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英文原文A New Mode of Coal Mining Under Buildings with Paste-Like Backfill TechnologyCUI Jian-qiang ,SUN Heng-hu , HUANG Yu-cheng(School of Resources and Safety Engineering,CUMT,Beijing 100083,China)ABSTRACT:The formation of the paste-like backfill technology was introduced briefly in this paper,from the actual cases of coal mines,a new mode of coal mining under buildings with the technology was proposed,and its specificity was analyzed,and a further introduction to the full-sand-soil solidifying material was given.The main parts of the backfill system,such as the backfill preparation system,the pipeline transportation system,the backfill systems in fully mechanized mining faces and the backfill process,were presented emphatically.KEYWORDS: mining under buildings;paste-like backfill;full-sand-soil solidifying material1 IntroductionWith the rapid increase of the demand of social and economic development,the conflict between coal shortage and economic development is becoming more and more conspicuous.More attention has been paid on coal mining technology under buildings.The present coal mining technology under buildings can not be widely applied for its some shortages ,such as the poor effect of surface subsidence and deformation cont rolling ,the serious pollution of underground operation environment and the low recovery of resources.Paste-like backfill technology has outstanding advantages,such as the wide supply of backfill materials,the low cost of backfilling,the easy preparation of slurry and the high strength of backfill body.It can control surface subsidence and deformation effectively,gain a high recovery,and does not pollute underground operation environment.Using the new mode,harmless and non-pollution mining under buildings can be realized.2 Proposal and Specificity of the New ModeIn all the modes of coal mining under buildings backfill mining is the most effective in the control of surface subsidence and deformation and the recovery of coal.The density of backfill body and its subsidence contraction influence the movement and deformation of surface and surrounding rock directly.The solidifying backfill mining technology has been widely applied in royal and nonferrous mines,for its backfill body has the following advantages such as high density,little subsidence contraction,and enough strength and stiffness.With the development of modern science and technology,the solidifying backfill mining technology has been improved and developed greatly. Based on the development trend of solidifying backfill technology,Professor SUN Heng-hu proposed a new mode referred to as paste-like solidifying backfill.The new modes specificity is that it has not only the advantages of both hydraulic backfill and paste backfill,such as the good slurry fluidity and the easy pipeline gravity transportation for the former,and the great backfill body strength and the non-or little dehydrating for the later. The traditional binder cement has the poor capability of fine particles solidifying.When the density of backfill slurry is lower than that of paste,the slurry is easy to transport through pipelines by gravity,which will result in the loss of fine particles (including cement particles) in the dehydrating process.So the subsidence contraction of it s backfill body increases and the strength decreases,which leads to the loss of binder and the serious pollution of underground operation sites.When the density of backfill slurry is close to that of paste,it s fluidity becomes poor and difficult to transport.Therefore,the key to the realization of paste-like backfill mode is to research and develop a new kind of binder.It is necessary for this binder to have the capability of solidifying fine particles and for it s backfill body to meet the need of strength.Meanwhile,it must have a wide range of backfill materials and a lower backfill cost.The research group leaded by Professor SUN Heng-hu has developed a new generation binder, full-sand-soil solidifying material.With the new solidifying material, the paste-like backfill mode is forming gradually, which absorbs the advantages of the modern solidifying backfill and spurns it s disadvantages. Based on the knowledge of solidifying backfill engineering practice, the actual situation of coal mines and the paste-like backfill technology, a new mode of coal mining under buildings is set up. So this new mode and it s system design have both something similar to the solidifying backfill technology in metal mines and it s own characteristics.（1）Backfill material: The newly developed full-sand-soil material is adopted as binder, and debris(waste from coal mines) and flyash (waste from steam electric plants) are used as aggregate（2）Backfill area: Coal deposit s takes the shape of seams, most of which have a low angle, so the area to backfill is great and backfill slurry have to be transported farther. Compared with metal deposits normally taking the shape of block orvein, the ratio of total length to height difference is larger（3）Backfill capacity: Generally, fully-mechanized working faces in a coal mine has a larger productivity than a metal mine. So, a larger backfill capacity of the backfill system is needed.（4）Selection of backfill preparation station sites : The backfill system must meet the demand of the ratio of total length to height difference of paste-like slurry transportation. Moreover, the transportation of backfill materials on the earths surface must be taken into account so as to lower the backfill cost farthest, for the backfill amount is great.（5）Coordination: To assure the production of fully-mechanized working faces and the quality of backfill body, the processes of mining and backfill must be coordinated well. By now, there is no relative engineering experience.3 The New Mining Mode Under Buildings and Its System Layout3.1Full-sand-soil solidifying materialThe full-sand-soil solidifying material is a kind of powder made of some industrial waste, such as blasting-furnace slag, smelter slag, and proper portion of natural minerals and chemical catalysts through milling and mixing. It has a powerful capability of solidifying sandy soil and industrial waste (such as tailings) containing a high percentage of clay. Hence comes it s name full-sand-soil solidifying material, called full-sand-soil material for short .Compared with Portland cement, the full-sand-soil material has it s own specificity in the respects of technological property,production process and engineering applications. It has a super quality of solidifying fine particles. Under the condition of equal dosage, its strength is 2-3 times that of cement. Under the same strength demand, it s dosage is less than half that of cement. Compared with regular cement, its early strength is high , and 7-day，s strength and 282 days strength can reach that of 425 # and 525 # cement standards, respectively. The process of producing the full-sand-soil material is to ”engulf ”a large amount of industrial waste , and to produce super binder with good property and wide uses at a low price. It s production cost is low, approximately 200 yuan per ton. Therefor, the full-and-soil material will not only find wide applications in mining, communication, construction, water conservancy and oil projects , but carve out a completely new way to reutilize industrial waste.3.2The system layout of paste-like backfill mining under buildings3.2.1Backfill preparation station system（1）Location selectionDistinguished from paste backfill, one of the specificity of the paste-like backfill is that the fluidity of it s slurry is excellent. Without or with a little transportation pressure, its slurry can be transported to backfill sites. For this reason, when the location of a backfill preparation station is selected, the demand for the ratio of total length to height difference should be met firstly so that the paste-like backfill slurry flow by gravity can be ensured. Secondly, the transportation work of a backfill materials on the earths surface should be minimized furthest. The capacity of a backfill preparation station should be about 2. 0 times that of the backfill mining face.Since a coal face usually has a large productivity per year, so lowering the backfill material transportation cost will be of outstanding sense.（2）Layout of a backfill preparation stationBased on the capacity of a backfill preparation station, the specificity of backfill materials and the practical experience of solidifying backfill mining in metal mines, it is more suitable for a backfill preparation station to adopt a two-step mixing system , i.e. , the first step mixing drum prepares mortar ,made from debris , fly ash and water , with a density about 73 %; and the two second step mixing drum prepares paste-like backfill slurry with a density about 75 % made from the full-sand-soil material and the mortar produced by the first step mixing drum.To ensure the reliable operation of a backfill preparation station, two mixing drums are set for each step. When one of the two first-step mixing drums is working normally, the other is alternate .Both of the two second-step mixing drums are working normally at the same time. When something is wrong with one of the second-step mixing drums,the other can produce backfill slurry by itself . The advantage of the layout is that when one of the mixing drums has something wrong , the production of slurry does not be influenced so as to ensure the continuity of the backfill process.3.2.2The pipeline transportation system of paste-like backfill slurryFirstly, the layout of the pipeline transportation system must meet the demand for the backfill capacity and make the backfill operation be high quality, efficient, safe and economic. It is not permitted for the backfill pipeline to be laid upward. Meanwhile too many turns should be avoided so as not to result in the natural pressure loss of backfill slurry and pipeline blocking. The pipeline to underground should be laid in the auxiliary shaft or air shaft as far as possible. Utilizing the existent shafts,roadways and ground installation can decrease the backfill pipeline laying cost and also make the pipeline conveniently inspected and repaired. The backfill pipeline layout in a coal mine can be seen in Fig. 1. It s backfill pipeline is laid through a backfill borehole, auxiliary shaft , main entry , return dip ,tail-entry to the backfill site.Fig. 1 Backfill pipeline layout at the beginning period1.Backfill preparation station; 2. Town buildings; 3. No. 6 shaft;4. Filling pipe 5.Entry at - 570m level; 6. Entry at - 710m level;7. Return dip; 8.Transportation dip; 9. Tail-entry;10. Fully2mechanized mining face; 11. Head2entryFrom the pipeline layout in Fig. 1, the actual ratio of total length to height difference can be calculated by the following formula:N = L / Hwhere N is the ratio of total length to height difference, L is length of the backfill pipeline, L = | AB|+ | BC| + | CD | + | DE| + | EF| in m , and H stands for the height difference between the slurry entrance on the earths surface and the slurry exit at the underground backfill site , H = the height of point A - the height of point F in m.On the basis of the laboratory research on the paste-like slurry flow specificity and the similar engineering experience of metal mines , N = 326 is the most suitable value for the paste-like slurry to be transported through a pipeline by natural pressure.3.2.3Backfill system in fully2mechanized working facesThe gob resulted from backfill mining is filled with backfill materials tightly. In the process of deformation with surrounding rock, the backfill body with certain strength and stiffness increases the capacity of surrounding rock effectively and gives someload-bearing capacity towards roof strata gradually.A reasonable roof2cont rolling area can be obtained from a site test and the strata control theory so as to ensure the safety of backfill operation. Thus along the working face a row of hydraulic props should be set in the gob behind powered supports. The distances between hydraulic props and between hydraulic prop row and powered supports , and the width of each backfill strip can be obtained through-numerical simulation and in-situ test s on the basis of roof stability , mining depth , tectonic stress and soon. Thus, a backfill road is formed between hydraulic props and powered supports. Flexible shuttering is set up along a side of the gob against hydraulic props to support backfill slurry and filter water. It s layout can be seen in Fig. 2. The backfill systems advantages are that mining and backfill processes are independent of each other , it s large filtering area is good for the increasing backfill bodys early strength , and the filtered water can flow to the head-entry directly and not result in polluting of the working face.Fig. 2 Backfill pipeline layout at the beginning period1.Head-entry; 2. Tail-entry; 3. Powered support;4. Hydraulic prop; 5. Flexible shuttering; 6.Backfill road;7. Preparatory backfill strip; 8. Complete backfill strip3.2.4The process of backfill technology(1)Preparation processThe preparation process of backfilling includes sealing of the flexible shuttering, linking of the backfill pipes, communicating between the backfill site and the backfill preparation station, cleaning up of the head-entry drainage ditch and so on.(2)Backfill processWhen the preparation operation is accomplished, the backfill preparation station begins the backfill operation. Firstly, the backfill pipes is washed by using clean water and the pipeline is inspected to determine whether it leaks or not. If all is OK, then slurry is transported down through the pipeline. In order to prevent the washing water from flowing into the gob , a valve should be set up before the pipeline is laid to the backfill site. By this way, the clean water resulted from the pipeline washing may be drained to the head-entry ditch directly.Backfill workers operate at the T junction of the tail-entry when backfill begins. Attention should be paid intently on backfill operation. When abnormal cases occur, relative measures should be taken at once.While the gob is being filled with slurry during the backfill period, little water can be dehydrated from the seams or the flexible shuttering and is drained to the head-entry, which prevent s it from flowing to the working face and causing pollution to the operation environment.(3)Closing processWhen backfill slurry reaches at the predate rmined position, the backfill preparation station stops producing slurry. To prevent the backfill slurry from detaining and solidifying in the pipes to block the filling pipe or make it s radius decrease, the backfill pipeline is washed using clean water for a further use when there is no slurry flowing out at the end of the backfill pipeline.4 The Estimation of Surface SubsidenceProbability integration is the traditional method to estimate surface subsidence resulted from coal mining under buildings. Take the feasibility research on one coal mines paste-like backfill mining under buildings as an example. The calculation scope is the full subsidence area. Based on the mining areas empirical values of the parameters for the probability integration, surface subsidence is estimatedIt s mining depths are 971, 1241 and 701 m in trend direction of the main section, at the lower boundary and at the upper boundary, respectively. The seam thickness, including 5 coal seams, is 10.6m, and the average seam dip is 21. According to the relevant literatures on solidifying backfill technology, subsidence coefficient q=0.020.05,tangent of the main influence angle , taken by medium stable strata , tan= 1. 7 and horizontal moving coefficient b = 0. 3. The calculation results are listed in Table 1.Table 1 The estimation of surface subsidence induced paste-likebackfill mining under buildings in a coal mineFrom Table 1, both surface movement and deformation values are smaller than the deformation standards of No. 1 protection regulation for masonry structure buildings in China, that is , max dipping coefficient i3. 0mm/ m , max curvature K0. 210 - 3/ m , max horizontal deformation 2. 0mm/ m.5 ConclusionsBased on the existent backfill modes and the trend of modern backfill development, a new backfill mode, paste-like backfill technology, is put forward. It s binder has good quality and low price, and it can also reutilize a large amount of industrial waste. These advantages will make the backfill cost decrease greatly. Consequently, the paste-like backfill mode will carve out a new way for coal mining under buildings. With the paste-like backfill technology, the new mode of coal mining under buildings will certainly find application in solving the environment pollution resulted from debris and flyash, and recover a large amount of coal under buildings. Therefore, to the sustainable development of Chinese coal mining, the new mode will have a great and far-reaching strategy meaning.References1Sun Wenbiao, Sun Henghu, Zhao Longsheng, et al. Study on backfilling material by using sialitefor coal mining safety and environment protectionA.Progress in Safety Science and Technology.Beijing: Science Press, 20052Qian Ming-gao, XU Jia-ling, Miao Xie-xing. Green technology in coal mining J.Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 20033Hu Hua, Sun Heng-hu. Development of backfill technology and the new backfill process usingpaste-like material J. China Mining, 2001,4Sun Heng-hu, Li Huajian, Li Yu. Establishment of silica-alumina based cementitious systemSialite. Rare metal materials and engineering 2004中文译文建筑物下似膏体充填开采新工艺的探讨崔建强，孙恒虎，黄玉成中国矿业大学，能源与安全学院，中国，北京100083摘要:在这篇文章中简略的介绍了似膏体充填技术，从采煤实例中提出了在建筑物下采煤的新模式，并从分析其特征，进一步介绍了砂土固化材料，并着重介绍了该项似膏体充填模式的的主要系统：如充填准备系统、管线运输系统、综采工作面充填系统、充填步骤。关键词：建筑物下采煤，似膏体充填料，砂土固化材料1简介随着社会和经济发展的要求，煤炭资源短缺和经济快速增长之间的冲突越来越显而易见。建筑物下采煤技术得到了更多的关注，眼下建筑物下采煤技术得不到广泛的应用，是因为它有一些缺陷，比产生如地表沉陷与不断变形、地下运行环境污染严重和地下资源回收率极低等负面影响。似膏体充填技术具有杰出的有利条件，如广泛的充填材料来源，成本低、容易制备充填浆体和充填体强度较高。它可以很好的控制地面沉降和有效变形，获得较高的回收率，不污染地下水运行环境。使用这个新技术，无害的无污染的建筑物下采煤可以被实现的。2新模式的提出和特点在所有的建筑物下采煤方法中，充填采煤是控制地表下沉和变形、提高回采率最有效的方法。充填体的密度及其沉淀收缩率的大小直接影响着围岩与地表的移动和变形。固体充填技术曾广泛应用于有价值高有色金属矿山，因为充填体有以下特征，比如高密度、小沉淀收缩率和足够的强度和硬度。随着现代科学和技术的发展，固体充填采矿技术得以很大的改进和提高。在固体充填技术发展趋势的基础上，孙恒虎教授提出了一种类似于膏体固体充填的新方法，这种新方法的特点不仅是充填浆体流动性好，易于实现管道的自流运输，而且对于早期来说，充填强度高，晚期没有或只有很小的可能致使脱水丧失充填能力。传统的粘合剂水泥胶结细颗粒能力较差。充填浆体的密度低于膏体密度时，在自重应力作用下，充填浆体很容易随着管道流动，这将造成充填材料中的细粒级颗粒(包括水泥颗粒)在脱水过程中流失，充填体的沉缩率增大和强度降低，这会导致粘合剂流失与地下操作场所的污染。当充填浆体密度与膏体密度相似时，它的流动性又使其运输变得困难。所以，似膏体充填新模式的实现是要研究和发展出一种新的粘合剂。对于这种粘合剂来说，既要具备胶结细颗粒的能力，又要使充填体达到需要的强度，同时，还必须有一个广泛的充填材料来源和一个低的充填成本。由孙恒虎教授领导的研究小组已经研制出新一代的粘结剂，砂土固化剂。伴随着这个新的固体材料的产生，似膏体充填模式逐渐形成，这种方式吸收了传统固体充填的优点，并屏弃了它的缺点。在以膏体充填为基准，结合煤矿实际情况的基础上，建立了一个建筑物采煤的新模式。这种新模式和其系统的设计和金属矿山充填采矿有很多相似，但又有其自身的特点。主要表现在：（1）充填材料:新发展的全砂土固化材料被当着粘合剂使用，煤矸石（来自采煤）和粉煤灰（来自发电厂）当着骨料用。（2）充填范围：煤炭以层状赋存，大多数倾角都很小，所以充填地方比较大且充填料浆需要输送很长的距离，与呈块状或脉冲状的金属矿床相比，充填路线大。（3）充填能力：一般的，煤矿综采工作面的生产能力大于金属矿山。因此一个大容量的充填系统是必要的。（4）充填位置选择：充填系统必须达到不同膏体充填运输总长度与高度的比例。更要综合考虑充填原料在地上的运输，尽量降低运输成本。（5）协调:确保综采面的生产能力和充填质量，采煤程序和充填必须相协调。到目前为止，没有相关的历史工程经验。3建筑物下开采新工艺及系统布置3.1全砂土固化材料全砂土固结材料是由一些工业废料制成的粉末，比如炉渣、冶炼渣、自然矿物质加入一些化学催化剂磨成粉末混合而成。它有很强的能力将砂土和工业废料（比如尾砂）以一个很高的百分率胶结在一起，因此叫做全砂土固化材料，简称全砂土材料。与波特兰水泥相比，全砂土材料在生产成本、生产程序和工程应用都有自身的特点。它在胶结细粒上有一个极好的质量。在同等剂量的条件下，它的强度是2-3倍于其他水泥。在同等强度要求下，它的剂量比其他水泥少一半不止。与普通水泥相比，其7天早期强度达到425水泥标准，28天强度可以达到525水泥标准。全砂土固化材料的生产过程是“吞没”了大量的工业废物，以低的价格生产出极好性能和广泛应用的超级粘合剂。它的生产成本很低，近似于每吨200元。因此，全砂土材料不仅可以广泛应用在采矿、通讯、建筑、水利工程和石油工程，而且开拓出一个全新的方式再利用工业废料。3.2建筑物下开采似膏体充填系统3.2.1充填制备站系统(1)位置的选择:似膏体充填区别于膏体充填的特点之一就是料浆的流动性好，不需要或者只需要一点压力即可到达充填地点。由于这个原因，当一个充填准备站的位置被选中以后，充填总长度与高度的比值需满足似膏体自流的要求；其次地面充填材料的运输距离必须尽可能的短。充填准备站的能力必须是需充填开采工作面生产能力约2倍。由于综采工作面年产量大，所以降低地面充填材料的运输费用具有很大的经济优点。(2)充填准备站的布局：根据充填准备站的容量、充填材料的特性和金属矿山固体充填采矿实践经验，充填准备站充填准备采取两个步骤：第一步混合搅拌，由煤矸石、粉煤灰、水组成的浓度约73的砂浆；第二步是制备由全砂土材料和来自第一步的砂浆混合形成的浓度约75的似膏体充填料浆。为确保充填准备站运行可靠，每级搅拌桶均设置备用搅拌桶。第一步搅拌桶一个正常工作，另一个是备用；正常工作情况下，第二步搅拌桶2个同时工作，当其中一个发生故障时，另一个第二步搅拌桶单独制浆。布局优点的在于，当一个搅拌桶发生故障时，浆体生产没有受到影响，能确保充填的延续性。3.2.2似膏体充填料浆管道运输系统首先，充填管道运输系统的布局必须满足充填能力的需求，使充填运作是高质量、有效、安全和经济。充填管道向上敷设是不被允许的，同时也应该尽量避免转弯，以免导致管道堵塞和自然压力损失。由地面向