开放英II(1)复习纲要.doc

开放英语II（1）语言点Unit One Talking About Yourself 词汇部分1.used to : used to + V. 表示一种过去的习惯、过去的例行活动或方式，一个与现在情况相反的过去状况，意为“过去常常”。eg. The students used to study English in the morning. 否定式为used not to do sth. (usednt to do sth.)eg. He usednt to like English, but he quite likes it now. 疑问式把used放在主语前。eg. Used he to like English? be ( become, get ) used to + V-ing ( N. )意为“习惯于” eg. The students soon got used to school regulation.n 詞汇辨析：n Used to(过去常常作)/be used to(习惯于做)+doingn We used to be friends. 我们过去是朋友。n We are used to learning English every morning.我们习惯于早晨学习英语。She doesnt work here now, but she used to .她现在不在这工作，但她曾在这儿工作。There used to be a good pub near here. 这附近曾有一家很好的洒馆。Im used to spicy food.我习惯吃口味重的食物。Ill never get used to getting up at four.我绝不可能习惯4点起床。n Preferto比较而更喜欢I prefer English to law. 我更喜欢英语而不是法律。n u I prefer going out to staying at home.我愿意出去而不是在家。需要记忆的词组:get up起床, clear up打扫, turn up出现; help sb with sth,在帮人 in fact事实上, enjoy oneself放松自己,nTake on 聘用, all day long一直 , for ages很长时间, not at all一点也不, for the weekend到周末, at the weekend,在周末 during the weekend在周末期间, apply for申请 , be relevant to与相关, be available for something方便做, burst in 闯入, the world cup 世界杯etc. 语法部分：2.The Present Tense （一般现在时） 1). Affirmative （肯定式） am be are （ 根据人称代词变化） is eg. Im a student. He is a teacher. have -has eg. I have a very good English book. He has breakfast at 7:30 every day.Have you a watch?Do you have a watch? V. 一般行为动词V. 第三人称单数 V.+s 一般V +s以-sh,-ch,-x,-ss结尾的+es 辅音+y结尾的改y=i+es辅音+o结尾的+esEg. a. He works very hard.b. She teaches English. c. He studies English very well.d. She does morning exercises every day.2).Negative (否定式) be be not / have not(havent)Eg. Im not a student.I have not a very good English book. V. dont V. doesnt V. ( 第三人称单数 )Eg. I dont like the film.He doesnt like the film.3).Question(疑问式) be(have) + 主 + 表 ?Eg. Are you a student ?Have you a watch? Do/ Does + 主 + V. + ?Eg. Do you have a watch?Do you like the film?Does he like the film?3. The Past Tense （一般过去时）1). be, have was / were; had 2). 一般V. 规则：A. 一般V.V-ed B. 不发音e结尾 VV-dC. 以辅音字母+y结尾 Vy=i+edD. 重读闭音节结尾r音节 双写最后一个字母+ed不规则 4 The Present Continuous Tense（现在进行时）1).Form（构成）be + V-ing . affirmative（肯定句）: Eg. He is working. . negative（否定句）: Eg. He is not working. question（疑问句）: Eg. Is he working? 表示无法持续的动作，一般不用进行时态，但有时表示重复、即将等。Eg. a. He is getting up.b. The train is arriving. （ 要进站了）c. He is jumping up and down.（他一上一下地跳着）2).V-ing的规则 一般 V-ing 以重读闭音节结尾、词尾只有一个辅音字母 双写辅音字母+ing 以不发音的 e结尾 去掉e + ing 特殊变化查字典 ( die dying ; lie lying )3). 现在进行时与一般现在时的区别 现在进行时 此时此刻正在进行cf. Eg. He is working in the factory.(Now he is in the factory.)一般现在时 经常性 Eg. He works in the factory.( He may not be in the factory now. Maybe he is a worker or an engineer at the factory . )5.The Past Present Continuous Tense（ 过去进行时）Form （构成）was/were+ V-ing6.Link verb(连接词)1) and2) but3) although（尽管，虽然.但是）不能与but同用eg. Although he is over eighty, but he is very healthy.4) pron.(人称代词) 避免重复 eg. I met Mary yesterday morning in the street, Mary (She) has married for about ten years.2) conj.（关系代词，关系副词）what, who ( whom ), whose, which, when where, why, how ( how many, how much )Exercises for Unit one 一般现在时：1表示经常性的动作或状态，常与always, everyday, never, often, usually 等频率副词连用。说话时人和事物的特性或状态;客观真理等。I usually go to work at seven in the morning.Is there anything wrong with you? You look paleI _ ping-pang well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.A. will play B. have played C. played D. play 答案选D2. 表示计划或安排中的动作。The train leaves for Beijing at 2:30 p.m.3. 在时间和条件状语从句中，表示一般将来时。_ When will you come to see me, Did?_ I will go to see you when you _ the training course.A. will have finish B. will finish C. are finishing D. finish （二）一般过去时1表示过去所发生的动作或状态My friend worked in Beijing for two years. He went to Japan last year._You havnt said a work about my coat, Jim. Do you like it?_ Im sorry I _anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.A. wasnt saying B. dont say C. wont say D. didnt say2过去习惯When I was at college, I went to the library every afternoon.4. 先后的一連串动作The old lady went to the market, bought some vegetables and went home.4用于虚拟语气It is time we went home.If the visitors arrived tomorrow, I would go to meet them at the airport.(三) 现在进行时1 表示说话时正在进行的动作或发生的情况。 What is she doing now?2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology_ so rapidly.A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change 3.表示按计划要发生的动作或状态，通常只限于少数动词。Ive won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I _ my mum.A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken答案选AActivity1Fill in the forms with the suitable following phrasesused to ; prefer ; refer to ; am used to ; turn up, help with ;relevant to ;burst into; apply for ; take on 1. The firm is _ new staff.2. After school, my best friend and I _ to go to the library.3. “Would you like meat or fish?” “Id like_ meat, please.”4. He chose Spain, but personally Id _ go to the Greece.5. I never _ going to bed so late. 6. The missing bag _, completely empty, in the lake.7. Can you _ me _ my homework?8. His nationality isnt _ whether hes a good lawyer.9. He _ my thoughts, I couldnt do anything.10. Ill _ the new passport today.Activity 2. 1. He often _(go) to see his grandfather.2. Obviously, he _(have) a bad cold. He sneezes so often.3.We promised them to be there by 5 oclock. Now its 4:50 already, and the rain _ (pour) down like this. They _ (must wait) for us immediately. 4. He always_ (work) when I go to see him.5. Last week John_ (fall) and _( break ) his leg.6. The plane _ (leave) for Beijing at 2:30 p.m.7. _ When will you come to see me, Dad? _ I will go to see you when you _(finish) the training course. 8. If we _ (not leave) soon, the party _(be) over by the time we _ (get) there.9. The employers _(start) negotiations as soon as the men _ (return) to work.10. What he _(do) when he _(leave) school ?Answers :Activity 11. is taking on 2 used to 3. prefer 4. refer to 5. am used to 6. turn up 7. help with 8.relevant to 9. burst into 10. apply for Activity 21. goes 2. has 3. is pouring , must be waiting 4. is working 5. fell and broke 6. is leaving 7. finish 8. dont leave, will be, get 9. will start, return10. will do , leaves Unit Two Family Influences 词汇部分Vocabulary(1)：to bring sb up; to put up with sb; to take after sb, to take care of sb; to look up to sb.;be in love : 迷恋; 爱恋着Out of love; Look up toPoke /stick ones nose into sbs businessPut up with sb/sth: tolerate or bear sb/sthLook up to : admire or respect ab Try out: take a test, a trial, an audition etc.Tell sb off(for sth/ doing sth): infml scold or reprimand sb Youll get told off if youre caught doing that.take care of oneself/sb/sth: a:make sure that one/sb is safe and well; look after oneself/sbbe responsible for sb/sth: deal with sb/sthVocabulary (2)w 2. The difference of “look like”, “be like”w 安长得什么样？(appearance)w Who does Anna look like? Who is Anna like?w 安长得象谁一样？(mother,father, etc.)w What is Anna like?w 安这人怎么样？(character)说长相和心往性格像家中某一长辈时用take after She takes after her mother in her appearance and in her character.语法部分：1.Passive Voice （被动语态）1).Definition （定义）主动语态主语是谓语动作的执行者被动语态主语是谓语动作的承受者Eg. Mr. Smith locked the door at 6 oclock. ( 主动语态 )The door was locked at 6 oclock. ( 被动语态 )2).Form （ 构成 ） be + V-ed ( P.P 动词的过去分词 ) be助动词，本身没有词意, 可用于各种时态。3).Usage ( 用法 ). 主动语态: He often asks us to do this.Cf. He 动作的执行者被动语态: We are often asked to do this. We动作的承受者. 强调或侧重动作的承受者Eg. a.The problem is solved ( by him). b.Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country. 动作的执行者不易说出或不必说出或为了避免用不明确的词作主语 ( someone, a person )Eg. a.Many methods are used to solve the problem. b.After my talk, I was asked to answer some questions. 不愿就行为、意见或自己不大肯定的事表态或承担责任 Eg. This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible. . by 短语(带有行为主体的被动语态)by+动作的执行者 ( 可省略 )Eg. a. The book is written by him. b. Many problems are solved ( by us ) .被动语态的动词及物动词 vt. 可直接跟宾语 动作的承受者Eg. He spends a lot of money on beer. A lot of money is spent on beer ( by him ).He sleeps well. ( 被动语态 ). 某些及物动词不能或很少用于被动语态，如 have, get, let, like, fit, suit 等。 有些动词习惯上常用被动语态，很少用于主动语态:Eg. a. I was born in 1965. b. The tyres are made in China.c. He was attacked in Paris.d. She was killed in the car crash. 被动语态的时态beA. 一般现在时: am / is / are + P.P ( 动词的过去分词 ) B. 一般过去时: was /were + P.P C. 一般将来时:will / shall + be+ P.P D. 现在进行时: am/is/ are + being + P.PE. 现在完成时: has / have+ been + P.P.含有情态动词、动词不定式的被动语态A.情态动词 情态动词+ be + P.P B.动词不定式动词不定式+ be + P.P Eg. a. The animals might be killed in the fire. b.The trouble should be solved at once. c. The law is going to be changed by the government. It + 被动语态 + that-clause : say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove Eg. a. It is said that he can speak three foreign languages.b. It is reported that he is still alive.c. It is believed that the matter is true.d. It is known that he is a famous singer.4.the Future Tense（一般将来时）1). The basic form: shall/ will + V.shall第一人称 ： I, Wewill 第二人称，第三人称：You, He, She, It, TheyEg. I (We) shall attend the meeting tomorrow. You (He, She, It, They) will attend the meeting tomorrow.2). The other forms of the future meaning（用于一般将来时的其他形式） be going to结构 计划，打算 Eg. Im going to shop this Sunday.Cf. shall/will 客观要求be going to 主观打算 Eg. a. Im going to see the film.b. I shall attend the meeting. be about to结构即将发生(P79)Eg. a. They are about to leave. b. Autumn harvest is about to start.（快秋收了） the continuous tense future meaning ( go, come, leave, start, do, visit)Eg. a. He is coming tomorrow.b. He is coming.c. He is leaving. the present tense future meaning (go, come, leave, start, stay) 表示事先已安排、计划、规定好将要发生的动作。Eg. a. The train leaves at five oclock. b. The students start school on Monday.c. The Professor comes here on Sunday.be going to 强调主观意愿Cf. be V-ing 强调客观要求V 根据日程安排，较正式Eg. a. Im going to leave next week.b. Im leaving next week. c. I leave next week.Activity1Fill in the forms with the suitable following phrasesbring up, put up with, take after, to take care of, out of love, look up to, tell off, look like, poke your nose into others businesscall in 1.She _ by her grandmother. 2. I dont know why you _ this noise.3. He _ his mothers side of the family.4. _ yourself for your mother.5. He has always _ his father.6.She did so _.7. Dont ask questions and _.8. _ the doctor at once.9. The teacher _ him for not doing his homework.10. What does she_?Activity 2 Grammar 1. Electricity _(use) to run machines. 2. The power station is_ (run) by our commune. 3. A new cinema _ (build) here. They hope to finish it next month. 4. How long _you (employ) at this job? 5. The construction of the factory _(complete) by the end of next month. 6. Visitors _ (request) not to touch the exhibits.7. He was sixty-eight. In two years he _ (be) seventy. 8. Tom: This is a terribly heavy box.John: I _ (help )you to carry it. 9. She has bought some cloth; she _ (make) herself a dress. 10. He _ always (think) of how he could do more for the people. AnswerActivity 11. was brought up 2. put up with 3. takes after 4. To take care of 5. look up to 6. out of love 7. poke your nose into others business 8. call in 9. tell off 10. look like Activity 21. is used2. is run3. is being built4. have you been employed5. must be completed6. are requested7. will be8. will help9. is going to10. is thinking ofUnit three Society and Family Life 词汇部分Along with ;be proud of; rather than: in preference to sb/sth; instead of 与其; now and then ; split up ; be married ; get married ; to get engaged ;care for; move about; next door; call in; walk by; go by ; the birth rate; the marriage rate; fall in love with; get on with ; go out with ; break I think Ill have a cold drink rather than coffee.I think Tom, rather than you, is to blame.Ill meet him, or rather Ill ask him to meet meIll just have a sandwich rather than a full meal.The parents should be blamed rather than the children 与描述变化趋势连用的介词From: 用来描述变化的起始点To ：用来描述变化的终止点By：用来描述量的变化The prices range from $10 to $100.How far is it from here to the library?Inflation fell by 2% between 1992 and 1995.The average wage fell by $ 1 between 1992 to 1995.From day to day 一天天地From head to foot从头到脚From time to time时时，到处From year to year 一年年地连接词：Conj. But ;soHes poor but honest.Hes very tall, but his sister is quite short.I wanted to come, but I was not free that evening.So: a. thereforeShe felt very tired so she went to be early.I was lost so I bought a map.b: in order thatTalk louder so (that) I can hear you.She wore dark glasses so nobody would recognize her. c. After all, then So thats now I first met your mother.So you really dont care.So, whos coming tonight?So, you were saying.So, here we are againjust you and me.语法部分1. Present Perfect Tense（ 现在完成时 ）1).Form :（形式） have + V-ed (P.P.动词的过去分词 ) . have has （第三人称单数）( 有人称和数的变化 ) Eg. I have finished my homework. He has finished his homework. V-ed P.P. （ 动词的过去分词 ）A. 规则 一般 V V-ed ( workworked) 以字母 e结尾的V-d ( livelived) 以辅音字母+ y结尾的 y=i+ed(study studied)重读闭音节结尾，只有一个辅音字母的双写最后一个字母 + ed ( stop stopped )B.不规则 ( 见表 )2)Usage（用法）过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态,常与since, for连用。 Eg.a. I have studied English for eight years. b.I have studied English since last year. 过去发生的动作对现在产生影响。 Eg. I have seen the film. 刚刚完成的动作，常与 just 连用。 Eg. Ive just finished my homework. 过去发生的动作，但时间不定或不明确, 常与 already, before, yet, lately, recently连用。 Eg. Ive seen the doctor.3). Cf. 现在完成时与一般过去时 . 现在完成时与现在有关，常用时间状语：already, always, often, ever, never, yet, just, since, for等 一般过去时与现在无关，常用时间状语：last week ,last year, yesterday, an hour ago等 Someone has opened the window. ( 窗开着 )Cf Someone opened the window. (曾开过,现在可能没开)4)come, go, be的现在完成时用法：They have comeEg. ( 现在在这里 )They have gone. ( 现在不在这里 )They have been here. ( 曾来过这里 )2. Link verb(连接词) but so （用法同but）eg. Because he is very young, so he cant do this well.Activity1Fill in the forms with the suitable following phrasesAlong with ;be proud of; rather than: in preference to sb/sth; instead of ; now and then ; walk by; go by ; fall in love with; get on with; 1.I sent the book _ some money.2. Shes very _ his new car.3. Ill just have a sandwich _ a full meal.4. Most Americans drink coffee_ tea. 5. _ talking to the police, she just ran away.6. We see each other _. 7. My grandmother often sits by the window and waves to the neighbors as they _.8. At the first sight of my Lucy I _ her.9. How are you _ your classmates?10. Dont _ that old map; It might be out of date.Activity 2 : Grammar 1. I _ (hear) from my brother for a long time.2. Is this the first time you _(visit) Beijing.3. She _(be) here just now, but she _(go).4. When I first _(come ) to this house, it _(be) a very quiet area. But since a school _(build) here, it _(become) very noisy.5. I _(receive) Johns invitation yesterday, and _(accept) it at once. I _ (not see) him for several weeks.6. Although we _ (be) in this village six years so far, we _ (not get) to know many people yet. But our next door neighbors _(be) very helpful when we first _(move) in.7. “Do you still have your job at the bank?”“Oh, no. _(work) there for the past two years.”8. You _ (live) in Beijing for nearly one year now, I expect you _(know) where the Summer Palace _(be).9.You _(not need) to describe her. I _ (meet) her before.10. _You _ (see) Peter lately? I _ (call) his flat several times but _ (get) not answer._ Oh, he _ (be) in Paris for the last two months. He _(fly) there for a conference and then _ (decide) to stay for another six weeks.Answer Activity 1 1. along with 2. proud of 3 rather than 4. In preference to 5. In stead of 6. Now and then 7. walk by 8. fall in love with 9. get on with 10. go by Activity 21. have heard 2. have visited 3. was, has gone 4. came, was, was built, has become 5. received, accepted, havent seen 6. have been, havent got, moved 7. have worked8. have lived, know, is 9. dont describe, I have met 10. Have seen , called, got , has been, flew, decided Unit Four Changes in Life 词汇部分：the day after tomorrow ; a week tomorrow; lose ones job; care about; house-husband; split up 分开，离婚；to be honest 说实话；drop sb off 使; hand over; carry on; get depressed etc.语法部分：1