我句子成分与结构时态大综合.doc

句子成分、主语 subject主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。 HelikeswatchingTV. 2、谓语 predicate 谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般可分为两类： 1)、简单谓语 由动词(或短语动词)构成。 可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。 Westudyforthepeople. 2)、复合谓语：情态动词动词 IcanspeakalittleEnglish. 3、表语 predicative表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be和感官系动词（feel, touch, smell, seem, sound, taste, look）之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。 Mysisterisanurse. It looks good, but it tastes bad. 4、宾语 object宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。 WelikeEnglish. 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 Hegavemesomeink. 有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如： Wemakehimourmonitor. 5、定语 attribute在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。 Heisanewstudent. 但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。 Thebikeintheroomismine. 6、状语 adverbial modifier修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 eg.状语从句：时间状从，地点状从，条件状从，让步状从，原因状从，方式状从，目的状从。7. 补语complement补充说明主语或宾语，放在其后，使得意思更加完整。用作补语的主要是形容词，副词，名词，介短，非谓语动词等。 Morning exercise keeps us healthy. The teacher named him monitor.英语的句子在结构上可以归纳为五个基本句型：1、主语动词（即主-谓结构）2、主语动词表语（主补）(即主-系-表结构)3、主语动词宾语（即主-谓-宾结构）4、主语动词间宾直宾 (双宾语)5、主语动词宾语宾补 (复合宾语)A 第一基本句型：主语动词（即主-谓结构）在这一句型中，动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组（Complete intransitive verb）。在有的句子中，不及物动词可以有状语修饰。解说各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词。注：“There + be（Vi ） + S”也是属于第一基本句型。例如：例：There is an alarm clock on her desk.例：There stands a tower on the hill.More examples:1. The sun is rising.2. Ill try.3. Did you sleep well？(well做状语，修饰不及物动词sleep)4. The engine broke down.注意：在此句型中，有少数不及物动词表达被动含义，表达主语本身所具有的特性，不用被动语态。1. The book sells well.2. The window wont shut.3. The pen writes smoothly.4. Cheese cuts easily.B 第二基本句型：主语-动词-表语(即主-系-表predicative结构)在这一句型中，动词是系动词，划线部分为表语。解说各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词，字底加线的是主语补语。什么是主语补语？请观察：My name is.These roses look.上面两例虽各有可作主语的名词“name”和“roses”，也有谓语动词“is”和“look”，但是句意不清楚，无法表达完整的句意，所以不是句子。现在若在例1之后加“Tom”，例2之后加“very beautiful”，那么句意就完整地表达出来了。像这样，一个词（通常是npron或adj）在谓语部分里补充说明主语者就叫做主语补语。主语补语通常是一个，但是依表达的需要也可以有两个（如例6），或更多。谓语动词需要取主语补语才能把句意表达完整者叫做不完全不及物动词（Incomplete intransitive verb）。注：下列常见“It”句式也是属于第二基本句型。1It + be + a/n .+ to v（不定式）例：It is nice to see you again.例：It is your duty to take care of your mother.2It + be +adj +for +o + to V例：It is easy for us to learn to speak English.More examples:1. Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语)2. Gradualy he became silent.(形容词做表语)3. She remained standing for a hour.(现在分词做表语)4. The question remained unsolved.(过去分词做表语)5. The machine is out of order.(介词短语做表语)6. The television was on.(副词做表语)7. His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式做表语)8. My job is repairing cars.(动名词做表语)9. The question is what you want to do.(从句做表语，即：表语从句)C第三基本句型：主语动词宾语（即主-谓-宾结构）解说: 各例句的黑体字是主语，斜体字是谓语动词，字底加线的是直接宾语。直接宾语通常以名词、代词（宾格）为多，其他如不定式、动名词（如例5）、或名词从句等也可用。谓语动词取了直接宾语就能表达完整的句意者叫做完全及物动词（Complete transitive verb）。More examples:1.Do you know these people(them)？(名词或代词做宾语)2. I cant express myself in English.(反身代词做宾语)3. He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)4. We cant afford to pay such a price.(不定式做宾语)5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes？(动名词做宾语)6. I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(从句做宾语，即：宾语从句)注意：并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语，不同的动词有不同的用法.D. 第四基本句型：主语动词间宾直宾 (双宾语)后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语，其中间接宾语在前，一般表人，直接宾语在后，一般表物。解说: 本句型的谓语动词所发出的动作有两个对象，一为“人或动物等”，称为间接宾语，另一为“物或事”，称为直接宾语。本句型也可以把“D.O.”（直宾）置于“I.O.”（间宾）之前表达如下：Her uncle gave a nice present to HER yesterday.His father bought a new watch for HIM last week.如上例所示，本句型即变为：至此我们可以明白，间接宾语实际上是介词的宾语，不过因为它间接地也是谓语动词所发出的动作的对象，所以称为间接宾语。取间接宾语和直接宾语的谓语动词叫做授与动词（Dative verb）。本句式在语序上以“I.O.+D.O.”较普通，尤其是“I.O.”为简短的一个名词或代词时，无论是对话或文体，通常都使用“I.O.+D.O.”。所以通常应该说：Give the BOY something to eat.Make ME a cup of hot coffee, please.而避免说：Give something to eat to the BOY.Make a cup of hot coffee for ME, please.“I.O.”置于“D.O.”之后时，介词或用“to”，或用“for”，通常都是由Vt来决定，因此在学习过程中请随时注意。E. 第五基本句型：主语动词宾语宾语补足语(复合宾语)后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。解说: 本句型的“O.C.”是宾语补语。那么什么是宾语补语？请观察例2如下的说明：He made his old mother这个词群虽有主语、谓语动词和宾语，完全符合第三基本句型的条件，可是这个词群并没有表达完整的句意，所以不是句子。如果在这个词群的宾语之后再加“very HAPPY”（如例2），那么句意就完整清楚了。在这句里谁是“very HAPPY”？“He” or “mother”？当然是“mother”。因此：定义： 置于宾语之后补充说明宾语者叫做宾语补语（Object Complement）。主要由形容词，副词，名词，介短，非谓语动词。谓语动词需取宾语补语才能完整清楚地表达其句意者称为不完全及物动词（Incomplete transitive verb）。宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。More examples:1. He found his new job boring. (形容词做宾补)2. The called their daughter Mary. (名词做宾补)3. This placed her in a very difficult position. (介词短语做宾补)4. We went to here house but found her out. (副词做宾补)5.What do you advise me to do？(不定式做宾补)6. We thought him to be an honest man. (to be做宾补)7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. (不定式的完成式做宾补)8. He believed her to be telling the truth. (不定式的进行式做宾补)9. Did you notice him come in？(不带to的不定式做宾补)10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. (现在分词做宾补)11. He watched the piano carried upstairs. (过去分词做宾补)注意：在这个结构中，可以出现用it做形式上的宾语，把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。1. He felt it his duty to mention this to her.分析：it是形式宾语，his duty是宾语补足语，to mention this to her是真正的宾语。2. I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式宾语，best是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。Practice:Please judge which structure the following sentences belong to. 1Do you know her younger sister?2I got home after dark yesterday.3Bill always does very well at school.4What pet do you keep?5There were some students reading in the classroom then.6Amy always helps her mother after school.7Tom often makes his teacher angry.8Did you see anyone go into that house?9Helen looks very happy today.10I was born in a little town in the south of Taiwan.请阅读下列短文，然后判断各句属于哪一基本句型。One summer evening Newton sat quietly on a bench in the garden. An apple fell to the ground from a tree. He saw it and thought： “Why did an apple fall?” He studied very hard. Later he found out the reason.One day Newton sat at his desk. He was studying very hard. His servant came into the room. He left an egg on his desk. There was a watch on the desk. Into the boiling water in the kettle Newton put the watch instead of the egg.NOTES:第一种： 主语+谓语动词(S+V):若用动词的适当形式填空,你需要考虑动词的时态和语态,牢记各种时态和语态的构成是非常必要的。例如: (1) They _ (leave) for Beijing yesterday. (2) What are you doing now? I _ (read).第二种： 主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O):若谓语后面出现用动词作宾语的情况,请从三方面考虑。一、只能用动词不定式(to do sth.)谓语动词(expect, decide, plan, ask, offer, agree, want, pretend, refuse等)后面跟动词不定式作宾语。例如:I hope to see him tomorrow.二、只能用动名词(V+ing)谓语动词(enjoy, finish, consider, mind, cant help等)后面跟动名词作宾语。例如:Would you mind speaking more slowly?三、既可以用动词不定式也可用动名词,但要注意他们之间的区别谓语动词(like, hate, remember, forget, try等)后面两种形式都可以。例如:I forget meeting him somewhere.(曾做过)I forgot to post the letter.(未曾做过)第三种： 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(SVOOC)动词不定式有to或动词不定式省略to或V.+ing这三种形式都可以作宾补。用哪一种形式由谓语动词决定。(1)谓语动词(ask, tell, allow, advise, invite, want, like, expect, order, warn, encourage等)后面用动词不定式有to的形式作宾补。例如:His mother allow her to go out on Sunday.(2)谓语动词keep后面用动词作宾补, 只能用v.+ing形式。例如：Im sorry. I keep you waiting for a long time. (3)谓语动词(watch, see, hear, notice等,也即感观动词)后面用动词不定式省略to的形式作宾补。例如:I watched a man come out of the bank. (强调动作的整个过程时用省略to的动词不定式) 注意此类谓语动词后也可以用V.+ing形式作宾补。例如:I heard someone knocking gently on the door. (强调动作正在进行时就用V.+ing形式)(4)谓语动词(let,make等)后面用动词不定式省略to的。第四种：There be句型是一种特殊的句子，真正的主语在后面，含义为 某物或某地“有” (表客观存在)：谓语动词和主语保持一致：There is a television in the sitting room.有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致 （就近原则）：There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.主语的后面有时有修饰语：There are a lot of difficulties facing us. There were many things to be done (此处也可以使用to do).谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:There will be a concert in the park tonight.There was little change in him. 谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。There used to be a cinema here.There seems to be something the matter with her.Is there going to be any activity tonight？there be句式变疑问句，把be提前；变反意疑问句也要借助there。Is there any hope of getting the job？There is nothing wrong with your watch，is there？there be句型中也可以使用诸如：live，follow，come，stand，sit，exist等不及物动词：Once upon a time，there lived a fisherman on the island.There came a knock at the door. At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. 用于非谓语的情况下，有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being：You wouldnt want there to be another war. (不定式的复合结构)The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework. (动名词的复合结构)There being nothing else to do，we went home. (独立主格结构)巩固性练习请判断下列句子的结构类型1. He is running.2. The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry.3. The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions.4. She seemed angry.5. My father bought me a beautiful present.6.Why do you keep your eyes closed？7.Will you tell us an exciting story？8. We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.9. I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.10.Can you push the window open？ 并列句一、并列句的构成：并列句是由并列连词and，but，or，for，so等把两个或两个以上互不依从，但意思紧密联系的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。二、并列句的分类：1. 表示同等关系的并列句 (and)这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句，and常译为“和”、“并且”，也可不译出来。例如：He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球，并且踢得很好。 Last year l met Kate and we became friends.去年我和凯特相遇，我们成了朋友。 2. 表示转折关系的并列句 这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是)，yet(可是)，while(而，另一方面)，however(可是)等连接前后简单句，but常译为“但是”，“可是”，切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。例如：It has no mouth, but it can talk. 它没有嘴巴，但是它会说话。 School is over, yet all the teachers are still working.学校放学了，可是老师们仍然在工作。He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想当作家，而我则想当科学家。Its raining hard, however, we must go out. 雨下得很大，然而我们必须出去。 3. 表示选择关系的并列句这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者，否则)等连接前后简单句。or有两重含义： (1)译为“或者”，表示选择。例如：Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。(2)译为“否则”、“要不然”，表示条件。例如：You must tell the truth，or you will be punished你必须说真话，否则你将会受到惩罚。 4. 表示因果关系的并列句这类并列句常用并列连词for，so等连接前后简单句。(1)for在意义上与从属连词because，since和as相同，但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for则连接两简单句，前者表示结果，后者表示原因。其结构为：简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。例如：He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友，因为他是个诚实的男子汉。(2)so意为“因此”、“所以”，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而是并列连词，用来连接并列句。其结构为：简单句(原因) +so牛简单句(结果)。例如：Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead李老师回家乡去了，所以王老师替二课。5. 其他形式的并列句(1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果，谓语常用一般将来时。例如：Use your head, and you will find away动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如：Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others努力学习，否则你就会落于别人。(3)“either.or”结构表示“不是就是”，“或者或者”，例如：Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. 我叔叔可以做那件事，或者我婶婶也可以做。习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.(4) “not onlybut also”意思为“不仅而且”，例如：not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.不仅学生，而且他们的老师都误了校车。(5) “neithernor”结构，意为“既不也不”，“两者都不”，用法与either or,not only but also相同。三、使用并列句要注意的几种情况1. 并列句有时可不用连词，而用分号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。例如：We fished all day; we didnt catch a fish.我们钓了一天的鱼，一条鱼也没钓到。2. 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分，则相同的部分常可省略。例如：My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.我父亲在工厂工作，母亲在学校工作。3. 由so, nor, neither连接的并列句，后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如：He is not a student, nor am I. 他不是学生,我也不是。Beibei can swim, so can I. 贝贝会游泳,我也会。英语十六种时态英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例)：一般时进行时完成时完成进行时现在studystudiesam studyingis studyingare studyinghave studiedhas studiedhave been studyinghas been studying过去studiedwas studyingwere studyinghad studiedhad been studying将来shall studywill studyshall be studyingwill be studyingshall have studiedwill have studiedshall have been studyingwill have been studying过去将来should studywould studyshould be studyingwould be studyingshould have studiedwould have studiedshould have been studyingwould have been studying时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。1. 一般现在时时间状语：often，usually，always，sometimes，every week（day，year，month），once a week，on Sundays，etc 基本结构：be动词；行为动词 否定形式： am is are not；此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词 do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。用法：A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。B) 习惯用语。C) 经常性、习惯性动作。例：He always helps others. （他总是帮助别人。）D) 客观事实和普遍真理，格言警句。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。例：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon. How often does this shuttle bus run? F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事情。例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3hours.2. 现在进行时(be doing) 时间状语：now，at this time，these days，etc 基本结构：amisare doing 否定形式：amisare notdoing 一般疑问句：把be动词放在句首功用 1） 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作。常和now，Look！Listen！或其他铺垫句及情景设置句连用。Please dont make so much noise, Im studying. Lets get out. It isnt raining any more. Listen！He is playing the piano.2) 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作，但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作 Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house. David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing. 这些动作，在说话时并不一定在发生或进行，而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的。 3）表示最近的确定的安排 （以现在进行时代替将来时）例如： come，go，start，arrive，leave，stay等。Ann is coming tomorrow. Oh, is she? What time is she arriving? At 10:15. Are you meeting her at the station? I cant. Im working tomorrow morning. 以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式来表示。但是谈论已确定的安排时候，用现在进行时态显得更加自然，除非受到动词的功能的限制。在此，切不可用will, 如： Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married. 4）.常与表示渐变的动词连用。例如： get，grow，become，turn，begin等。Eg1.The leaves are turning red.Eg2.Its getting warmer and warmer.5) 和always 连用表示某种情绪，可能是厌烦也可能是赞扬，如： Tom is always going away for weekends. My husband is always doing homework. 有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作，一般不用于进行时。例如，我们一般不说 I am knowing, 而说 I know. 常见的这类动词有：want like hate know see hear believe understand seem think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have（拥有）belong 例句：To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受 Do you like Beijing? Do you see the rainbow? I remember him very well. I think I understand what he wants. 3. 现在完成时(have done)时间状语：recently，lately，since，for，in the past few years，etc 现在完成时由to have 的现在时+过去分词构成： 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 否定疑问式 have/has done have/has not done Have/has+主+done? Have/ has+主+ not done? 现在完成时的功用 1) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。（有时是总计做了多少次等）。 How many times have you been to the United States? She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times. Tom has lived in Now York all his life. 例：I bought a new house, but I _ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A) didnt sell B) sold C) havent sold D) would sell例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today andare being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。特别是动词be，是常常这样用的： Hesbeenbackforthreedays.（不能用hascomeback） shehasbeenateacherfortenyears.(不能说hasbecome) hehasbeenincollegeforayear.(不能说hasentered) 由于come,become,enter和getup等动词都只代表一个短暂的动作，不能代表一个延续的状态，这是需要用be来表示延续的状态： 另外有少数动词（主要是work,study,teach,live等）可用于现在完成时表示一直持续到现在的一个动作： howlonghaveyouworkedhere？ ShehastaughtEnglishformanyyears. Wevelivedhereforquiteafewyears. 但大多数动词不宜这样用，而需用现在完成进行时。 注：havebeen(to)长可用来表示“到过某地”或“刚去做过某事” haveyoueverbeentoXian? XiaoLiuhasjustbeenhere. Wevebeenhere (there) manytimes.2) 表示开始与过去而在说话时刻结束的行动，如： I havent seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了。（说话时刻已经见到了） This room hasnt been cleaned for months. (也许从说话开始时刻就要打扫它了) 3) 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响， 通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）4) 和最高级连用，表示到现在为止是最的 What a boring film! Its the most boring film Ive ever seen. Is it a thick book?-Yes, it is the thickest book Ive ever read. 5) 和句型 This is the first time, Its the first time +句子 连用，如： This is the first time he has driven a car. (相当于 he has never driven a car before.) Is this the first time youve been in hospital? Professor Johnson has lost his passport again. Its the second time he has lost it. 6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副词连用，如： Have you ever eaten French cheese? We have never had a private car. Has it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止) Would you like something to eat? -No, thanks. Ive just had lunch. Dont forget to mail the letter, will you? Ive already mailed it. (already 表示比预料的要快) 7）与since 连用，since 表示与某一时刻或从句连用，表示“从那一刻到说话时为止”，它总是与完成时连用，如： She has been here since 6 oclock. He hasnt been himself since the accident. （那次事故后，他从未完全康复） Since I was a child I have lived in England. （注：since+句子中的从句用过去时，主句用现在完成时）一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 1） 过去时仅仅表示过去，现在完成时还表示与现在的关系（对现在有影响），如： He has lost his key. He lost his key. 2) 与现在无关的或者过去很久的历史事件不能用现在完成时 The Chinese invented printing. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. 3)如果说明动作有特定的过去时间，就不能用现在完成时，如： Did you see the film on television last night? Tom lost his key yesterday. 询问某事发生的具体时间或者地点时（when , what time, where）, when