最后翻译最终大预测(12.8).doc

翻译最终重点话题一、 传统文化类1、中国书法Chinese Calligraphy1中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养(self cultivation)和自我表达的艺术。2作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体(script/font)得以体现(reflect)。3书法在中国艺术中拥有举足轻重的地位，因为它影响到了其它的中国艺术形式，比如古典诗歌、雕塑(sculpture)、传统音乐及舞蹈、建筑及手工艺品(handicrafts)。4作为传统的艺术瑰宝(artistic treasure)，中国书法被全世界人民所喜爱，且越来越受到欢迎。Chinese Calligraphy is not only a traditional writing styles of characters but also an art to manifest self cultivation and self expression with a long history. The inner world of the writer can be shown through the beautiful script/font. As Chinese Calligraphy has influenced other Chinese art forms such as(like) classical poem(poetry), status(sculpture), traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts, it plays an indispensable role in Chinese art. As a traditional Chinese artistic treasure, Chinese Calligraphy is favored by people all over the world and gaining more and pore popular.characters Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history, but also an art of self cultivation and self expression. Inner world of the writer could be reflected with the help of beautiful Chinese script. Chinese calligraphy plays an important role in Chinese art, for it has influenced other Chinese artistic forms like classical poetry, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts. As a treasured artistic form of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy is enjoyed by people throughout the world and is becoming more and more popular.2、毛笔 Writing Brush1在众多书法工具中，毛笔是中国特有的。2根据传说，中国毛笔的历史至少可以追溯到6000年以前。3对于很多人来说，正是因为使用了毛笔，才让书法成为一门艺术，并享誉全球。4如果没有毛笔，国画和书法不会形成如此独特的风格，也不会在世界范围内取得如此巨大的成功。5毛笔为中国文化的传播做出了巨大的贡献。6随着社会经济文化的发展，毛笔的制作工艺正在不断提升，种类也越来越多。Among the various calligraphic tools, the writing brush is special to China. According to the legend, the Chinese brush can be tracked back to at least 6,000 years ago.(x). For many people, it is because of the use of brush that the calligraphy has become an art and enjoys a worldwide reputation. Without the writing brush, Chinese painting and calligraphy wouldnt have formed such a distinctive style and achieved such a great success. The writing brush has made great contributions to the spread of Chinese culture. With the development of social economic and culture, the process of making writing brush is being gradually（continually） improved and the types of it are increasing.(are on the rise).Among the various calligraphic tools, the writing brush is special to China. According to the legend(根据传说)，the history of the Chinese brush can be traced back to at least six thousand years ago. To many people, it is because of the use of the brush that Chinese calligraphy has become an art and enjoys a worldwide reputation . Without the writing brush,（如果没有） Chinese painting and calligraphy could not have achieved such a distinctive style, and thus would not have enjoyed such great success around the world. The writing brush makes great contributions to the dissemination of Chinese culture. In addition to the development of social economy and culture, workmanship is continually improving, and the types of writing brushes are on the rise.1:dissemination 散播，宣传，传播 the dissemination of Eg: The Confusion schools make great contributions to the dissemination of Chinese characters and civilized culture.2:the history of can be tracked back to.什么的历史可以追溯到.Eg: The history of the palace can be tracked to Tang dynasty.3:enjoy a worldwide reputationEg: The square dance has enjoyed a worldwide reputation among Chinas Dama.4:workmanship : 技艺，工艺3、中国山水画Landscape Painting1山水画一直以来都被誉为中国绘画的最高境界。2它品味高端，很受欢迎。3一般意义上，中国山水画被认为是书法、绘画及诗歌的结合或延伸。4汉语“山水”这个词由“山”和“水”两个汉字组成，且与道教的哲学思想相联系，它强调的是人与自然的和谐。5中国画家描绘的并不总是真实的世界，他们呈现的是自己想象出来的风景，这些风景不再只是对眼前世界的描绘，而是画家内在思想的写照。6因此，人们认为欣赏山水画除了可以很好地了解画家的内心世界之外，还可以净化自己的灵魂。Landscape paintings have long been regarded as the most highest sight of Chinese painting. It is very popular with an elegant taste. In general, the Chinese landscape paintings are considered as the combination or extension of calligraphy, painting and poetry. The Chinese term for “shanshui” is consist of two characters of “shan” and “shui” and it is associated with the philosophy of Daoism, which emphasizes the harmony between human and nature. Chinese painters draw the landscapes they imagine, not the real sights before their eyes, which are not the description of the real world but the thinking of their inner world. Therefore, it is believed that looking at landscapes not only helps better learn of the painters inner world but also purify their souls.Landscape painting is traditionally considered as the highest form of Chinese painting styles. It is very popular and is associated with refined scholarly taste. Chinese Landscape painting in general is seen as a combination or extension of calligraphy, painting, and poetry. The Chinese term for “landscape” is made up of two characters meaning “mountains and water”. It is linked with the philosophy of Daoism, which emphasizes harmony with the natural world. Chinese artists do not usually paint real place but imaginary landscape which is no longer about the description of the visible world, but a means of conveying the inner mind. People therefore believe that looking at landscape painting is a good way to realize the artists inner heart as well as a way to purify their souls.1:品味高端 It is associated with refined scholarly taste.4、中国戏曲 Chinese Opera 1在中国，戏曲是一种很流行的戏剧形式，一般来说，可以追溯到唐朝时期，当时的皇帝唐玄宗创立了“梨园”。2如今，许多外国人也很喜欢中国的戏曲。3最吸引他们的则是戏曲的独有风格画脸谱，它不仅是戏曲中的一大亮点，同时还要求独特的绘画技艺(the technique of painting)。4每个演员脸上夸张的扮相代表其扮演角色的性格和命运。5熟知戏曲的观众通过观察演员的脸谱和服装就可以知道角色背后的故事。6通常，红色脸谱代表忠诚与勇敢；黑色代表凶猛；黄色和白色代表口是心非(duplicity)；金色和银色代表神秘。7对于中国人，特别是老年人(old folks)，欣赏戏曲是他们的一大乐趣。In China, opera is a very popular kind of drama. In general, the history of it can be tracked backed to Tang dynasty, at which time, the emperor, Xuanzong , founded the “Pear Garden”. Nowadays, Chinese opera is warmly welcomed by many foreigners. What attracts/appeals them most is the operas distinctive/unique style-facial dress-up/make-up which is not only one of the highlights of opera but also requires distinctive/unique painting skills( technique of painting).Every exaggerate facial dressing-up on perfomers is a representative of(symbolize) the roles character and destiny. Audiences familiar with opera can know the story of the performers through their facial painting and costumes. In general, the red facial paintings represent loyalty and bravery, the black, aggression, the yellow and white, duplicity and the golden and silvery, mystery. For Chinese, especially the elder, to listen to opera is a real pleasure.Chinese opera is a popular form of drama in China. In general, it dates back to the Tang Dynasty with Emperor Xuanzong, who founded the “Pear Garden”. Now Chinese opera is warmly welcomed by many foreign people. What appeals foreigners most might be the distinctive style of facial make-up, which is one of the highlights and requires distinctive techniques of painting. Exaggerated designs are painted on each performers face to symbolize a characters personality, and fate. Audiences who are familiar with opera can know the story by observing the facial painting as well as the costumes. Generally, a red face represents loyalty and bravery; a black face, rough ; yellow and white faces, duplicity; and golden and silver faces, mystery. For Chinese, especially older folks, to listen to opera is a real pleasure.Duplicity:（n） 口是心非，表里不一，欺骗，欺诈5、京剧 Peking Opera1京剧是中国的一种传统艺术。2它是中国戏曲的一种，诞生于于1790年四大徽班（Four Great Anhui Troupes）入京表演的时候。19世纪中期得到快速发展，到清朝达到全盛阶段。3京剧被看成是中国的文化瑰宝之一。4虽然它被称为京剧，但是它的起源地却是中国的安徽省和湖北省。5京剧起初是一种宫廷表演艺术，而后才慢慢普及到民间。6在数百年前，京剧作为一种新的戏曲形式，无论在哪里进行表演，都饱受欢迎。7而在现代社会中，包括京剧在内的传统戏曲却不大能被年轻人接受，面临着巨大的生存危机。Peking opera is a traditional art in China. It is a kind of Chinese opera which was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes came to Beijing in 1790, arose in the mid-19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty. Peking opera is widely regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. Although it is called Beijing opera, its origins are in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Hubei. Peking opera was originally staged for the court and came into the public later. Hundreds of years ago, as a new drama form, wherever it was performed, it would be warmly welcomed. Unfortunately, in the modern world, traditional operas including Peking Opera have to face the existential crisis, because they are not easily accepted by younger generations.6、昆曲Kunqu Opera1昆曲是中国古老戏曲中的一种，起源于江苏昆山，拥有600多年的历史。2它是连接过去与现在，中国与世界的纽带，对现今中国的戏曲形式，包括川剧与京剧在内，都产生了重要的影响。 3昆曲蕴含了各种意象美，从音乐、舞蹈到诗歌，人们的精神世界甚至中国人的灵魂，都有所体现。4正因为如此，昆曲在过去广受欢迎，也成了中国文化遗产中最珍贵的部分。5但是现在，昆曲不仅面临着来自大众流行文化的挑战，而且年轻人也对其缺乏兴趣。6只有进行适当的保护，昆曲才能拥有美好的未来。Kunqu Opera, which originated in the Kunshan region of Jiangsu province, is one of Chinas classical operas with a history of more than 600 years. Kunqu Opera serves as a link between past and present, China and the world. It has exerted a dominant influence on recent forms of opera in China, including the Sichuan and Beijing operas. Kunqu Opera embraced every imaginable beauty, from music and dance, to poetry and peoples spirit world and even very soul of the Chinese nation, so that Kunqu Opera was so popular in the past and became the most valuable parts of Chinas cultural heritage. But now, Kunqu Opera is facing competition from mass culture and a lack of interest amongst the young. It can only have a bright future when it is protected in a proper way. 7、中国龙中国古代的传说中，中国龙（Chinese dragon）是一种神圣的动物，被看作是神的象征。中国龙曾经是天子（emperor）的图腾，只有皇帝才能用龙的图案来装饰。在中国神话和民间传说中，中国龙是一种虚构的动物，和西方的龙不同，中国龙并不是邪恶的象征，而是吉祥、力量和好运的意思。正因为如此，古代帝王常常用龙来作为皇权的象征。在日常用语中，优秀杰出的人常被比作龙，很多的谚语和成语也和龙有关，比如“望子成龙”。In the legend of Chinese ancient time, Chinese dragon was a holy animal which could be regarded as a symbol of the God. Chinese dragon was used as a totem of the emperor. Only emperor can use the things which were decorated with dragon pattern. Chinese dragon is a mythical creature in Chinese mythology and folklore. In contrast to the western dragon, Chinese dragon is a symbol of power, strength, and good luck. With this, the Emperor of China usually used the dragon as a symbol of his imperial power. In Chinese daily language, excellent and outstanding people are compared to the dragon. A number of Chinese proverbs and idioms feature references to the dragon, for example, “Hoping ones son would become a dragon”.8、唐诗Poems of the Tang Dynasty1唐代，是中国古典诗歌的鼎盛时期，在不到300年的时间里，涌现出了许多著名的诗人和诗作。2清朝时编辑的全唐诗(Poems of the Tang Dynasty)已收录2200多位诗人创作的48900多首诗歌。3这些诗歌让人们深入了解到当时社会生活的各个方面。4中国人很喜欢唐诗，就连小孩子也能背出几首，如李白的静夜思(Thoughts in the Silent Night)，杜甫的春夜喜雨(Good Rain on a Spring Night)等等。5唐诗不仅是中国古代文学史上最光辉的一页，而且也是人类文化史中的一个奇迹。The Tang Dynasty witnessed the peak of Chinese ancient poetry, with many renowned poets and famous works appearing over a period of less than 300 years. Poems of the Tang Dynasty edited during the Qing Dynasty has collected more than 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 poets. These poems provide an insight into all aspects of the social life of the period. Chinese people are very fond of Tang poetry, and even children can recite some from memory, such as Thoughts in the Silent Night by Li Bai, Good Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu, etc.Tang poetry not only serves as a most brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese literature, but is also a miracle in the history of human culture.9、中国武术 Chinese Martial Arts/ Kungfu 1中国武术拥有悠久的历史，在中国广为流行。2 受中国古典美学所提倡的刚柔并济的影响，中国武术形成了自己的审美标准。3现在很多人习武是为了健康、娱乐和竞技。4为了更好地传承这一古老的技艺，全国各地开设有很多的武术俱乐部和协会。5自1980年起，一大批武术专业的毕业生被分配到学校里教授武术。6现在很多专家通过将搏斗技巧和健康结合到一起，试着将武术变为一项科学的运动。7他们希望有一天，武术可以作为一项赛事纳入奥运会中。Chinese martial arts enjoy a long history and great popularity in China. Influenced by ancient Chinese aesthetics which advocated a balance between hardness and softness, Chinese martial arts have formed their own aesthetic standards. Today, many people practice it to pursue health, entertainment and competition. In order to inherit the ancient art, many martial arts clubs and associations have been established across China. Since 1980, a large number of graduates majoring in martial arts have been assigned to teach martial arts in schools. Many specialists today are tying to turn martial arts into a scientific sport by combining fighting skills with health. They hope that one day martial arts will become a sport event at the Olympic Games. 10、长城The Great Wall1长城，作为中国的象征之一，不仅是中国的奇迹，也是整个世界的奇迹。2它始建于春秋战国时期，秦始皇统一中国后，连结了各段长城以抵御外敌入侵。3现存的长城遗迹主要为建于14世纪的明长城。4长城有着两千多年的历史，于1987年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。5现如今，长城仍是世界上最受欢迎的景点之一。As one of the symbols of China, the Great Wall is a wonder not only to China but also to the whole world. The Great Wall was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the unification of China, the first Emperor of Qin linked up different sections of the walls to prevent the invasion of the enemies. The present preserved Great Wall of China is the major parts built in the 14th century, called Ming Great Wall. With a long history of more than 2,000 years, the Great Wall of China was listed as World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987. Until now, the Great Wall is still one of the most popular attractions in the world.11、故宫The Imperial Palace1故宫又名紫禁城，位于北京市中心，占地面积72万平方米。2它拥有众多的庭院，四面有高墙和护城河保护。3明清两代的皇帝和他们的家眷以及数百名宫女、太监曾在这里居住。4紫禁城于明朝1420年建成，普通百姓不能进入。5 在1924年清朝末代皇帝被逐出故宫后，故宫于1925年变成了故宫博物院并对外开放。Standing/Lying in the center of Beijing, the Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, covers an area of 720,000 square meters. It consists of dozens of courtyards and is protected by high walls and a moat on all four sides. The emperors of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, lived here with their families and hundreds of court ladies and palace eunuchs. The Forbidden City was completed in 1420 during the Ming Dynasty, which was not accessible to the common people. The Palace was converted into a museum in 1925 and has been open to the public after the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty was driven out of the Palace in 1924. 12、兵马俑 The Terra Cotta Warriors1秦始皇建立了中国历史上的第一个封建帝国。2据史记记载，在13岁登基后，他就下令即刻为自己修建一座宏陵。3秦始皇陵有着2,200多年的历史，位于陕西省西安市临潼区的下河村。4兵马俑坑位于秦始皇陵东，是世界最大的地下军事博物馆。5这些陶俑栩栩如生，面容和表情各异。6法国前总统希拉克（Hirac）曾惊叹“没有看过兵马俑的人就不能说他到过中国。”The First Emperor of Qin established the first feudal empire in Chinese history. According to The Records of the Historian, after he ascended the throne at the age of 13, he ordered that a magnificent mausoleum should be built for him immediately. The Mausoleum, with a history of more than 2,200 years, is located in Xiahe Village, Lintong County of Xian City in Shaanxi Province. The pits of Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses, as the mightiest underground army museum in the world, are located to the east of the Mausoleum. The pottery figures are vivid and look different from each other in appearance and expression. Hirac, the former French President, exclaimed in admiration, “A traveler who has not seen the Terra Cotta Warriors cannot say he has been to China.” 13、莫高窟敦煌莫高窟(Mogao Grottoes)通常被人们称为千佛石窟。现今共有492个石窟，其中的壁画覆盖面积达4.5万平方米，包括2415座彩色石雕。尽管经历了几千年的风沙侵蚀，壁画仍保持其鲜艳的色彩且图像清晰可辨。彩色黏土(clay)雕塑和莫高窟壁画诞生于同一时期。随后的几千年，莫高窟经历了重建和完善，也吸收了西方古代艺术的优点，已成为中国艺术珍品中的一颗璀璨明珠。The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes is also known as the Thousand Buddha caves. In all there are 492 grottoes, with wall paintings covering 45,000 square meters, and containing 2,415 painted stone carvings.In spite of the erosion caused by wind and drifting sand for some thousand years, the murals still keep their bright colors and are clearly discernible. The painted clay figures and the murals in Mogao Caves came into being at the same time. The ensuing thousand years witnessed their recreation, perfection as well as absorption of the merits of western ancient arts. It has become a brilliant pearl in the Chinese art treasure troves.14、黄河黄河被誉为中国的母亲河，全长约5464千米，是中国第二，世界第五长的河流。黄河历经中华民族的发展，是中华文明诞生的摇篮(cradle)。黄河文明的形成期大体在公元前4000年至公元前2000年之间，前后经历了两千年之久。在这一时期，神州大地出现了许多地区性文明。但是到后来有的文明中断了，有的文明走向低谷，只有黄河文明恰如中流砥柱，朝气蓬勃，吸纳、融合了各地区文明精华，向更高层次发展。The Yellow River is known as Chinese Mother River. With a total length of 5,464 kilometers, it is the second longest river in China and the fifth longest in the world. As it witnessed the great development of Chinese nation, it is called the cradle of Chinese civilization. Commonly, the Yellow River civilization came into being between the year 4,000 BC and 2,000 BC, which covered over 2,000 years long. During this period of time, a group of regional civilizations were booming. But unfortunately in later time, some of them are broken; some went to the low tide. Only the Yellow River civilization as mainstay, full of vigor and vitality, assimilated the essences of other regional civilization and developed itself into a higher level.15、刺绣1刺绣，中国艺术中一颗璀璨的明珠，其历史可以追溯到新石器时代（Neolithic age）。2在古代，刺绣是那些被禁足妇女们的一项优雅的工作。3因为丝绸质地好，大部分精美的丝绣品都是用其制作而成。4从皇帝的龙袍（Dragon Robes）到今天的时尚潮流，刺绣为我们的文化和生活增添了许多乐趣。5在中国西南部，现代丝绣依然非常流行。6一些少数民族也有自己的刺绣风格，通常以描绘神话或宗教内容为主题。Embroidery, a brilliant pearl in Chinese art, can be dated back to Neolithic age. In ancient times, embroidery was an elegant task for ladies who were forbidden to go out of their homes. Because of the good quality of silk, most Chinese fine embroideries are made with silk. From the magnificent Dragon Robes of emperors to todays fashions, embroidery adds a great deal of pleasure to our culture and our life. The modern Chinese silk embroidery still prevails in southern China. Some Chinese minority groups also have their own style of embroidery, which usually depicts a mythical or religious topic. 16、风筝1风筝制作是中国传统的民间手工艺。2汉代以后，人们开始用纸制作风筝，替代了木头和竹子。3纸的使用减少了成本，于是风筝很快走入了普通人的生活。4在中国，放风筝在每一代人中都很流行。5风筝的出现唤起了人类渴望飞翔的梦想。6每逢节假日，很多人聚集在广场上，手里拿着线，控制蓝天中放飞一只只美丽的风筝。7潍坊国际风筝节在每年四月举行，世界各地的风筝爱好者都会在此进行比赛。Kite making is a