赖世雄语法笔记.doc

2012-2-11、 cling on to:紧紧抱住，死抱不放；cling to:坚持，依恋，依靠2、 convince的用法convince sb. to do something/convince sb. of something(参见赖世雄语法5-授予动词)/convince sb. that/convince oneself ofbe convinced (of)/be convinced that3、 tip (C): 小费 a tip/a large tip/a big tip/a generous tip/ a $5 tip 忠告 =a piece of advice, a few of tips/handy tips/gardening tips4、compare, contrast/compare and contrast(比较与对照写法)compare 指把人与人或物与物之间的相同点或异同点进行“比较”、“对照”或“相比”，常与介词with连用，也可指将人与人或物与物之间的相似处进行“比拟”；还可指将某人或某事“比作”另一人或另一事物。指后面两种情况时，它常被用作不及物动词，与介词to连用.contrast指为了明确其相异之处，将一物与另一物加以“比较”或“对照”，用法和compare一样，常接介词with。虽然很多人将compare 看作是contrast的同义词，但compare常用来比较同类事物；而contrast则常被用来比较非同类事物。2012-2-21、英语倍数表示法（1）X times+asas：是. 的X倍/more than + X times +asas：是. 的X倍不止；（2）（more than+）X times +the（或所有格）+名词+（of）：是. 的X倍(不止)；（3）X times +比较级+than：是. 的X倍。2、英语倍数增减表示法（1）increase (speed up, step up, raise, rise, go up, grow) / increase (speed up, step up, raise, rise, go up, grow) +by+X times：是. 的X倍/增加了X-1倍；（2）increase (exceed, speed up, step up, raise, rise, go up, grow)+by a factor of +X: 是. 的X倍/增加了X-1倍；（3）decrease (drop, fall, weaken, shorten, reduce, step down, speed down, go down) +(by): 是. 的/减少了；（4）decrease (drop, fall, weaken, shorten, reduce, step down, speed down, go down) by a factor of +X: 是. 的/减少了。2012-2-3 赖世雄经典英语语法1、(p3)不定式与动名词作主语时，往往会因为形式主语太长，用it作形式主语。但动名词移至句尾时，通常改为不定式短语。 例：To study abroad is my greatest desire. =It is my greatest desire to study abroad. Listening music makes me happy. =It makes me happy to listen to music. 例外：It is no use +动名词短语 =It is useless +不定式短语 =It is of no use+动名词短语 =There is no use/sence/point+in+动名词短语2、(p9)名词性从句作介词的宾语a. 慧（whether），怡（疑问词）可以，但代（that）不可以。 I am worried about whether he can do it. I am curious about how he will cope with this problem. I am sure of that the team has won the game.b. 遇有介词，但非要使用that从句时，其补救方法如下(1) 介词+the fact+that从句 I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game. I am worried about the fact that he does not study.(2) be+adj+that从句I am sure that the team has won the game. I am worried that he does not study.3、(p199)所有格与动名词的关系a. that从句作主语时，可改为动名词 That he teaches well is something that pleases me. His teaching well is something that pleaes me.b. 在介词及某些动词后不可以用that从句，此时可改为：所有格+动名词(1) 遇介词的情况I am worried about that he does not study. I am worried about his not studing. In spite of that the sun shone, the air was very cold. In spite of the suns shining, the air was very cold. I insist on that he should go there. I insist on his going there. 备注：that 从句主语是物而非人时，一般不用所有格，直接将主语作宾语即可。In spite of the suns shining, the air was very cold. In spite of the sun shining, the air was very cold. 口语中，that从句的主语即使是人，宜采用本结构。I insist on his going there. (正式)I insist on him going there. (非正式)(2) 遇某些及物动词的情况that引导的名词性从句可作表认知的及物动词( think, feel, find, believe) 以及表意愿的及物动词(hope, wish, expect, desire)的宾语。I believe that he works hard. I hope that he may joint us.但表喜欢、厌恶之类的及物动词，如like, dislike, enjoy, mind等就不可接that引导的从句作宾语，应改为所有格+动名词。I dont like that he smokes here. I dont like his smoking here. I dont enjoy that John joins us. I dont enjoy Johns joining us. 备注：mind 可接if引导的从句Would you mind that I open the window? Would you mind my opening the window? Would you mind that if I opened the window? (虚拟语气表客气)4. (p42)不完全及物动词a. 认定动词(1) We regard/look upon/think of/see/view him as a genius.(2) We mistook the long-haired boy for a girl.(3) We consider/deem/think him to be a genius.备注1：to be可省略。备注2：(1), (2) 里面的as与for后面亦可接形容词作宾语 I regard his behavior as inappropriate. John works hard, so I take it for granted that hell be successful someday.(4) think, believe, find, deem, consider等五个动词作不完全及物动词时，不得直接用不定式与that引导的名词性从句作宾语，一定要用形式宾语it取代。 I think to climb mountains fun. I think it fun to climb mountains. I find that he sings so well wonderful. I find it wonderful that he sings so well. b. 使役动词之make, have, getmake/have+宾语+原形动词(过去分词表被动)(作补语)get+宾语+不定式(作补语)make可用于被动语态，have、get则不可以。He was got to wash the car. He was had to wash the car. He was made to wash the car. c. make的用法(对应于宾语补语的倒装，见刘毅语法宝典p666)如果宾语是不定式，动名词，或由that和whether所引导的名词性从句，又有宾语补语时，应用it代替这类长宾语。He made to get up early a rule. He made it a rule to get up early. I had made whether I am to go or not clear. I had made it clear whether I am to go or not. 备注：长宾语时亦要倒装He made his meaning clear. He made his strong objection to the proposals clear. He made clear his strong objection to the proposals. 5. (p46) (刘毅P323)授予动词, 间接宾语与直接宾语颠倒时， 就需要另加介词to, for或ofa. to 表示给予(give, lend, bring, show, tell, write, send, hand, teach, offer, sell, promise, pass等)He gave me a watch.= He gave a watch to me.b. for 表示代劳(buy, make, leave, do, choose, order, sing 等)One must do someone a good deed every day.= One must do a good deed or someone every day.c. of 表示从 之中的概念(ask, expect, require, demand等)He asks me a question.= He asks a question of me. (of = from)d. 有些需要介词at, against, on(throw, bear, play等)The naughty boy threw a stone at the bird.The thief bears a grudge against the policeman.备注(1)有些双宾语动词只适用于无介词情形，如answer, envy, forgive等。 I always envy you your good forturn.Please forgive me my fault.备注(2)间宾为名词，直宾为代词时，应先提直宾。I give your sister them. I give them to your sister. 备注(3)间宾，直宾均为人称代词时，先提直宾较为普遍。I give you them. I give them to you. (较为普遍)备注(4)间宾为人称代词，直宾为it时，先提哪一个均可，且to可省。Give me it. Give it to me. 美式英语Give it me. 英式英语备注(5)有些动词之后的间接宾语与直接宾语之间要用介词 (此种句型实属于S+V+O+修饰语，即第三大类句型)第一类句型：S+V第二类句型：S+V+SC/P第三类句型：S+V+O第四类句型：S+V+O+OC第五类句型：S+V+IO+DO第四类句型与第五类句型的区别：She will make him a good husband. 第四类句型She will make him a new suit. 第五类句型间接宾语与直接宾语之间要用介词的动词：介词of 的动词rob, deprive, warn, rid relive等(convince, persuade, suspect等也可归为此类)He robed my money. He robbed me of my money. The captain relieved the platoon leader of his command. I cannot rid myself of the painful memory.= I cannot get rid of the painful memory.介词for的动词( forgive, punish, blame, reward, praise, excuse等)He blamed me for my idleness.Please excuse me for being late.介词from的动词(prevent, discourage, save, free, deliver等)He freed me from debt.He delivered me from the enemy.介词with的动词(provide, help, favor, oblige施惠, supply, present等)Miss Sharp will favor us with a song.介词into的动词(talk, persuade, argue, bribe等)We bribed him into secrecy.6. 五大类动词之外还有同源动词与反身动词五大类动词，对应五大类句型，它们分别是：第一类动词：完全不及物动词；第二类动词：不完全不及物动词；第三类动词：完全及物动词；第四粒动词：不完全不及物动词；第五类动词：授予动词。a. 同源动词(Cognate verb)He laughed a hearty laugh.The old lady sighed a deep sigh.He had fought an honorable fight.He had fought an honorable battle.b. 反身动词(reflexive verb)，就是及物动词的动作，反向行为者的本身，一般及物动词加上反身宾语都可以有这种结构。To know oneself is difficult.Warm yourself by the fire.但有一些只能用于反身结构的动词，常用的有：介词to的：abandon oneself to, addict oneself to, devote oneself to(devote to)等;介词of的：avail oneself of, rid oneself of, deliver oneself of, bethink oneself of等；介词with的：burden oneself of, occupy oneself of, busy oneself with(about/in/at), familiar oneself with, amuse oneself with(by);介词on/down的：throw oneself down, pride oneself on, revenge oneself on, seat oneself(on/in);介词in的：lose oneself in, clothe oneself in, dress oneself in, engage oneself in;其他介词的：present oneself at/for, absent oneself from, distinguished oneself by.备注1：one+v.+oneself =one+be+p.p./adj. dress oneself in=be dressed indevote oneself to=be devoted toabsent oneself from=be absent from特殊:distinguished oneself by=be distinguished for pride oneself on=be proud of备注2：上述及物动词的宾语如果和主语不同，则用其他名(代)词为宾语His parents clothed him in beautiful garments.He amused the children with a story.7. (p59)感叹句：how之后可置带有形容词修饰的单数可数名词，但绝不可置复数名词或不可数名词。句型如下： How+adj.+a(an)+单数名词+主语+动词How a great man he is! How great a man he is! What a great man he is! 备注1：what可与单数，复数或不可数名词连用。How great men they are! What great men they are! How good music it is! What good music it is! 备注2：但how之后可接有many, much, little, few等数量形容词修饰的复数或不可数名词。What many students there are in the classroom! How many students there are in the classroom! What few friends he has! How few friends he has! What much money he has made! How much money he has made! What little time is left! How little time is left! 8. 同7见p131“书呆子”，“阿西”和“土土”一起说声“好”，四个短语之中只能接单数名词，除非与数量形容词连用。so thatas astoo tohowHe is so a good student that I like him. He is so good a student that I like him. He is as a handsome man as Peter is. He is as handsome a man as Peter is. He is too an old man to do it. He is too old a man to do it. How a great man he is! How great a man he is! 备注1：such that可置任何名词This is such good music that I like it. They are such good students that I like them. He is such a good student that I like him. 备注2：数量形容词修饰的情形He has so many things to do that he cannot go picnicking with us. He has too little money left to buy a car. I have as much money as he does. I dont know how much time you can give me for that job. 9. a. (p77) as well as, rather than作并列连词He as well as I is interested in music.= He no less than I is interested in music.= He together with me is interested in music.= He along with me is interested in music.He rather than I is interested in music.= He instead of me is interested in music.= He, not I, is interested in music. b. bothand/neither nor /not not/not only but also前三组连接词通常不用来连接句子，not only but also可用来连接句子，但需要倒装。 Both he is good at English, and he is good at math. He is good at both English and math. Neither you can talk here, nor you can eat here. You can neither talk nor eat here. Either you should listen to me, or you should get out of my sight. (可以) You should either listen to me or get out of my sight. (佳) Not he is wrong, but you are wrong. (可以) Not he but you are wrong. (佳) She can not only sing but also dance. (可以) Not only can she sing, but she can also dance. (佳)备注：not only but also连接单词或短语时，also可以省略，连接句子时也可以省略，但不省略时，一定要和but分开。 She is interested not only in music but (also) in art. Not only can she sing, but she can (also) dance.10. when和if在表示时间条件时(常用于现在时），可以替换的。When/If you know the answer, put up your hands and let me know. If/When the weather is fine, we like to go swimming. 如果条件不包含时间，则不用when。 如：If you like it, take it.11. 连接性副词however/nevertheless/therefore/thus/moreover/furthermore/in addition/besides however与therefore可插在句中，两旁以逗号相隔。 moreover/furthermore/in addition/besides 通常只置于主语前，而不插入句中。 besides与in addition均表示此外，不过前者多用于有否定或消极意味的句中，而in addition则用于肯定句或积极意味的句中。 I dont think I will go to the movies with you, John. I am too tired; besides, I have no money. She dances well, and she is good at singing.12. (p88) 副词连接词so that，表目的或结果。a. so that 引导目的状语从句，较常用，一般放在主句之后；in order that 用于正式文体，引导的从句可放在主句的前面或后面。 She takes notes carefully so that she may use them when she reviews her lessons after class. (表目的，so that前面不用逗号，后面句中一般用助动词may, will, can等) In order that the motion of a body can be changed, an additional force is needed. 备注1：so that中的so有时可以省略。(薄冰大学英语p347) We are studying hard that we may achieve a good result at this end of this term. 备注2：英美人士，有时用so取代so that (赖世雄p88)I got up early so I could get to school on time. 备注3：表示否定意思的目的状语从句连接词为lest /for fear that/in case, 前两者从句一般要用虚拟语气，in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气气。We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus. He takes his umbrella with him in case it rains. b. so that/that/so 引导结果状语从句 He spoke clearly, so that everyone heard him. (表结果，so that前面用逗号) He didnt work hard in the past few days that he legged behind. 备注：so 一般单独使用时，称作并列连词(推论连词)。13. ( p89与p335) since 的用法a. 作副词连接词表：因为Since you have finished the work, you may leave anytime. 表：自从，引导一般过去式的状语从句，修饰时态为现在完成(进行)时或过去完成(进行)时。 I have study English since I move here in 2001.b. 作副词用，句型结构一定为：主语+一般过去式+明确的时间副词短语+and+主语+have(has, had)+since+过去分词/+过去分词+sinceHe left town in 2002 and I havent seen him since.= He left town in 2002 and I havent since seen him. c. 作介词用，之后加明确的时间名词作宾语，亦可用动名词作宾语。 I have been studying English since 2002.I have been studying English since ten years ago.I have been studying English since moving here in 2002.备注：since前可用副词ever修饰Ever since he came here, he has been arguing with Mary.He has been learning English ever since he was five years old.He failed the exam two weeks ago and has felt discouraged ever since.14. whether, if的用法if和whether通用，都表示“是否”的意思。一般来说，后者比较正式，在口语中前者常用来代替后者。但两者有时具有不同的暗示。用whether时，正反两面的选择意义较强，问话人并不在意回答是肯定还是否定；而用if时，则比较强调单方面，即正面，问话人希望得到肯定的回答。另外，还要注意以下几点：a. whether和if都可以与or not连用；但写在一起时，只能用whether，不能用if。如：I dont care whether (或if) it will rain or notI dont care whether or not it will rain. (不用if)b. 在引导宾语从句时，应注意：(1) 表示“是否”时，两词都能引导宾语从句。I wonder if/whether you can examine him now(2) 宾语从句移置句首时，用whether，不用if。Whether it is true or not， I cant say(3) 宾语从句为否定形式时，通常用if，而不用whether。I asked Tom if Mary wouldnt come(4) 作discuss等词的宾语，用whether不用if。We discussed whether we should buy the gift for him(5) 句子中有if引导的条件句，如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句，用whether不用if。He asked me whether Id move to New York if I got the job. (6) 容易产生歧义时用whether不用if来表示“是否”。 Please let me know if you need help. 如果你需要帮助请告诉我。或：请告诉我你是否需要帮助。对比：Please let me know if you need help.请告诉我你是否需要帮助。c. 在下列情况下，只能用whether，不能用if。(1) 与不定式连用时，只能用whetherHe cant decide whether to accept or refuse (2) 在介词后，只能用whether。Everything depends on whether he is ready (3) 在名词后作同位语时，只能用whether。 The question whether they ought to stop working was discussed among the workersI have no idea whether he is there (4) 引导主语从句时，只能用whether。Whether he comes or not doesnt concern me (5) 引导表语从句时，只能用whether。What Maria doesnt know is whether there will be enough snow (6) 在强调任意选择时,用whetheror,此时不用if替换whether。He asked me whether I wanted to go there by train or by bus.他问我是想乘火车还是坐公共汽车去那里。备注：whether和or一起还有“不管”之意,引导让步状语从句。Whether he drives or takes the train, he will be here on time.不管开车来还是乘火车来，他都会准时到。d. if可引导条件状语从句，译作“如果”，whether可引导让步状语从句，译作“不管、无论”。If I were you，I would not buyWhether he agrees (or not)，I shall go there15. (p154) 表目的的副词不定式，可以被如下替代。 He sang a song to please her.= He sang a song in order to please her.= He sang a song so as to please her.= He sang a song with an eye to pleasing her.= He sang a song with a view to pleasing her.16. (p107) 定语从句置入插入语的方法a. think/believe/find/consider/feel作完全及物动词时可以可用作插入语置入定语从句中 He is a man who I think/find/believe is nice.b. 作不完全及物动词时：此类动词属于插入语He is a man I think/find/believe him to be nice. He is a man I think/find/believe whom to be nice. He is a man whom I think/find/believe to be nice. 备注：以后见到这样的结构，表认知的动词之后有is, are, was, were等be动词时，要用关系代词主格who；表认知的动词之后有to be时，则用关系代词的宾格whom。17. (p109)定语从句可化为不定式短语 关系代词引导的定语从句，弱关系代词之前有介词时，可将该从句转换为不定式从句。 He has no house in which he can live.= He has no house in which to live.= He has no house to live in.Lend your pen with which I can write my address.= Lend your pen with which I can write my address.= Lend your pen to write my address with. 18. (p111)关系代词所有格取代whose的结构 whose+n. = the +n.+of which = of which+the+n. I like to study in this school, whose faculty and facilities are top-notch.= I like to study in this school, the faculty and facilities of which are top-notch.= I like to study in this school, of which the faculty and facilities are top-notch.19. (p114)关系副词使用要点where/when/why/howa. 除where以外, when及why均可省略，而how则一定予以省略 Thats the place he was born. Thats the place where he was born. I shall never forget the day when he came.= I shall never forget the day he came.Thats the reason why he left.= Thats the reason he left.I am sick of the way how he looks at me. I am sick of the way he looks at me. b. where/when/why/how所修饰的名词若置于be动词之后作表语时亦可省略该名词，而保留关系副词。此时关系副词=复合关系副词Thats the place where he was born.= thats where he was born.Thats the day when hell come.= Thats when hell come.Thats the reason why he left.= Thats why he left.Thats the way he did it.= Thats how he did it.备注：the reason why/the reason thatthe reason why/for which/that(仅限在口语里面)I wanted to know the reason why he had come late this morning. (定语从句)Then I was told the reason that he had been reading the book in the whole night. (同位语从句)The reason that he gave us is not good. (宾语从句)20. (p122)whatever/whoever的用法a. Whatever/Anything that he says is a lie.Whoever/Anybody who makes the mistake should be punished. b. Whatever/No matter what he says, it is a lie. Whoever/ No matter who makes the mistake, he should be punished.21. (p129) as的一些特殊用法a. the same as和 相同的 (两个人或物)the same that就是同一个 (一个人或物)I have the same book as he is reading.I borrowed the same book that he borrowed last week.b. 单独使用as时，亦可以作关系代词He is nice, which we all know. = He is nice, as we all know. = As we all know, he is nice. = Which we all know, he is nice. 备注1：as+be+p.p.时，be动词可以省略He is nice, which was mentioned before.= He is nice, as was mentioned before.= He is nice, as mentioned before.备注2：He was drunk, as is usual with him. ( as=which) 简化成了：He was drunk, as usual. His conditions are as what follows.简化成了：His conditions are as follows.22. (p133)准关系代词but的用法 but 作准关系代词时，只能用于“no+名词”之后；此时but等于who(whom, which) not.There is no+名词+who/whom/which/that not= There is no+名词+buta. 定语从句中有be动词时，保留该be动词 There is nothing that he is not fond of. = There is nothing but he is not fond of.b. 定语从句中有一般助动词can/will/m