大学英语四级义--词汇作文.doc

第一部分：分类词性，突破语法一、分类句中词性，突破相关语法动词部分1、谓语动词1）关于时态A、一般现在时代替一般将来时：a.在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中e.g. Even if she doesnt come this Saturday, Ill go fishing by myself.b.少数表示动作起止的动词有时也可用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要求发生的动作。e.g. The plane for Beijing takes off at 10:30 a.m.B、在时间、条件或让步状语从句中：a.用一般过去时代替过去将来时e.g. He said he would not go out if it rained.b.用现在完成时代替将来完成时，强调从句的动作先于主句的动作。e.g. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.C、在下列句型中常用一般现在时：a.用现在时代替现在进行时。e.g. There he comes!Here comes the bus!b. It is +（多久的时间）+ since的句型可用is代替现在完成时：e.g. It is five years since I moved here.D、现在完成时：a.现在完成时表示动作过去已经完成，但对现在仍有影响，常与for或since短语连用。e.g. He has been in China since his graduation (for a decade).b.由终止性动词等构成的完成时不能与for或since引起的时间状语连用。但终止性动词等构成的完成时的否定式却可以和for或since引导的时间状语连用。e.g. I havent seen him for three years.c.现在完成时可用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时间将已完成的动作。e.g. When you have learned English, youll find it a bridge to so much knowledge.d.在下列句型中常用现在完成时。e.g. This is the first time I have met him./ This is the best film I have ever seen./ This is the only book he has written.E、英语中通常有四类动词不宜用进行式。a.表示心理状态、情感的动词：如love, hate, know.b.表示存在的状态：如appear, exist, lie（位于）, remain, stand（位于）, seem, belong to.c.表示一时性动作的动词：accept, complete, decide, refuse, promise.d.表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, sound.F、一般过去时与现在完成时的区别a. just now用于过去时，just用于现在完成时。b. ago用过去时，before用于现在完成时，ago不能单独使用，前面要加类似于a few days这样的时间表达，而before可以单独使用。c. since +过去点时间，for +一段时间；皆用现在完成时，表示到目前的结果。G、前后时态的呼应a.在一些名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句）中，如果主句谓语是现在时（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时或现在完成进行时）或将来时，则从句的谓语动词可以用任何时态；若主句谓语动词用过去时（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时或过去完成进行时），则从句中的谓语时态要作相应的调整。b.但是，当从句所表述的内容是个普遍存在的真理时不必考虑该呼应。H、过去完成时a. No sooner + had +主语+过去分词+ than +主语+一般过去时Hardly + had +主语+过去分词+ when +主语+一般过去时Scarcely + had +主语+过去分词+ when +主语+一般过去时b.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。e.g. We had expected that you would be able to win the match.I、现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续下去）的动作e.g. He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.J、将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when, before引起的时间状语连用。e.g. We will have finished this task by the end of this year.K、时态考点分析(1)Can I join your club, dad?You can when you_a bit older.A.getB.will getC.are gettingD.will have got233网校解析：“You can”是将来意义，when引导的时间状语从句要用一般现在时表将来，所以此题答案为A.(2)Oh, its you! I_ you.Ive just had my hair cut and Im wearing new glasses.A.didnt recognizeB.hadnt recognizedC.havent recognizedD.dont recognize233网校解析：从“Oh,its you!”可知说话时已认出对方。“没有认出”是在此之前，为过去情况，所以应选A.(3)I dont think Jim saw me;he_into space.A.just staredB.was just staringC.has just staredD.had just stared233网校解析：在空白处应选一个与“saw”相配，能解释Jim didnt see me这一原因的选项，只有着眼于A、B。若选A不能体观他“当时正在做”某事，故排除A而选B。这样因为“他正在望宇宙天空”所以“未看到我”。(4)_my glasses?Yes,I saw them on your bed a minute ago.A.Do you seeB.Had you seenC.Would you seeD.Have you seen233网校解析：现在完成时可表过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果，问话人以这样的时态发问可表现焦急的心情。故答案为D。(5)Do you know our town at all?No,this is the first time I_here.A.wasB.have beenC.cameD.am going233网校解析：根据this/it is the first/second/time sb. has done sth.句型，可定答案为B。2）关于语态A、做客观说明时，常用下列被动结构：（1） It is said that 据说（2） It is reported that 据报道（3） It is hoped that 大家希望（4） It is believed that 人们相信（5） It is (well) known that 众所周知（6） It has been decided that 大家决定（7） It is supposed that 大家认为（8） It is suggested that 据建议（9） It must be remembered that 务必记住B、有些系动词，如feel，smell，taste，sound，prove等，用主动形式表示被动意义。有些不及物动词（其主语大多指物）的主动形式可以表达被动意义，这种不及物动词有下列几种。（1）某些可用来表示主语内在品质或性能的不及物动词，如shut，open，sell，read，wash，cut，write等。（2）不及物动词或短语，如happen，take place，belong to，break out，last，go out，run out，cost，spread等。（3）某些可用于“主语+谓语+补语”结构中的不及物动词，如wear，blow等。e.g. This material has worn thin.这种布料已经穿薄了。/ This door blew open.门给吹开了。C、与介词合成的及物动词，在改为被动语态时，要保留其介词。如：look after, call on, pay attention to, take care of, look forward toD、动词不定式在动词make，let以及感官动词后作补语，常省略to，但转换成被动语态时，一定要还原to。E、感官动词的主动形式表示被动含义：taste，feel，smell，sound，look等。F、be + worth+ v-ing表示被动含义；need (want, require) + v-ing表示被动含义。G、过去分词作宾语补足语，与宾语形成局部的被动关系，主要表现在宾语补足语中。have a tooth pulled, make oneself understoodH、特别注意seat的主动和被动语态的两种形式。seat oneself表示动作，be seated表示状态。I、容易误用被动语态的情况：（1）I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。（2）We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。（3）He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为lose heart, keep silence这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。（4）She took part in the sports meeting.不能变为The sports meeting was taken part in by her.因为take part in, belong to等表状态动词没有被动语态。J、被动语态考点分析（1）I need one more stamp before my collection_.A.has completedB.completesC.has been completedD.is completed233网校解析：complete是及物动词，“邮集”是被人完成的，须从表被动意的C、D中选择。又因before等引导的时间状语从句中谓语要用一般现在时表将来，所以此题答案为D。（2）Do you like the material?Yes, it_very soft.A.is feelingB.feltC.feelsD.is felt233网校解析：观察题干，空白线后无宾语，可知feel是不及物动词，表“（某物）摸起来”意思,是连系动词，不能用于被动句式，也不用进行时。根据此题对话情景，是指某种材料的常规特性，要用一般现在时，不能用过去时，故答案为C。feel作“感觉”、“认为”、“摸”等意思时是及物动词，可带宾语，有时态，语态等变化。（3）Great changes_in the city,and a lot of factories_.A.have been taken placehave been set upB.have taken placehave been set upC.have taken placehave set upD.were taken placewere set up233网校解析：take place（发生）是不及物动词，不可用于被动语态，于是可排除A、D，又因set up(建造)是及物动词，在此题中应该用被动式，故排除C，答案为B。（4）Most of the artists_to the party were from South Africa.A.invitedB.to inviteC.has been invitedD.had been invited233网校解析：首先可排除B。因为它不表示“被邀请”。又因C、D项少引导词who，也应排除。A项who were invited,故答案为A。（5）If city noises_from increasing,people_shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A.are not keptwill have toB.are not kepthave toC.do not keepwill have toD.do not keephave to233网校解析：观察题干，第一处必须用被动式，答案只能在A、B中选一。条件句用一般现在时，主句应为一般将来时，故答案为A。3）关于语气A、在错综条件句子中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。（1）If I were you，I wouldnt have missed the film last night如果我是你，我就不会错过昨天晚上的那部电影。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。）（2）If he had followed the doctors advice，he would recover already如果他遵照医生的劝告，现在病就好了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）B、在if虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词had，should移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。（1）Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park如果能抽出时间，我们很乐意逛公园。（2）Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience greatinconvenience假如没有发现电，现代世界将很不方便。C、有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词（如without，but for等）引出的短语、分词（如supposing等）引出的短语、并列连词（如or，otherwise，but，though等）、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。（1）But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work要不是你的劝告，我是不会做这份工作的。（2）Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened，otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark显然，维克多不知道发生了什么事情。不然的话，他就不会说这样愚蠢的话了。D、在一些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令等含义的动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用动词原形或should动词原形表示虚拟语气。这类动词有ask，demand，insist，order，propose，desire，require等。（1）They demanded that the aggressor troops（should）be withdrawn immediately他们要求立即撤出侵略军。（2）I proposed that he（should）be discharged for his serious mistake我提议，由于他犯有严重错误，应解除他的职务。E、在would（had）rather（would sooner，would as soon）宾语从句句型中，要求后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气。但这种虚拟语气表示的不是与事实相反的假设，而是一种尚未实现的愿望，其从句谓语动词用一般过去时。（1）I would rather you came next Friday我希望你下周五来。（2）Id just as soon you didnt speak rudely to her我真希望你别对她那么粗鲁地讲话。F、在和idea，necessity，plan，motion，order，proposal，recommendation，suggestion，under- standing等词有关的同位语或表语从句中，谓语动词用动词原形或should动词原形，表示虚拟语气。（1）My idea is that the group（should）hold another session to discuss the problem我的意见是小组召开另一次会议来讨论这个问题。（2）Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained be taken into account before starting a new project我们强调在开始制定一个新的计划之前，必须把要达到的所有目标都考虑进去。G、在某些It is形容词that句型中，如It is important（necessary，essential，natural，desirable，unusual，pity，strange）that，that所引导的主语从句中谓语动词均用动词原形或should动词原形来表示虚拟语气。（1）It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed for this college人们迫切地希望能给这个学院派一个新院长。（2）It is strange that the girl（should）be so arrogant真奇怪，这个女孩竟会如此傲慢。H、在It is ordered（suggested，demanded，planned等）that这个句型中，that引导的主语从句要用虚拟语气形式，谓语动词用动词原形或should动词原形。（1）It is demanded that Lucy give a performance at the party有人要求露茜在晚会上表演一个节目。（2）It was suggested that more teachers（should）be sent there to help them有人建议派更多的老师去那里帮助他们。I、as ifthough可以引出一个状语从句也可以引出一个表语从句。当as ifthough跟在be，feel，look，seem，sound等系动词之后时，引导的是表语从句；如果主句的谓语动词不是系动词be等，as ifthough引导的则是方式状语从句。无论是哪种类型的从句，只要从句的内容是不真实的，都必须用虚拟语气。当从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反要用had过去分词；表示与将来可能相反的则用would（could，might）动词原形。（1）I feel as if I were going to faint我感到我像要昏过去似的。（与现在事实相反的表语从句）（2）She cried as if her heart could be broken她哭的好像心都要碎了。（状语从句）J、在It is（abouthigh）time引导的定语从句中，也可以根据需要使用虚拟语气，用以表示（此刻）该做.而没有做的意思，其谓语动词用过去时或should动词原形（用should时，不能将其省略）。（1）It is time I should leave我该走了。（2）It is about time that you got/should get dressed你该穿衣服了。K、if only引导的是省略了表示结果的主句的虚拟结构，现在已成为习惯用法，表达愿望。从句用过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望；对过去没有实现或不能实现的愿望，从句就用过去完成时。这类句型表示一种不真实的条件，常译成“要是.就好了！”（1）If only I had taken mothers advice我要是听取妈妈的建议就好了。（2）If only I could speak several foreign languages我要是能讲几种外语就好了。L、在以in order that，so that，lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词一般用虚拟语气。从句中的谓语动词用may（might）动词原形或should动词原形。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用should动词原形。（1）She stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her sick mother她在家里呆了好几天，以便能照顾生病的母亲。（2）The teacher explained the sentences again and again in order that the students couldunderstand them clearly老师一再解释这些句子，以便学生能够清楚地理解。2、非谓语动词1）不定式的时态和语态A.不定式的主动态（1）不定式主动态的一般式：The students hoped to do business after graduation.（2）不定式主动态的进行式：They seem to be talking about something important.（3）不定式主动态的完成式：I hoped to have seen her.B.不定式的被动态（1）不定式被动态的一般式：The problem remains to be solved.（2）不定式被动态的完成式：He is said to have been hurt in the accident.（3）rather than/ other thanNo one could do other than admire him.C.不定式的用法（1）作主语It is wrong to tell lies.To tell lies is wrong.（2）作宾语He agreed to keep it a secret.（3）作表语The important thing is to save money.（4）作宾语的定语They are waiting for the train to come.（5）作主语的定语The next train to arrive was from Beijing.（6）作目的状语Ill write down his post code so as not to forget it.2）动名词的时态和语态A.动名词的主动态（1）动名词主动态的一般式：Would you mind my closing the door?（2）动名词主动态的完成式：He denied having been there.B.动名词的被动态（1）动名词被动态的一般式：He came to our party without being asked.（2）动名词被动态的完成式：I do not remember having been given such a book.（3）动名词的否定式：He prided himself on having never been beaten.C.动名词用法（1）作主语Watching English TV programs is a good way.（2）作表语Her job is looking after children.（3）作定语It is a very good swimming pool.（4）动名词的复合结构：名词所有格或者物主代词后加动名词构成动名词的复合结构，通常这个名词所有格或这个物主代词是动名词表示动作的逻辑主语。I dont like your saying that.3）分词的时态和语态A.分词的主动态与被动态（1）现在分词主动态的一般式:The book is boring.（2）现在分词主动态的完成式：Having finished the course, we had an exam.（3）现在分词被动态的一般式：The house being built will be seven stories high.（4）及物动词的过去分词在时态上表示完成意义，在语态上表示被动意义：The water is boiled./He was injured.B.分词的用法：（1）作定语The amusing story set us laughing.（2）作表语The film is very moving.（3）作宾语补足语I felt the house shaking.（4）作状语While waiting for bus, we met them.（5）分词独立结构：分词可以有其独立的逻辑主语，这种主语常常是名词或者代词主格，放置于分词之前，两者构成一种分词独立结构，常用作状语。也称独立主格结构。Weather permitting, we shall have picnic.C.非谓语动词综合辨析（1）一般来说，不定式和动名词语法成分相同时，动名词表示习惯性经常性的抽象行为，而不定式则往往表示一次性的具体行为。Playing with fire is dangerous./To play with fire will be dangerous.（2）在某些动词之后只能用动名词，而一些动词之后只能用不定式。不定式常见于：afford to agree aim ask claim choose decline desire dare determine expect fail help long elect manage offer plan promise refuse pretend prepare wish接动名词的有：acknowledge admit avoid consider delay deny dislike enjoy escape fancy finish imagine include keep mind miss postpone practise permit excuse recall resist stop suggest接动名词的短语有：give up put off look forward to feel like insist on object to set about cant help be used to（3）动名词作定语与现在分词作定语有所不同：动名词和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，前者不是后者发出的动作。动名词表示的多是被修饰名词的功能、用途。而现在分词作定语时，现在分词和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，前者是后者发出的动作。working method / singing girl（4）want need require后接动名词表示被动意义。翻译成“需要、该” 。These plants want watering.形容词与副词1、形容词的用法A.作补足语The room was found empty.B.名词化形容词The poor are very happy.C.作定语There is a tall wall in front of the house.D.前置形容词的排列顺序为：冠词（物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格）+描述性的定语（数量、大小、性质、颜色、年龄）+本质性的定语+被修饰的名词some big red apples/ a pretty purple silk dress2、副词的分类与用法A.副词的分类1）时间副词（today then yet just soon first）2）地点副词（here somewhere above back）3）方式副词（hard loudly softly gently kindly）4）程度副词 （very too fairly rather quite still almost nearly）5）频度副词(seldom hardly rarely ever never often)2、副词的分类与用法A.副词的分类6）疑问副词（where when why how）7）关系副词：用来引导定语从句（where when whyhow）8）连接副词：用来引导名词性从句B.副词的用法1） 作状语They always spend their holidays in mountains.2）“enough”的用法：用在形容词、副词的后面。The boy is old enough to go to school.3、有些形容词和副词由于其意义而不可能有比较等级形式：empty right excellent true final atomic monthly nuclear molecular4、比较对象要相呼应，相比内容必须相同，相比对象可以用one that those代替The price of meat is higher than that of rice.The students of our class are much more than those of your class.5、有些形容词本身具有比较级含义，用这些形容词进行比较时，不能使用连词than，而使用to。Only one manager is superior to me now.6、“most+原级的形容词”结构中，前面用不定冠词a an或不用冠词，most是“非常”的含义。The Summer Palace is a most beautiful park in Beijing, and Beihai Park is a most one, too.7、“the +比较级的形容词或副词, the+比较级的形容词或副词”The more haste, the less speed.8、“no+比较级的形容词或副词+than、not +比较级的形容词或副词+than”a. no more than意为“和一样不”，指前后两者都差；not more than意为“并不比更”，not只否定前者，表示前者不如后者。His English is no better than mine./ His English is not better than mine.b.后接数字时，no more than意为“只不过”，而not more than意为“不超过”。There are no more than ten second-class tickets left.There are not more than ten second-class tickets left.9、“no less than，not less than”a. no lessthan后接形容词或者副词含有肯定意义，意为“与一样”；not lessthan意为“不比更”，表示从程度上前者不差于后者。He is no less quick at figures than I.He is not less quick at figures than I.b. no less than后接数字表示“多达”，not less than表示“不少于，至少”。We have learned no less than 1，900 new words this semester.We have learned not less than 1，900 new words this semester.10、次数、倍数、分数、百分数的比较原则是：大于或小于的数量必须前置(放在比较结构前)。We have produced 30% more cars than last year./ Asia is 3 times larger than Europe.代词1、代词的分类1）人称代词：主格Iyouhesheitwethey宾格me you himher itusthem2）物主代词：形容词性：my your his her its our their名词性：mine yours his hers its ours theirs3）反身代词：myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves themselves oneself yourselves4）指示代词：this that these those such5）疑问代词：what who (whose) which6）不定代词：some/no/any/every + thing/body/one all some7）关系代词：as who (whose) which that8）相互代词：one another= each other9）连接代词：what which who that二、句句珠玑话结构，灵活运用是关键名词性从句1、主语从句：What he said was true.It was true what he said.2、表语从句：The question is where my husband is.The fact is that I have lost my key.3、宾语从句：I hope (that) you will enjoy your stay here.She asked what foreign language I was studying then.4、同位语从句Where did you get the idea that I could not come?We know the fact that students should be honest.5、名词性从句的用法1）作主语Is it possible for us that we apply for a patent for the new type of product?2）作宾语I found nothing wrong in what he said.形容词性从句1、定语从句1）关系代词和关系副词的选择：a. The supermarket that was opened last week is a very modern one.b. the+n.+of+which(whom)He lives in the room, the door of which is green.The girl, the father of whom is a teacher, studies very well.2）关系代词和关系副词用法：只能用which引导定语从句的情况：a. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.The room in which my family live used to be a garage.That which you told him about is what we want to know.b.只能用that引导的定语从句的情况：（1）当定语从句前的先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词修饰时，只能用that引导。The best place/the first place that we visited was the Great Wall.（2）当先行词前有only、few、little、just、right、any、all、one修饰时，只能使用that引导。There is little time that we can use./ The only furniture that he had in the room was a chair.（3）当先行词本身为不定代词时：some、all、anything、little、much、something、everything、nothing、none.That is all that I want to say./ Is there anything that I can do for you?c.只能用who引导的定语从句的情况：Those who want to go there raised your hands.There is a young man outside who asks for you.2、状语从句1）原因状语从句：because、as、since、（for引导的叫并列句）They feel happy, for they are satisfied with their lives.2）条件状语从句：if、unless、as (so) long as、in caseUnless it rains, do not expect me.3）方式状语从句：as、as if = as thoughShe closed her eyes as if she were tired.4）结果、目的状语从句：that、so that、sothat、suchthatsuch a +形容词+名词+that= so +形容词+a+名词+thatI had such a good experience that I would always remember it.I had so good an experience that I would always remember it.5）比较状语从句：than、asas、not soasNo one can be so fit as he.6） 让步状语从句：although、though、even if = even though、while、whatever = no matter what、however = no matter how、wherever、whoever、whetherorWhatever may happen, I will be calm.However you go there, you will enjoy your trip.主谓一致、倒装句、强调句1、主谓一致：1）语法一致原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。例如，主语是单数形式，谓语动词也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也采取复数形式。例如：The students are very young./ This picture looks beautiful.2）意义一致原则，即从意义着眼处理一致关系。例如，主语形式虽是单数但意义是复数，谓语动词也采取复数形式；而有些主语形式虽是复数但意义上看作单数，谓语动词