名词从句(语法).doc

名词性从句名词性从句的结构及功能总述1、名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性的功能相当于名词词组，它在句子中担任主语，宾语，表语，同位语，介词宾语等，因此根据句子中的不同语法功能，可分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。2、连接词名词性从句主要有四种结构：以that引导的从句；以whether/if引导的从句；以特殊疑问此引导的从句；以what或wh-ever等连接的从句。此外，as if，as though，because，as也可以引导表语从句。主语从句 宾语从句表语从句同位语从句作及物动词作介词的宾语that一般不省略可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略whether/if放于句首只能用whether用whether/if均可只用whether只用whether只用whether特殊疑问词注意语序用陈述语序名词性关系从句注意语序用陈述语序（1） 从属连接词引导名词性从句的从属连接词主要有that，whether，if。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，也无词义。whether/if起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，本身有词义，表示“是否”。（1） 特殊疑问词连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which。起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中充当成分，本身有词义。连接副词：when，where，how，why。起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中充当成分，本身有词义。（3）名词性关系从句：连接代词： whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever。连接副词： whenever，wherever，however。（4）从属连词as if，as though，because，as引导的表语从句。连接词的用法1、 thatThat只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，也无词义。（1）主语从句可用it作形式主语，从句本身置于句末，常见的句型有：A、It+形容词+ that从句It is clear that he was telling the truth.B、It+名词词组+that从句It is a pity that you cant go with us.C、It be+过去分词+that从句Its said/reported/believed/thought/expected thatIts said that he has been there many times.D、It+及物动词+宾语+that从句It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.It shocked me that he didnt tell anybody where he was.E、It seems/happens/appear等不及物动词+that 从句It seems that he was lost something.在口语和非正式文体中，that常可以省略，尤其实在非常短的句子中，that是不必要的；但that从句位于句首时，连词that是不可以省略的。Its a pity（that）you are leaving.That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us.2、 宾语从句常见的可以接从句作宾语的动see，say，know，discover，believe，tell，show，think，consider，sure等，在可以接复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的动词后，如 think, make, consider等，可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句后置，that 在这种情况下不能省略。We heart that one more person died of ill in Mexico.I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.that从句一般不能充当介词宾语，偶尔可以作expect，in的宾语。He is a good student expect that he is a little bit careless.He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.其它介词后面需要that从句作宾语时，必须用it作形式宾语。You may depend on it that I shall always you.你要相信我会一直帮着你。3、 表语从句that不可以省略。这种从句往往对主句的内容起进一步解释作用。其基本结构为“主语+系动词+ that从句”。 My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow.4、 同位语从句that不可省略。如果同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。5、 whether/if（是否）起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，本身有词义，表示“是否”。（1）主语从句若句中需要表达“是否”意思时，则用 whether/if。当主语从句放在句首时，只能用whether引导，不用if 引导；当it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时，whether和if均可以用。Whether the meeting will be given is still a problem.Its doubtful whether/if he will come here.（2）宾语从句whether/if引导的宾语从句：作“是否”讲，常用在ask，care，find out，know，wonder等动词之后引出带有疑问意义的宾语从句。从句仍保持陈述语序，whether或if 不当成分。I wonder if/whether he can come tomorrow.。在及物动词后（错）I dont care whether he doesnt come.（whether从句不用于否定句中）（对）I dont care whether/if he comes or not.（对）I dont care whether or not he comes.（错）I dont care if or not he comes.（对）I dont know whether to go there.在介词后在介词后只用whether，不用if。It depends on whether you can work do this work well.（3）表语从句只能用whether，不能用if引导。The problem is whether the meeting will be given.（4）同位语从句只能用whether，不能用if引导。I have no idea whether the meeting will be given.6、 特殊疑问词（1）主语从句连接代词who，whom，where，what，which等引导从句时，在主句中作主语，宾语，表语等。Which one is better will be decided by yourself.连接副词when，where，why，how等引导从句时，在主句中作状语。Where they will go is unknown.特殊疑问词引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meet.由谁来主持会议还没有确定。（2）宾语从句连接代词who，whom，where，what，which等引导从句时，在主句中作主语，宾语，表语等。连接副词when，where，why，how等引导从句时，在主句中作状语。能接特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句的动词（词组）有很多，常见的有see，tell，ask，answer，know，discuss，imagine等。I cant imagine how he did it.They couldnt understand why I refuse it. 作介词的宾语It all depends on how we solve the problem.We are worrying about what we should do next.（3）表语从句连接代词who，whom，where，what，which等引导从句时，在主句中作主语，宾语，表语等。连接副词when，where，why，how等引导从句时，在主句中作状语.The problem is where we should stay.（4）同位语从句连接代词who，whom，where，what，which等引导从句时，在主句中作主语，宾语，表语等。连接副词when，where，why，how等引导从句时，在主句中作状语。 My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.7、 名词性关系从句名词性关系从句实际上是先行词与在其后的定语从句的结合。What是最常用来引导名词性关系从句的引导词，此时what=the thing（s）which/that，有时what可以用作前置定语，如what help，what funny stories等。此外，whoever=anyone who，whichever=anything that/anyone that（whichever也可以指人），whatever=anything that（whichever和whatever也可以作定语）。有时，where（=the place where）和when（=the time when）也可以用来引导名词性关系从句。（1）主语从句What they need is a good textbook.Whichever he likes will be given to him.Whichever book he bought would be paid for.Whoever did this job must be rewarded.（2）宾语从句She will give whoever（=anyone who）needs help a warm support.She walked up to where（=the place where）he stood.（介词宾语）I can judge by what（=the thing that）I know of him.（介词宾语）You can write about whatever topic（=any topic that）you prefer.（介词宾语）（3）表语从句This is where our problem lies.Tomorrow is when it would be the most convenient.（4）同位语从句 I gave the girl a big doll，exactly what she longed to have.（5）名词性关系从句还可以作宾语补足语Well make him whatever he is fit for.Ill call the baby whatever name you like.He has made the company what it is today. 注意：在以下情况一般只用whether，不用if。引导主语从句并在句首时引导表语从句引导从句作介词宾语从句后有 “or not” 作discuss，decide等词宾语that引导的宾语从句：that引导宾语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，且通常可以省略。（常见的可以接从句作宾语的动see, say, know, discover, believe, tell, show, think, consider, sure等，在可以接复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的动词后，如 think, make, consider等，可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句后置，that 在这种情况下不能省略。We heart that one more person died of ill in Mexico.I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan.注意：that作宾语从句的引导词时可以省略，但当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。whether/if引导的宾语从句：作“是否”讲，常用在ask, care, find out, know, wonder等动词之后引出带有疑问意义的宾语从句。从句仍保持陈述语序，whether或if 不当成分。I wonder if/whether he can come tomorrow.。 (2)特殊疑问词(这些词都有词义，除了引导从句外，还充当一定的成分。这种宾语从句有疑问意义，但不是疑问句，不能用疑问语序。连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which，whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever连接副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however2、宾语从句在句中的位置（1）动词的宾语大多数动词的宾语有些“动词+副词”结构后(find out ,point out , work out, figure out, turn out)Can you figure out what the poet really means in this poem.动词短语 make sure/certain（确保）,make up ones mind （下定决心）,keep/bear in mind（牢记）等后We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters.可以用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句A. 动词find, feel, think, consider, make, support, assume, clear, believe, guess等后有宾语补足语时，需要用作形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置。I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water.有些动词带宾语从句时需要在从句前 hate, like, owe, have, take it for granted, see to（留意，注意）I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food.(2)介词的宾语一般情况下，只能用wh-类连接词引导偶尔expect介词后可见that宾语从句。They look very similar expect that one is a little taller.用that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,用it替代，将that从句后置You may depend on it that I shall always help you. (3)形容词的宾语(afraid, certain, glad, pleased, happy等)3.学习宾语从句应注意以下几点：(1)宾语从句中的时态宾语从句的时态必须与主句呼应。如果从句中的谓语动词是现在时态，那么从句中的谓语不受主句中的谓语动词时态的影响，可以根据需要使用任何时态。He says he is going to swim with his friend tomorrow.如果从句中的谓语动词是过去时态，那么从句中的谓语时态一般为表示过去的某种时态（过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）。He said that he had seen the film.如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时。My father told me that the sun rises in the east(2)宾语从句中的否定转移在I/we think(believe, suppose, guess ,expect, imagine等)后面的从句中，如果含有否定含义，往往需要把否定词由从句中转移到主句中，这叫做否定转移。I dont think you are fit for the job.注意：在发生否定转移的句子中，如果主语是第一人称，反意疑问部分与从句保持一致；如果主语不是第一人称，反意疑问部分与主句保持一致。I dont think he will come today, will he?You dont think he will come today, do you?（3）有一种特殊的宾语从句，在这种句子里，当宾语从句的引导词是who, which, what, when, where, how, why 等时，不能按正常语序安排，经常将这类引导词放句首。What courses do you say I should take up this semester?Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?这种含插入语的混合疑问句与宾语从句的一般疑问句在结构上是不同的。Do you know who broken the window?（不能说成Who do you know broken the window? 因为do you know不是插入语）（4）宾语从句中，个别不用陈述语序。I dont know what is the matter/wrong with him.(5)As a new deployment, he often thinks of that he can react more appropriately on this occasion. (React vi)（6）虚拟语气“wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望主句用法从句的谓语形式主语+wish表示现在不能实现的愿望用一般过去时（be通常用were）表示过去不能实现的愿望had+过去分词表示将来不能实现的愿望would(could)+动词原形I wish I were a bird flying in the sky.I wish he had visited us last night.He wishes he could become a scientist some day.表示命令，建议,要求等一类后面的从句中谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，可以省略。一坚持（insist）二命令（order, command）三建议（suggest, propose, advise）五要求（require, request, demand, desire, ask）当insist表示“坚持认为”，suggest表示“表明，暗示”后面宾语从句不用虚拟语气在would rather的句型中，也可用虚拟语气。表示“宁愿”“但愿”would rather+主语+动词过去时表示现在或将来的情况would rather+主语+动词过去分词表示过去的情况I would rather you went tomorrow (now).I would rather I had not told him the bad news.表语从句1、连接词（1）从属连词：that, whetherthat引导的表语从句：that仅起连接作用，无词义，也不充当任何成分，且通常不可以省略。这种从句往往对主句的内容起进一步解释作用。其基本结构为“主语+系动词+ that从句”whether引导的表语从句：作“是否，究竟，到底”讲，在句中不作任何成分。 because，as if/though because引导的表语从句“This/That/It is/was because ”结构中。as if/though 引导的表语从句常置于系动词 look, seem, sound, be, become 等后面，常用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。It is because he was careless.It looks as if its going to snow.（2）特殊疑问词(这些词都有词义，除引导从句外，还充当一定的成分。)连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which，whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever连接副词：When, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however2学习表语从句应注意以下几点：（1）whether不能用 if替代 （2）当主语是 the reason, the result或 why引导的主语从句时，常用 that引导表语从句，不用 why 。在表语从句中，whether 不能被 if 替代。（3）thats why 是 why 引导的表语从句，表示“那就是的原因”，the reason whyis thatwhy 引导的是定语从句， that 引导的是表语从句，表示“的原因是”Thats why I want to go there.The reason why he was so late is that it was raining hard.（4）be+表语从句This is how we got out of trouble then.（5）seem, look, appear, sound, taste, remain等+表语从句（6）主语是表示建议、命令、要求、计划(suggestion, advice, order, request, proposal, plan)等的名词，那么表语从句应该用虚拟语气，即should 后接动词原形，should可以省略。My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.三、主语从句1、关联词（1）连接词that, whetherthat引导宾语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分若句中需要表达“是否”意思时，则用 whether（2）连接代词who, whom ,whose, what, which whoever, whatever, whichever（3）连接副词when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however2.学习主语从句应注意以下几点:(1)当 it充当形式主语的句子中，真正的的主语若用whether引导，whether与if可互换。若 whether 引导的主语从句置于主句谓语动词之前（即置于句首）或者 whether与 or not连用时，不能互换。Whether they will sell the house is not yet decided. (不能互换)=Its not decided whether they will sell the house. (可互换)(2) (3)从句作主语时，主语往往比较长，出现了头重脚轻的现象。为了避免这种现象，就用it作形式主语，则将