考研英语阅读资料-经济类7.docx

点这里，看更多英语资料 考研英语怎么复习？在考研复习中，复习资料的选择至关重要。中公考研辅导老师为考生整理了【考研英语-阅读理解知识点讲解和习题】，同时可以为大家提供名师考研英语视频、考研英语复习资料、考研英语真题和考研英语辅导等，助您冲击名校！Text 3本文背景知识：合并(merger)是指两家以上的公司依约及法令归并为一个公司的行为。公司合并包括吸收合并和创新合并两种形式：前者是指两个以上的公司合并中，其中一个公司因吸收了其他公司而成为存续公司的合并形式，后者是指两个或两个以上的公司通过合并创建了一个新的公司。垄断 (monopoly)，经济学术语，一般分为卖方垄断和买方垄断。卖方垄断指唯一的卖者在一个或多个市场，通过一个或多个阶段，面对竞争性的消费者;买者垄断 (Monopsony) 则刚刚相反。垄断者在市场上，可以根据自己的利益需求，调节价格与产量。 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.51.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because _.A cost reduction is based on competitionB services call for cross-trade coordinationC outside competitors will continue to exist（C）D shippers will have the railway by the throat52.What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?A Indifferent.B Supportive.C Indignant.（D）D Apprehensive.53.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that _.A shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief（C）D a government board ensures fair play in railway business54.The word “arbiters” (line 7, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those _.A who work as coordinatorsB who function as judgesC who supervise transactions（B）D who determine the price55.According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by _.A the continuing acquisitionB the growing trafficC the cheering Wall Street（A）D the shrinking market长难句记忆任务1. In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.2. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.3. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.4. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. 5. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic.词汇记忆任务 1. combine 联合，结合2. merge 合并， 并入 助记 比emerge（v.出现；形成）少首字母e3. heighten 使加强，提高，增加4. account for 占（某个总数百分比），解释，说明5. a series of 一系列的6. merger （机构或企业的）合并，归并7. freight 货运8. carrier (尤其指)运输公司；搬运人；运输工具9. allow for 有利于10. substantial 大量的，可观的11. coordinate 使协调12. monopoly n.垄断；专利权 即mono+poly，mono-前缀“单独的”，poly（多）13. remove 移开；去除14. bulk (货物购买，运输等)大批的，大量的15. costly 昂贵的16. have by the throat 牵制，控制17. call for 需求，需要18. consolidation 合并联合19. captive 仅用于名词前人身自由受限制的，受控制的20. overcharged 被过高索价的21. appeal (to/for/against)上诉，申诉22. relief （税收，费率）减免23. time consuming 费时24. justify 提供合理的理由；辩解；证明正当的25. on the grounds that 鉴于理由26. grounds 理由，根据27. shoulder 肩负28. line 运输公司，航运公司29. subscribe to sth. 同意，赞成30. flourish 繁荣31. a round of 一轮32. keep up with 跟上 保持同步发展33. surge (需求，价格，利润等)急剧增加，飞涨34. acquire 购得，得到35. acquisition 收购36. transaction 交易37. grip 抓牢， 得到 38. indignant 愤慨的 ，义愤的 39. apprehensive 忧虑的 40. shrinking 萎缩的参考译文 近年来，铁路公司相互联合，组成了超大型集团，引起人们对垄断行为的极大关注。近至1995年，四家大型铁路公司占有整个铁路运输业务的约70。到明年，一系列兼并活动完成之后，仅这四家铁路公司就将控制90以上的铁路运输业务。 支持组建超大型铁路集团的人认为，兼并将带来成本的大幅降低和服务的更加协调。他们认为，在公路运输的激烈竞争面前，垄断的威胁已经不复存在。但许多客户却抱怨说，对于依赖长途运输的大宗商品来说，如煤炭、化学制品和粮食，由于公路运输花费太大，因此铁路公司就会占据了咽喉地位。 铁路运输业