周句的形式使“he was very popular”得到强调。注：并列句是一种松散句，它的分句各自表达比较完整的意思，并且前后次序常常可以颠倒。主句在前、从句在后的复合句也是一种松散句，因为一般说来主句表示的是整句意思的主体部分，而从句是表示次要部分，如补充、修饰等。松散句比较明白、简单、自然和直接。life peer 终身贵族.life peeress 终身女贵族Dominion : Often Dominion One of the self-governing nations within the British Commonwealth.常作 Dominion 英联邦自治领域hussar hu5zB:n.轻骑兵admiralty 5AdmErEltin.海军上将职位, 舰队司令职位n. （英国）海军部n 1953: Queen Elizabeth II conferred on Churchill the dignity of Knighthood and invested him with the insignia of the Order of the Garter Knighthoodknighthood 5naIthJdn.骑士(或爵士)的地位、身份insignia In5sIgnIEn.勋章, 徽章cerebral thrombosis WrCm5bEusisn.血栓症cerebral 简明英汉词典5seribrEladj.脑的,脑血栓Mr. Wen Response to Stuents complaintsMR. Wen feel furious in these days for your complaints.Last period, you hurl your complaints on me. Im trying to explore why. After 2 days ponderation, I think Ive found the root cause for your complains.All in All, Youre passionate, but not considerate. You are self-centred, even a bit self-arrogant.You arent used to ask why when you encounter problems. You should bear in mind that there are always some reasons for some unusual things. As a single child in your family, you are good at finding others trivial faults, but ignore your own obvious shortcomings. You ask too much for others, thats why so many beautiful young ladies cant find their ideal lover in a series of good match program in famous Jiangsu TV program-named as Feichengwurao非诚无扰。You havent learn how to tolerate others faults.You even dont know how to exchange your ideas with others. To tell you the truth, your rude behaviour /remarks really shocked me and irritated me. You may feel pulzzed why Mr. Wen didnt fly into a rage, some of you think that its a miracle, and they feel curious about it and want to know why. After this incident, you must get to know that Im a man of vitue. I Have enough patitence for my students. Above all, I should emphasize that I am an experienced teacher. I am good at asking why. I am good at taking all the factors into full consideration, I have learned not to make decisions in haste. Although its a bit humiliated thing for me at that short moment, I sacrifice my dignity but I gain your respect from your innner heart. If I burst into anger to scold you in louder vioce, everything will go to