形容词,副词,数词(教案).doc

代词与it的用法知识概要代词是代替名词的词。英语中代词分为九类：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，相互代词，指示代词，不定代词，疑问代词，连接代词和关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。基础必备类别例词特征人称代词主格I, we, you, they, he, she，it表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“我们”等的词，有人称、数和格的变化。宾格me, us, you, them, him, her，it物主代词形容词性his, her, my, your, their, our，its表示所有关系的词，也称代词所有格，分为形容词性和名词性两种。名词性his, hers, mine, yours, theirs, ours，its反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself,ourselves, yourselves, themselves，itself相互代词each other, one another表示相互关系的代词指示代词that, this, those, these表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。不定代词one, another, other, both, either, neither, none, all, each, every不指明代替的是何特定的名词，起到形容词或名词作用的代词。疑问代词what, who, which, whom, whose用来构成特殊疑问句连接代词that, what, who, which, whom, whose用来引导名词性从句关系代词who, that, which, whom, whose用来引导定语从句It 的用法用法例句人称代词指代事物或者前面提到过的事物Whats this? Its a cat.Youve helped her a lot；she will never forget it.指代不明性别的人或婴儿Who is it? Its me. / Is it (a baby) a boy or a girl?表示时间、距离、气候、情况等It is 7 oclock/ Friday/ May 3 / autumn.How is it going with you?形式主语It is easy to climb the hill. / Its no good going there.形式宾语I found it not easy to get along with him.强调句型的引导词It was Tom that/who met your brother in the park.It is I that/who am to blame.考点直击考点一 不定代词1. one/the one/that / it 用法区别one：泛指：同名不同物 指代a/an修饰的可名词单that： 特指 同名不同物 1) =the +可数名词单数 2) =the +不可数名词it： 特指 指上文指的原物。同名同物用one/the one/that / it补全句子1）I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.2）The hat you bought is bigger than the one I bought.3）I cant find my hat. I dont know where I put it.4）The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou.2. ones/ the ones/ those用法区别1）ones主要用于替代表示泛指的复数名词，若需特指，则用the ones。2) those 代替前面提到的同名异物中特指的事物，只能代替可数名词复数，相当于the ones用ones/ the ones/ those补全句子：If you havent got a big plate, two small ones will do. The top front teeth are the ones/those which are most at risk from tooth decay. The computers in your office are more expensive than those/the ones in our school.3. another / other / the other 用法区别1) another: 泛指另一个 adj. pron.2) other: “另外的” adj.3) one, the other: 一定范围（两者）内两人 (物) ，一个用 one，另一个用 the other 4) one another指一定范围（大于等于三者）内两者，一个用 one，另一个用 another5) one, the other one/two/three 特定范围的一个, 另一/两/三个 学以致用：桌子上有4个苹果,一个是红的,其余三个(其余的)是青的.There are three apples on the desk; one is red, the other three/the others/the rest are green.4. others/ the others/the rest用法区别1) the others :指用于可数名词, 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部 2) the rest :1) pron:剩余的全部 指可数 /不可数 2) the rest of the +可数/不可数名词3) others:其他的人或物, 不是全部。4) some, some, others : 泛指一些, 一些, 另一些5) 除去已有的，表示“还有/需要多少”，一般有三个结构： another + 数量 + 名词； 数量 + other + 名词； 数量 + more + 名词。5. both, either, neither, all, none 用法区别1）both (两者都)，either (两者中任何一个)，neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。 Neither of the two boys is clever.注意 both，either 的用法区别： both与复数连用，either与单数连用。用both/either补全句子There are flowers on both sides of the street. There are flowers on either side of the street. 2）all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)，none (都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。注意：all 与 none 用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。All of the students are there. All (of) the milk is there.6. none, nothing, no one用法区别1) anyone 和 any one anyone 仅指人,不与 of 连用；any one 既可指人,也可指物。2) no one 和 nonenone 后跟 of 短语，既可指人又可指物，谓语可单可复而 no one 只单独使用，只指人，谓语 动词用单数。 3) none 和 nothingnone 只指量，指所指的一类人或物中一个都没有；nothing 泛指，什么东西都不存在。后面不接 of 短语。如： - Are there any eggs in the fridge? - None. In fact, there is nothing in the fridge. 注意： 回答how many/how much 表示“没有”用 none 回答who?表示“没有”用no one/nobody回答what?的问题表示“没有”用nothing7. every /each用法区别1)every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。 Every student in our school works hard. Each student may have one book.2)every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以 上的人或物 (含两个) 3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形 容词。 例： Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. We each have a glass to drink water with.4) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等；each没有。5) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。例：Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实 8. some / any用法区别some 1) “一些”，一般用于肯定句中。 I have some books.2) 与单数名词连用 “某一” = a certainSome (a certain) Mr. Wang has seen you break the rule.3) 肯定疑问句中：表委婉请求或建议 Would you like some coffee? 4) 疑问句和条件句中：说话人认为对方的答案是肯定的， 或期望得到肯定回答时。 If you need some help，let me know.5) 否定疑问句中 :表示惊讶, 不相信 -Where are the stamps? -Arent there some on the desk? any 1)“一些”，多用于否定句和疑问句和条件句中。 Ask me if you have any questions. Do you have any questions to ask? 2)用于肯定句中表示 “任何一个” 的意思 Here are three novels. You may read any. 9. everyone/anyone/someone/no one/ everybody/anybody/somebody/nobody /everything/anything/something/nothing用法区别1） someone/anyone/everyone不与 of 连用如: some one of us; every one of them，但: no one 后不接 of 短语 (应该说none of them )2）somebody/anybody/everybody 不论何时都不与 of 连用，3）anyone 和 any one anyone 指人,不与 of 连用； any one 人 /物, 可与of连用 10. few, little, a few, a little, a bit用法区别1) few + 可数名词 little + 不可数名词2) a few / a little 肯定 ，还有一点 例：He has a few friends few / little 否定 ，没有多少了。 例：There is little time left.4) a bit of + 不可名 例：There is only a bit of ink in the bottle.5) not a little = very much; not a bit = not at all例：We are not a little tired because we have been working for almost twenty hours. Although he had walked a long way, he didnt feel tired a bit.11. both（neither）和all（none）否定问题1）Both 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。例：Both of us are not teachers.Neither of us is a teacher.2）all用于否定句，表示部分否定；全部否定用none例：All bamboo doesnt grow tall.Not all the ants go out for food./ All the ants dont go out for food.None of the money is mine.考点二人称代词主格I youhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格I saw him at the meeting.但应注意以下情况：1） 作主语的人称代词单独使用，常用宾格。例：- Does any of you know where Tom lives? - Me. (我)What! Me (to) play chess with him? No!2) “to be + 人称代词”作主语补足语时，人称代词用主格；作宾语补足语时，用宾格。例：The thief was thought to be he. （他）They took me to be her. （她）3)作表语时，人称代词一般用宾格。但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。例：I met her in the hospital. It was I who met her in the hospital.4) 在than, as后比较级的句中， 人称代词用主格、宾格都可以。但不能引起误解。例: I like Jack as much as her.= I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she. = I like Jack and she likes him, too.5）body, one，no one, whoever, person 正式场合 , 可用he, his, him 代替。 Nobody came, did he?谁也没来，是吗?6）在电话用语中常用主格。 - I wish to speak to Mary. - This is she. - 我就是玛丽。7）在介词 but，except 后， 主格可代替宾格。 All but he and I are going to the concert tomorrow. (我和他)考点三 物主代词形物myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名物mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs1. 形容词性物主代词 修饰名词，不独用; 2.名词性物主代词 = 省略了中心名词的-s所有格结构，例：That is my book. That book is mine. Theirs is a very large university. 另外注意动名词复合结构： Would you mind my opening the window? (我打开窗户)考点四 反身代词myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves1. 当主语与宾语为同一人或物时，要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词)。2. 反身代词常和某些动词连用，构成常用词组。例如：be not oneself(身体不适)，enjoy oneself (过的很愉快)， make yourself at home (请不要拘束)， help yourself(请随便)等。例：1） We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 作宾语 2） I am not myself today. 作表语 3） The thing itself is not important. 作同位语3. each others 两者之间相互 的 one anothers 三人或以上之间相互的考点五 else 用法1. 不定代词 + else ， “别的人或物”no one else = nobody else “没别的人”，someone else “别的某个人”, anyone else “别的任何人”。 2else 结构的所有格是在else后加-s。 例：If this dictionary is not yours，who elses can it be? 考点六 it的用法1. it作人称代词 1）最基本用法.-作人称代词，代替前面提到的 单数可数名词，以避免重复:Ningbo is a beautiful city, isnt it? 2）指动物/婴儿(未知性别) 例：Is this your dog？No, it isnt. 3）也可指抽象事物:It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that2.非人称代词it it有时并不指具体的东西，而泛指天气、 时间、距离、环境、季节等，It is a bit windy. It was very quiet in the caf.Its half an hours walk from here to our school3.作形式主语常见句型：It is time ( about time ,high time ) that .过去时；/It is the first ( second . ) time that .完成时.It is . since .；/ It is / was . when .；It is / was . before .；/ It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth.It takes sb. . to do sth.“做要花某人”；/It is no good (use) doing sth.It doesnt matter whether ( if ) .不论没关系；/It happens (seems, appears ) that.It is said (reported, learned.) that .；/It is a pity ( a shame . ) that .It is important (necessary , strange, natural.) that .；/ It is suggested ( ordered . ) that . It is up to sb. to do sth. 该由某人做4.作形式宾语1）. We think it important to learn a foreign language.该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“6123结构”。6 主句常用动词:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel1 形式宾语 it；2 宾补的两种形式：adj/n.3 真正宾语的三种形式：to do/doing/ that clause2）.like, dislike, hate, appreciate, take (认为），rely on, insist on, see to +it +从句例：I hate it when people speak with their mouth full. Please see to it that the door is locked before you leave.3）强调句型：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who（强调人时）+其它数词一、用基数词表示数量考点一用基数词表示确定数量1. 用基数词表示确定数量时，基数词（包括加hundred，thousand，million，billion等构成的数词）要用单数形式，后面的复数名词前一般不得加of.例：The project lasted 5 years and cost 2 billion dollars.2. 名词dozen（一打，12个）和score（20个）1） 两词与数词，a , many , several连用修饰名词复数时，都要用单数，其后的介词of有无均可。但是，习惯上score多与of连用，而dozen很少与of连用，如：two score (of) workers, three score and ten people, several dozen children, many dozen books。 2） 两词与of连用（of不省略）时，可用于人称代词宾格（us , you , them）或指示代词（these , those）修饰的名词前，表示所属关系。如： a dozen of these / those people， two dozen of them / us， a score of these / those workers.两词的复数形式与of连用时，表示不确切的数量，意为“许多，大量的”。如：dozens of people dozens of times scores of people 而some dozen people是“一打左右的人”（大约十二人）与some dozen of people同义。考点二 用基数词表示约数1. 用ten，dozen，score，hundred，thousand，million等数词的复数后面加上of短语表示几十、几百、上千、成千上万等约数概念。2. hundred，thousand，million等在several之后一般用单数形式。例：But the carmakers havent decided if they will put it into production because it would add several hundred dollars to the cost of their cars.考点三 用分数表示数量分数的表示法：1） 分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母用序数。例：Two thirds of the money was spent on food. (三分之二)2）分子与分母之间加in/out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都是基数词。例：Two in five/ Two out of five of the students in our school are girls. (五分之二)考点四 用数词表示顺序1. 单纯的序号，可在基数词前加number，简写No.2. 事物名词的序号表达法有所不同：相对于较小的序号，可用序数词也可用基数词表示，形式分别为：the+序数词+名词；名词+基数词。对于相对较大的序号，通常只用一种表达法，即名词+数词。例：Her two sons died in the First World War/ World War One. (第一次世界大战)Mr. Smith stayed in Room 508. (508房间)考点五 用数词表示年代和年龄表示年代和年龄，在英语中，整十位数的复数 （如twenties20-29；thirties30-39；forties40-49）可以用来表示“几十年代”和人的“几十几岁”之类的年龄，在上述“几十年代”前要加the，在某人“几十几岁”前也要加适当的限定词。如：in the 1990s在20世纪90年代，in his twenties 在他20几岁时请写出下列数字：第四fourth； 第五fifth；第八eighth；第九ninth；第十二twelfth； 40 forty考点六 数词与相关词的位置关系1. 数词与another，all等词连用时，一般放在他们后面。如：another two cakes；all the five pencils。2. 数词与such，more等连用时，一般放在他们前面。如：two such books；one more apple；3. 数词与last，next，other等连用时，放在他们之前或之后均可。Last two books；two last books；形容词和副词知识概要1. 形容词及其基本用法用法例句作定语Jim is an honest boy.只作定语的：daily, golden, elder, former, spare, inner, latter, weekly, major.作表语We are hungry.有的形容词一般只作表语，如表示健康状况的：well，unwell，ill，faint；表示情感反应的glad，sorry，fond，worth，able；以a 开头的：afraid，alone，asleep，alive，awake，alike，ashamed作补足语We thought the boy boring.2. 副词及其基本用法用法例句作状语修饰动词Its raining heavily.(修饰谓语动词)作状语修饰形容词Its a rather interesting job（修饰形容词）作状语修饰副词She speaks English very well.(修饰副词well)作状语修饰短语动词或全句This is just what he said.(修饰what he said)Here，there，in，out，away，abroad等少数副词也可以作表语Tom isnt here.He has been abroad for ten years.考点一 形容词作后置定语1. 形容词作定语修饰名词时，一般位于被修饰的名词之前。例：Id like to buy a good pair of soft leather gloves.2. 形容词修饰不定代词要放在其后。例：She must have met something dangerous.3. 少数以a开头的表语形容词，以-able，-iable结尾的形容词及某些其他形容词常作后置定语。例：There are plenty of jobs available in the western part of the country.4. 由“形容词+介词短语/不定式短语”构成的形容词短语作定语要后置。例：This is a problem difficult to solve at present.This is a boy good at sports in our class.5. 由and/or 连接的并列形容词成对使用时要后置。例：Everyone, young or old, will take part in the activities.6. 同表示方位、时间和数量等习语，词组连用时，后置。例：That is the river two hundred miles long.考点二 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序口诀：限定描写大长高，形状年龄与新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。如：an expensive Japanese sports car考点三 形容词和副词比较级的构成1）不规则变化：好 good/wellbetterbest； 坏bad/ill-worse-worst； 多 many/much-more-most少little-less-least；远far-farther-farthest/ further-furthest；老old-older-oldest/ elder-eldest；无比较等级的形容词和副词： perfect, favorite, wonderful, excellent2).可用于修饰比较级的词:far, even, still ,much, a lot , a little , a bit , twice, not any , rather例：Its a far better thing that I do , than I have ever done.考点四 两种形式副词的不同有些副词有两种形式：一个同形容词同形，一个以-ly结尾，但意义不同close接近地 closely 仔细地，密切地deep深 deeply深深地（抽象）high高 highly 高度地，非常地wide广阔地，充分地 widely广泛地clear清楚地 clearly完全地dead突然地，完全地 deadly死一般地，非常late晚，迟 lately近来loud大声地 loudly大声地（有“吵闹”的含义）考点五 比较级的几个特殊句式1. The +比较级， the +比较级(倒装)例：The harder you work , the more progress you ll make.注意：1.the + er 位置在句首，后边部分构成主谓关系。2.第一个 the +er 相当于从句，所以前半部分句子用一般式表示将来时。2. cant /couldnt have done + 比较级 = you have done +最高级 例： - How do you like the film ?- I couldnt have seen a better one. (这是我所看到的最好的影片)3. more A than B 与其