必修三 Unit 4 Astronomy the science of the stars.docx

Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the starsI 教学内容分析 本单元的中心话题是“天文学”。本单元的两篇文章都采用了叙述性文体。第一篇阅读短文按照时间顺序主要叙述了地球上生命的起源和发展过程。第二篇阅读短文中作者用第一人称的口吻讲述了他和朋友的登月经历。本单元科学知识含量较高，更能激发学生的学习兴趣和好奇心。 Warming Up 部分共有两个问题,第一个问题让学生说出八大行星并看图指出各个行星的名称；第二个问题让学生说出自己对天文学哪些方面感兴趣以及天文学家所关注的方面。很多学生一直做着将来能成为科学家的梦。所以，该话题会让学生们兴趣盎然，积极思考和讨论此方面的内容，从而达到热身的目的。 Pre-reading 部分也提出了三个问题，主要是让学生区分宗教信仰、文化传统和科学思想之间的不同。可以以讲故事的方式让学生彼此之间分享一些有关宇宙和地球起源方面的传说或故事，这样既能激活他们的思维也能为阅读部分打下基础。Reading 部分描写了地球上生命的起源和发展过程，具体写了由于水的形成才使得地球上生命的诞生成为可能。科学家认为，地球上的生命最初诞生于水中。数万年后，陆地上才长出了绿色植物，随后出现了陆栖动物和水陆两栖动物。最初的动物靠孵化繁衍后代， 再之后诞生了哺乳动物，人类也随之诞生了。文章最后讲述的现象发人深省：The earth may become too hot for the lives on it.它关系到地球上生命的未来。II教学重点和难点1 教学重点（1）本单元的生词、短语和句型结构；（2）初步感知主语从句并把它和表语从句进行区别；2教学难点学生应能够初步理解主语从句的用法和作用。III教学计划本周教学分为5课时：1st Period vocabulary learning2nd Period some new words warming-up & general reading of the text3rd Period analysis of the first reading4th Period language points of the using language5th Period learning about languagePeriod 1: A sample lesson plan for vocabulary learningAimsTo discover and learn to use some useful words and expressionsTo make the students get a good understanding of the usage of each wordsProceduresListening :ask students to read after the record twiceAsk students to read by themselvesExplain the words one by one1. solar adj.太阳的，日光的 solar system太阳系 solar power 太阳能; 太阳能动力 Some women now can use solar power instead of gas stoves to boil water and cook food. 现在一些妇女使用太阳能代替煤气炉烧水做饭。solar atmosphere and solar activities太阳大气和太阳活动lunar阴历的, 月的 lunar calendar 阴历2. violent 激烈的 ; 猛烈的; 强烈的；暴力的A shark is a kind of violent fish鲨鱼是一种有攻击性的鱼类.a violent storm强烈的风暴 a violent crime 暴力犯罪fierce 凶猛的，猛烈的violence n. 暴力，暴行 do violence to sb. violate vt. 1. 违犯;违背 2. 侵犯;扰乱 3. 亵渎;污损 3. in timein timein time to do sth.in time for sth.1) 及时We were just in time for(或to catch) the bus.(我们及时赶上了公共汽车)2) 终于 You will succeed in time. 你总有一天会成功的。on time准时;按时 The train pulled in on time.(火车准时到站了)拓展：与time相关的短语（根据学生具体情况复习及补充相关time短语） on time 按时;准时 at times=sometimes 有时 at a time 每次;依次 once upon a time 从前 at one time 从前 for the time being 暂时from time to time 不时地 in no time 立刻,马上注意in no time 与at no time 的区别：in no time 立刻、马上at no tome 在任何时候都不，决不（置于句首时，注意句子倒装）4. atmosphere n. 1）大气层Nearly every planet and some of the moons has an atmosphere. 几乎每一个行星以及部分卫星都有一个大气层。 2）气氛The exciting atmosphere of the football match held my breath. 足球比赛的紧张气氛让我大气不敢出。 5. dissolve 溶解、解散mix, melt, dissolve的区别(1) mix 指“两种或两种以上东西混在一起成一混合物, 其中各成分混得很均匀, 很难分开, 但多少仍保持原来的性能等”, 如: mix paints 把多种颜料混在一起。 (2) melt 指“通过加热把物质由固态变为液态”, 如: Glass melts at high temperature. 玻璃在高温下熔化。 (3) dissolve指“溶解”, 如: dissolve sugar in water 把糖溶解在水中。6. harmful be harmful for+doing be harmful to+sb/sthThe majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to / for health.be harmful to “对有害处”对某人有好处：do good to sb/be good for sb 对某人有坏处：do harm to sb/be bad for sbbe harmful to相当于do/does harm to =do sb (great/much) harm=be bad for7.give birth to 1) 分娩She gave birth to a baby boy last night.2)产生、引起（事件）This event gave birth to the pace movement.8.thusadv. 因此;于是 He forgot to turn on the radio and thus missed the program. 他忘了打开收音机, 因此错过了那个节目。 Thus the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands, wears off in the bowl when I eat my meal. 于是洗手的时候,日子从水盆里溜走,吃饭的时候,日子从饭碗里溜走9. in ones turn 轮到某人时，交替地I told Frank and he in his turn told Peter.我告诉了弗兰克，弗兰克又告诉了彼得。Now that I have finished buying, Tom, in his turn, should cook.Finally he got the ticket in his turn.最后轮到他时他拿到了票。In turn 轮流；后来；转而 They sang on the stage in turn.By turns 轮流 We drove the car by turns.Take turns at/in doing sth.Take turns to do sth. 轮流地 We took turns to drive the car.Its ones turn to do sth. 轮流干某事 Whose turn is it to clean the room?10.gentle adj. adv. 轻轻地、温柔地1)文静的，温柔的，慈祥的She always speaks in a gentle voice.2)(天气、温度等)温和的，徐缓的A gentle breeze 和风3）平和的，柔和的Give a gentle tap on the shoulder.4) 平缓的A gentle angle/curve/slope平缓的角度、弯道、缓坡11.block out 1) 挡住、遮住（光线或声音）Black clouds block out the sun.2) 忘掉、抹去（不愉快的事）Over the years she had tried to block out that part of her life.block n.木块、石块、街区 Walk two blocks down the street and go past the city hall. 顺这条街走过两个街区，过市政府。 v. 阻塞 The snow blocked the traffic.12.prevent from.阻止；制止prevent from =stop from =keepfrom (from为介词，后加ing) 阻止，预防某人干某事 I prevent him from going out.我阻止他出去。13.puzzle n. 谜;难题vt. & vi. (使)迷惑; (使)为难 How he was successful is still a puzzle. 他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。 I am not at home this year and I wont puzzle them. 今年我不在家,也不为难他们了。 Its really tough for me to write something about myself, which also makes me puzzle. 让我写点关于自己这让我十分为难,甚至让我陷入了无尽的沉思。 puzzledadj. 迷惑的 puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的puzzle out 经过苦思想出;猜出 14. climate n. 气候 Climate change is the biggest threat to nature and humanity in the 21st century. 气候变化是21世纪人类和自然界面临的最大威胁。 I hope you will recover soon under this healthful climate. 我希望在这种有益健康的气候下你会很快地康复起来。 climate与weather climate指某地的平均气候或经常性的气候; weather指某地一时的天气,如寒暖、晴雨和干湿的变化情况。15.crash v. 1) (交通工具)撞毁、猛撞The car crashed into a tree and burst into flames.2) 发出巨响、碰撞She stormed out of the room and crashed the door shut behind.n. 碰撞、坠毁A lot of passengers were killed in the train crash.16.lessenvi. 变小,变少;减轻 The heat will lessen during the evening. 晚上热气会减弱。 vt. 使变小,使变少;使减轻 The talk lessened the tension. 这次交谈缓和紧张局面。lessen和decrease， reduce的区别lessen是减少减轻的意思,一般表示程度上或数量上的减少.decrease通常用在数量上的减少和increase相对.The workmen want to decrease the number of working hours and increase pay. 工人要求减少工作时间而增加工资reduce 可以表示尺寸、数量、程度或强度的减少，词义引伸之后，可以表示地位、处境、状况的降低。如:to reduce the speed, to reduce household expense, to be reduced to tears, to be reduced to ashes. 17. cheern.愉快，欢呼，振奋vi. 使高兴起来 vt. 使高兴,使振奋cheer up: 高兴起来,振作起来 vi. 使高兴起来 vt. 使高兴,使振奋 cheer up / cheer on / cheer for ?cheer on： 向欢呼；为鼓劲加油。 The crowd cheered the runners on. cheer up： (使)高兴起来；(使)振作起来。 1. Cheer up! 高兴起来！振作起来！ 2. Cheer up, boy! 振作起来，小伙子! 3. You need a holiday to cheer yourself up. cheer for 为.喝彩/加油/欢呼Hundreds of people are cheering for the runnersCheers本身是干杯的意思。 如果用在信的结尾，和best regards等一样，都是祝福语。 大多有“合作愉快”的意思。Homework：Remember the usage of the new words and expressions and prepare for next days dictation.Period 2: The first sample lesson plan for readingAims:1. Grasp the usage of the new words and expressions.2. To arouse Ss interest in the knowledge of astronomy and science。3. To enable Ss to better understand the theory about the origin of the universe and life on the earth the “Big Bang” theory.4. To enable Ss to concern about the future of life on the earth.Teaching Procedures:Step 1. Words and expressions1.now that 既然、由于Now that youve passed your test, you can drive on your own.既然 since /seeing (that)， now (that)， considering (that)， in thatsince引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”)， 较为正式， 语气比because弱。 Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.既然今天你休息， 你最好帮我补习数学。 Seeing (that) he refused to help us, theres no reason that we should now help him. 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们， 我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了， 就不应该依靠你的父母了。Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了， 我们就开始讨论吧。In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. 因为有病， 他觉得做不了那件事。2.get the hang of1.熟悉(某物的用法) 2.掌握(做某事的窍门) He finally got the hang of it. 最终找到了它的窍门 Dont let that get you down. Youll get the hang of it. 不要为此灰心丧气，你会找到诀窍的3.理解(某事), 摸清概况 4.鉴赏3.break out (战争、火灾、疾病等)突然发生、爆发 （不用于被动语态）break out v. 突发, 爆发, 叫嚷, 使作准备, 取出, 倒空, 把.备好待用 break down （机器等）出故障，（精神或身体）垮掉；分解 break up 分裂 ;结束；解散 The crowd started to break up when the night fell. 天快黑时人群开始散开了。 Their marriage broke up. 他们的婚姻破裂了。break in 闯入；强行进入 ; 打断；插嘴The burglar broke in and stole my money. 夜窃贼破门而入,偷了我的钱。 Children shouldnt break in on adults conversation. 小孩子不要打断大人们的谈话。break of 除去（某人的）习性 Doctors keep trying to break him of smoking the drug. 医生多次设法使他戒毒。4. exhaust vt1） 用完,耗尽 He had exhausted his supply of water. 他已耗尽了全部供水。 2） 使精疲力尽 My father is completely exhausted. 我父亲精疲力竭。 The marathon talks exhausted him completely. 马拉松式的谈判使他精疲力竭。 5.watch out2) （口语）小心、留神、注意 watch out for Watch out for the stairs! They are steep.小心楼梯，这些很陡！3) 密切注意、留意The cashiers were asked to watch out for forged banknotes.Step 2. Leading- in and Warming Up To introduce the topic of this unit to Ss in the form of asking questions and discussion. 1. Show some pictures to the class and encourage Ss to say some information about how life began on the earth. They can say some relative legends, folk tales or scientific theories about the topic.2. Ask some Ss the questions first and then get Ss to discuss with each other. If time permits, have one or two groups present their answers to the whole class.Step3. Fast readingPurpose: To get the gist of the passage. To correctly understand some information given in the text. 1. Ask Ss to read the text quickly and try to get the main idea of the text.Suggested Answer: The main idea of the text is the title How life began on the earth.2. Ask Ss to work in pairs and discuss the questions of Ex1 on P27. And then let them check the answers in pairs.Step4. Intensive readingPurpose: to get the students to learn the details of the text. (1) Answer the questions: When did the “Big Bang” happen? What form was the earth the “Big Bang”? What made up the earths atmosphere after the earth exploded? How did water come into being on the earth? What was important to the development of fish? What made possible the rise of mammals on the earth? Why are mammals different from all life forms in the past?（2）Fill in the chart about the order of development of life. Suggested Answers: Small plants in water Shellfish and all sorts of fish Green plants on land Insects(on land) Amphibians(on land and in water) forests reptiles(on land) dinosaurs(on land) mammals(on land) human beings Homework:1) Review what we have learned today.2) Do the exercise of Comprehending.Period 4: A sample lesson plan for Using LanguageAims1. To improve Ss reading ability.2. To ensure Ss have really grasped the important words and phrases of the reading.Language points:1. No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. 没有人确切地知道地球是怎样出现的，因为它发生了太久了。 no one 作主语时，谓语动词用单数， “没有人” as 在这句话中意为“因为”，引导原因状语从句。 仿写：没人明白他在说什么，因为那太难理解了。No one sees what hes saying, as it is too hard. 2. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” that threw matter in all directions. After that，atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.然而，根据一种普遍为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。然后，原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。 1）according to 根据.所说 2）accepted 过去分词表被动，作定语，“被接受的”，类似这样的用法我们还接触过 boiled water 烧开了的水 3）begin with=start with：“以开始”. e.g. The hospital began with a small clinic. 这家医院起初是一家小诊所。to begin with=to start with 以为起点; 开始(做)这两个词组都可以单独使用,表示“首先; 第一; 起初; 最初”.在句中作时间状语.e.g. To begin/start with, I couldnt like him at all. 起初,我一句也没弄明白.4）matter n./v. 物质，有关系 5）direction 方向，方位，指导，说明书（常用复数） 搭配 ： in the direction of 在.的方向 in all directions = in every direction 在四面八方under the direction of 在的指导下directions for use 用法说明3. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe . 这是由what引导的主语从句。 “直到38亿到45亿年前，当灰尘变成一个固体的球状物时，地球将要变成什么样子还不能确定。”1) What surprised everybody （使大家吃惊的是） is that he didnt come to the meeting. 2)What he did （他所做的）added to our difficulty.4. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the solid shape would last or not. 问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。1)Solid: n. 固体 (solid, liquid, gas )adj. 固体的,实心的,无空隙的；结实的,2) violent 猛烈的，激烈的 violence n. 暴力3) last v. 持续 好天气只会持续几天 The fine weather only lasted for a few day 友谊长存 Friendship lasts forever.4)so + adj./adv.+ that clause 如此.以至于. e.g. He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him. Dr Wang is so good that everyone loves and respects him. =He is so good a doctor that . =He is such a good doctor that.注意：如such 后面的名词由many, much ,few, little 等词所修饰的话，则不用such 而用so. e.g. He had so many falls that he was black and blue.5. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. 它猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了碳，氮气，水蒸气和其他许多气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。1) explode a.（使某物）炸开，爆炸 b. （指感情）迸发 搭配：explode with /in/into. C.指人口）突然或迅速增加 explosive adj.爆炸性的，易爆炸的 explosion n. 爆炸（声） e.g.: The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously.e.g.: The children exploded into laughter. e.g.: The teacher exploded with anger.e.g.: Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding world population.2)(sth) be to (do): a. 不可避免要发生或必须发生。 e.g. As a young man he didnt know he was to win world fame later on. 年轻时，他不知道自己日后会举世闻名。b.表示按计划、安排要发生的动作e.g. When are they to hand in their plan？c.表命令e.g.Tell her she is not to be back late!3) in time: sooner or later; eventually 迟早;最终 e.g. Ill see him in time. 我迟早会遇见他. in time (for sth. /to do sth.): not late 及时；不迟 她会及时回来准备晚餐. e.g.She will be back in time to prepare dinner. 你认为我们能及时赶上火车吗?e.g.Do you think we can get there in time for the train?拓展：与time相关的短语（根据学生具体情况复习及补充相关time短语） on time 按时;准时 at times=sometimes 有时 at a time 每次;依次 once upon a time 从前 at one time 从前 for the time being 暂时from time to time 不时地 in no time 立刻,马上注意in no time 与at no time 的区别：in no time 立刻、马上at no tome 在任何时候都不，决不（置于句首时，注意句子倒装）6. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. 水会对于生命的发展起关键作用,这一点在当时并不太明显.本句体现的是名词性从句在句中作主语的作用,虽然是以It开头,可是It只起到形式主语的作用, 真正的主语是that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. 用It做形式主语是因为that引导的从句较长,如果按照正常语序来安排的话就显得头重脚轻了. 如:It is no wonder that he has passed the exam.It is quite necessary for us to learn English well.7.What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.1) allow to do= permit to do2) harmful adj. opp: harmless harm n./v.be harmful to sb./sth.= do harm to sb. /sth.=do sb/sth harm 对有害8.This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.爆炸产生连锁反应，它是生命的生长发育成为一种可能。1) Chain reaction 连锁反应2) make it possible for life to develop. 使生命的发展成为可能 make it + adj./n. sb. /sth. to do sth.（常用于这种结构的动词还有think, feel, find, consider等）e.g. The group leader made it possible for us to work together.The teacher made it easy for them to understand the question. I feel it my duty to help him. I think it interesting to learn English.9.Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water. 另外一些叫作两栖动物,它们既能在陆地上生活也能在水里生存. as well as 表示“(除.之外)也; 既又”. 如:Im learning French as well as English.我学英语之外还学法语.He grows flowers as well as vegetables.他既种菜也种花.“就远原则”（句子的谓语动词取决于前面的主语）He as well as I likes rock music.10. They produced young generally by laying eggs.它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的.lie 1)撒谎 lied-lied-lying2)躺 lay-lain-lyinglay 下蛋，放置 laid-laid-laying 11. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. 搭配：exist in 存在与之中 exist on 靠为生 exist by 靠生存 It was impossible for them to exist on such a small income. The universe exists in space. The wild man existed by hunting wild animal in the forest.in existence 现存的come into existence=come into being 开始存在、成立When did this world come into existence?12. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planets on the planet.1)thus adv. 因此；从而 e.g. She studied hard, thus she got high marks.He forgot to turn on the radio and thus missed the program.2) in ones turn 轮到某人e.g. It will be in Sams turn to be on duty tomorrow.13.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. 阻止某人做某事 : prevent sb. (from) doing sth. stop sb. (from) doing sthkeep sb. from doing sth. 1) We must prevent them from making trouble. 2) You should prevent the child from injuring himself. 注意：keep sb. from doing sth.中from不可省略,但如在被动语态中,他们中的from都不可省。Homework:1) Review what we have learned today.2) Do the exercise of Part Period 4: A sample lesson plan for Using LanguageAims1. To improve Ss reading ability.2. To ensure Ss have really grasped the important words and phrases of the unit.ProceduresStep 1. Listening Purpose: To help Ss improve the reading ability.1. Pre-reading(1) Ask Ss to discuss what they need if they could travel to the moon.2. Reading(