The Battle of Bosworth Field(草稿).doc

The Battle of Bosworth Field (or Battle of Bosworth) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York that raged across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by the Lancastrians. Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, by his victory became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty. His opponent, Richard III, the last king of the House of York, was killed in the battle. Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, making it a defining moment of English and Welsh history.博斯沃斯-菲尔德战役（又称博斯沃斯战役）是发生在玫瑰战争时代爆发与英格兰15世纪中晚期兰开斯特家族和约克家族之间的一场对全英格兰产生重大影响的战争的最后一场重要的战役。它爆发于1485年8月22日，兰开斯特党人获得胜利。他们的领袖，里士满伯爵亨利都铎因为这场胜利成为了英格兰都铎王朝的开国君主。其对手约克朝末代君主理查三世战死。史家们认为博斯沃斯-菲尔德战役是金雀花王朝结束的标志，是英格兰和威尔士的历史的决定性时刻。Richards reign began in 1483 when he was handed the throne after his twelve-year-old nephew Edward V, for whom he was acting as Lord Protector, was declared illegitimate and ineligible for the throne.当作为护国公的理查以其外甥爱德华五世为私生子无权继承王位为由时,理查接管了他的12岁外甥爱德华五世的王位,他的統治在1483年开始了。The boy and his younger brother disappeared in mysterious circumstances, and Richards support was eroded by rumours of his involvement in the death of his wife. 这个小男孩（指爱德华五世）和他的小弟（指约克公爵托马斯，时年9岁）在一个神秘的环境中消失了。随着理查被卷入关于他妻子的死亡的谣言中，（人们）对于理查的支持逐渐无感。, and Sir William Stanley brought a force to the battlefield, but held back while they decided which side it would be more advantageous to support.斯坦利勋爵托马斯和威廉斯坦利爵士Across the English Channel in Brittany, Henry Tudor, a descendant of the greatly diminished House of Lancaster, seized on Richards difficulties so that he could challenge Richards claim to the throne.在英吉利海峡对岸的布列塔尼，兰开斯特家族的独苗亨利都铎 ，发现了理查处于困境因此他能够挑战理查的王位。Henrys first attempt to invade England was frustrated by a storm in 1483, but at his second attempt he arrived unopposed on 7 August 1485 on the southwest coast of Wales.亨利的第一次尝试被一场发生在1483年的风暴毁了，但是在他的第二次尝试时他没有任何地抵抗就在1485年7月到达了威尔士的西南海岸。 Marching inland, Henry gathered support as he made for London. Richard mustered his troops and intercepted Henrys army south ofMarket Bosworth in Leicestershire. 亨利在他在挥师内进、前往伦敦的道路上获得了支持。理查召集他的军队和亨利所部遇于雷塞斯特郡马克特博斯沃斯的南部。Thomas, Lord Stanley也参与了战斗，但是他们在确定支持哪一方会变得更不靠谱时停了下来。Richard divided his army, which outnumbered Henrys, into three groups (or battles). 理查把他多于亨利所部军队数量的军队划分为三部。One was assigned to theDuke of Norfolk and another to the Earl of Northumberland. 第一部任命诺福克公爵为总指挥，第二部以诺森伯兰伯爵为首。Henry kept most of his force together and placed it under the command of the experienced Earl of Oxford.亨利则集中兵力并将他大部分军队置于牛津伯爵的手中。 Richards vanguard, commanded by Norfolk, attacked but struggled against Oxfords men, and some of Norfolks troops fled the field. Northumberland took no action when signalled to assist his king, so Richard gambled everything on a charge across the battlefield to kill Henry and end the fight. 理查的前锋由诺福克公爵指挥，和牛津伯爵的军队厮杀在了一起，然后诺福克所部的一些士兵临阵脱逃了。当被暗示去协助他的国王（理查）时，诺森伯兰伯爵没有任何反应，所以理查押上了一切穿过战场去杀掉亨利结束此战。Seeing the kings knights separated from his army, the Stanleys intervened; Sir William led his men to Henrys aid, surrounding and killing Richard. After the battle, Henry was crowned king below an oak tree in nearby Stoke Golding, now a residential garden.看见国王的护卫骑士离开了他的军队（阵地），斯坦利来了；威廉爵士让他的人去救亨利并围歼理查。战争过后，亨利在靠近斯托克戈尔丁现在是一个住宅花园的一棵橡树下被拥立为王。Henry hired chroniclers to portray his reign favourably; the Battle of Bosworth was popularised to represent the Tudor dynasty as the start of a new age.亨利找了诸多的编年史家去鼓吹他的合法性，From the 15th to 18th centuries the battle was glamorised as a victory of good over evil. 从15世纪到18世纪这场战役都被美化成一个邪不胜正的典例。The climax of William Shakespeares play Richard III provides a focal point for critics in later film adaptations. 威廉莎士比亚的戏剧理查三世的高潮为以后的电影改编评论者提供了一个焦点（因为莎士比亚在这部剧中把理查三世是黑得一无是处）。The exact site of the battle is disputed because of the lack of conclusive data, and memorials have been erected at different locations. 因为缺乏详细信息，此战的详细地点目前不得而知，纪念碑也被竖在了不同地点。The Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre was built, in 1974, on a site chosen based on a theory that has since been challenged by several scholars and historians. 在众多学者和史家争论了多次选址的理论后，博斯沃斯菲尔德战役文物中心于1974年建立。In October 2009, a team of researchers, who had performed geological surveys and archaeological digs in the area from 2003, suggested a location two miles (3.2 km) southwest of Ambion Hill.自从2003年起在故址出做了一大堆的地理考察和考古挖掘之后，2009年10月，一直研究队伍指出旧址在安比隆山。Contents目录1 Background背景2 Factions派别 2.1 Yorkist约克党 2.2 Lancastrian兰开斯特党2.3 Stanleys斯坦利家族3 Prelude前奏4 Engagement初试锋芒5 Post-battle战后6 Legacy and historical significance战役遗产和历史意义6.1 Historical depictions and interpretations流传的一些版本6.2 Shakespearian dramatisation莎翁的说法7 Battlefield location战役地址7.1 Historians theories史家之说7.2 Physical site可解释的地点During the 15th century, civil war raged across England as the Houses of York and Lancaster fought each other for the English throne. 15世纪时，为了王位约克家族和兰开斯特家族进行了一场横贯英格兰的内战。In 1471, the Yorkists defeated their rivals in the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. 1471年，约克党人在巴尼特和图克斯伯里击败了对手。The Lancastrian King Henry VI and his only son, Edward of Lancaster, died in the aftermath of the Battle of Tewkesbury. 图克斯伯里一战后，兰开斯特的亨利六世和他的独子兰开斯特的爱德华（又叫威斯敏斯特的爱德华）牺牲。Their deaths left the House of Lancaster with no direct claimants to the throne. 他们的死亡让兰开斯特家族后继无人。The Yorkist king,Edward IV, was in complete control of England.约克之主爱德华四世完成了英格兰的控制。He attainted those who refused to submit to his rule, such asJasper Tudor and his nephew Henry, naming them traitors and confiscating their lands. The Tudors tried to flee to France but strong winds forced them to land in Brittany, then a semi-independent duchy, where they were taken into the custody of Duke Francis II.4 Henrys mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II and father of King Henry IV.5 The Beauforts were originally bastards, but Henry IV legitimised them on the condition that their descendants were not eligible to inherit the throne.6Henry Tudor, the only remaining Lancastrian noble with a trace of the royal bloodline, had a weak claim to the throne,3 and Edward regarded him as a nobody.7 The Duke of Brittany, however, viewed Henry as a valuable tool to bargain for Englands aid in conflicts with France and kept the Tudors under his protection.7Edward IV died twelve years after Tewkesbury on 9 April 1483.8 His twelve-year-old elder son succeeded him asKing Edward V; the younger son, nine-year-old Richard of Shrewsbury, was next in line to the throne. Edward V wastoo young to rule and a Royal Council was established to rule the country until the kings coming of age. The royal court was worried when they learned that the Woodvilles, relatives of Edward IVs widow Elizabeth, were plotting to seize control of the council.9 Having offende