包装英语作业参考译文.doc

作 业 参 考 译 文第一课1 The primary (major) role of packaging is to protect a product from damage caused by heat, moisture, electromagnetic interference, radioactive substances (rays), etc., in distribution.2 The so-called “packaging technology” is a commercially technical measure to protect a product so that it can stand the trials in transportation and further enhance the value of the product. 3 As an universal product code (UPC), a fixed label of a product can provide lots of information by electronic commerce, such as classification, manufacturer, weight, cost, leave factory date, ect. 第二课1 Compared to other topics in packaging design, graphic design has been paid more attention and discussion. However, graphic design (it) is often a matter of taste, as each individual has a different concept of what a graphic design is good. 2 It is very difficult to change the logos of large companies such as Shell and Coca-cola being praised several decades in the world. Thus, designers often take such a trick that each stage is a subtle touch being a small one, which would not be noticed by the average consumer, meanwhile, increasing the standout and making the logo more acceptable by modern standards.第三课1 Packaging design is supposed to consider and estimate what materials can be used. The properties primarily considered include the resistance to static electricity, chemical and physical strength, weather-resistance and barrier quality. The packaging materials to be used and or a product must sufficiently prevent the affection of the atrocious factors to be suffered from the distribution environment. There are many sorts of materials for packaging, including paper, cardboard, steel, glass, wood, plastics, and compound material, etc., which are of ordinary, and in addition, the auxiliary materials such as chemicals, adhesives and solvent. 2 Folding carton is the most popular form of packaging container. Because both the cost of material and the cost to produce are economical, and it can be transported and recycled after being collapsed, with better performance on environment protection, paper-made packaging has widespread utilities. Although light-weight cartons have a little bit worse performance to protect their contents, heavy corrugated cartons can rival wooden-boxes completely. 第四课1 Soft drink aseptic carton is one of the most light weight packaging of beverages, since its coextruded by paper, aluminum foil and polyethylene. This form of multiplayer compound can bring the performance of each material into play most reasonably, and effectively use the materials needed for production. 2 Plastic bottles are capturing a large segment of the bottle market. Its predictable that there will be more and better plastic containers made by coextrusion. They may have good barrier quality soon as that of glass bottles. Du Pont has developed a new HPPE/Nylon blow-mold resin, which has 140-fold increase in barrier qualities over HDPE. 第五课1 In French around 1800, the methods to preserve food are primarily the archaic means, such as crusage, desiccation, sootiness (or fumigation), etc. Napoleons troops on distant campaigns were short of fresh food, so as to result in scurvy happened. Upon that, Napoleon rewarded twelve thousand grants heavily to invention of fresh food keeping. Nicolas Apperts canning heat holder was granted by the reward. 2 Efficient pasteurization may reduce the bacteria in raw milk from one million to only a few thousand per square centimeter. The bacteria left are chemically of inert type, that is, they either do not sour milk at all, or sour it only slowly. But pasteurization need very strict cleanliness of all pipes and containers. Otherwise, if the slightest trace of dirt remains, all the benefits of pasteurization are wasted. 第六课1 Medical device packaging will be subjected (face) to more social demands (concerns). Strictly speaking, its performance is a matter of life and death. It has to withstand being gassed, steamed or powerful radiation, and come out not only being, but looking, antiseptically pure even if it sits on a shelf for years. 2 Radiation sterilization may be done with gamma rays or electron-beam. It is quick and easy. Its major drawback is the high cost and size of the equipment. Radiation can cause polypropylene and PVC to yellow and become brittle. PETG and other polyesters are the most popular materials for irradiate packages. 3 Flexible materials used for medical device packaging usually must be able to admit sterilizing gas, like ethylene oxide or steam, coming into the packaging, but keep out bacteria and viruses. 第七课1 Once a product is ready for shipment, it must be securely placed in the appropriate package and sealed for shipping and handling. Box flaps and bag openings have to be folded, closed and sealed in preparation for palletization and stacking. Irregularly shaped objects might require strapping to secure them. When the production volume is high, it depends on semiautomatic or full automatic equipments to finish the packaging up and seal the products. 2 There may be four choices to increase the production volume of packaging: to reconstruct and innovate the existing production equipments, to purchase the state-of-art equipments, to improve the packaging processes and materials, and to employ the appropriate packaging contractor. 第八课1 The purpose of packaging design is to get a product from one place to another without unacceptable loss or damage in an economic and practical manner. The product must be protected during distribution from damage or destruction, and likewise. For consumer goods, the packaging also needs to be attractive, unmarred and neat. Anyway, the proportion of marred (damaging) product resulted from distribution should be minimum. 2 Vibration issue in distribution is very complex. The vibrational frequencies and their magnitudes are in widespread ranges. The following table lists the vibrational frequencies probably encountered in various distribution environments. They are corresponding to maximum accelerations. These data stand for the most common cases occurred. 第九课1 The so-called palletizing packaging is referred to as that, according to the extent of security needed, the most appropriate and limited protection is applied to the product to form a compact packaging, so that it can be distributed safely to the destination. This not only meets the demands for large volume of transportation and labor work saving, but also has good effect economically. 2 Load-locking can be used to prevent the various levels stacked on a pallet from sliding apart. Nonslip applications may be used on the exterior of the packages, but it can complicate the shipping process. Adhesive can be applied between the levels by spraying, brushing, coating or rolling, else, enclosing the pallet in stretch or shrink wraps. These methods can also load-lock the units. 第十课1 For a product-packaging system, frequency response function can be calculated. Assume that a structure has its own weight as the static loading, with the absolute value of complex modulus as |E|=(E12+E22). Then, in terms of the variation of the magnification function, the resonant frequency may also increase as the static pre-deformation goes up. 2 The basic demand for cushion design is to choose appropriate material and determine reasonable shape and size of the construction, under the precondition of protecting the product from damaging. The dynamic characteristics between “environment-product-packaging” may also be determined to investigate the principles for eliminating or reducing the damage, and at last find out the method to improve the packaging. 第十一课1 The history of printing can be traced back to AD105 when paper was invented in China. (or: Printing began with the invention of paper in China in AD105). Printing in Europe has existed in various forms since the sixth century. It is considered that a goldsmith, Gutenberg, in Germany invented the printing in the West, and the production of the first book in Europe in 1445.2 Traditional screening is referred to as amplitude modulated (AM) screening, that is, the dots are arranged in a regular pattern of rows and columns but each dot varies in size. Other screening process now available in use is referred to as frequency modulated (FM) screening. It produces dots of the same size but they are randomly scattered. 第十二课1 The procedures to test vibration transmissibility are: Firstly accelerators are installed on both a mass block and the vibration table; Then the test specimen on the top of the block is fixed by restraining devices. Next, the vibration table is started at 3 Hz, which is gradually increased and swept until passing the resonant frequency of the system. Finally, the accelerations on both the vibration table and the mass block, together with the corresponding vibration frequencies are reco