英国文学史复习资料.doc

英国文学史资料British Writers and Works Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟1340(?)1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry.It is _alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A ) A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle English特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 声誉之宫Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight BeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星术)2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists: Christopher MarloweWilliam Shakespeare6. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚15641616lHistorical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour Comedies: 皆大欢喜; 第十二夜; 仲夏夜之梦; 威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗; 李尔王; 麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。 A revival（复兴） of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)5. Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:弃婴汤姆琼斯约瑟夫安德鲁大诗人江奈生威尔德爱米利亚n plays:一七三六年历史记事堂吉柯德在英国nV The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individuals mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯17701850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。 The Lake Poets） 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 序曲4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822 Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯 Theme: the drama celebrates mans victory over tyranny and oppression 麦布女王伊斯兰的反叛钦契一家诗辩无神论的必要性 Lyrics: 西风颂 Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe )致云雀 5. Johnl Keats约翰济慈17951821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂心灵颂 忧郁颂 秋颂n Theme: The theme of John Keats poem, To Autumn, is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poems three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day. 7. Walterl Scott沃尔特斯科特17711832 (历史小说之父”)Father of history novels 罗伯罗伊 艾凡赫VI The Victorian Period 1832-1900Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.1. Charles Dickens查尔斯狄更斯18121870（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer 匹克威克外传 奥利弗特维斯特（雾都孤儿） 老古玩店 圣诞颂歌 董贝父子大卫科波菲尔 荒凉山庄艰难时世 双城记(London & Paris) 远大前程 我们共同的朋友 是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。 Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德丁尼生18091892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人） 悼念 To memorialize his friend 国王叙事诗7. Robert Browning罗伯特白朗宁18121889 我已故的公爵夫人 海外乡思1. the ring and the book 指环与书2. pippa passes皮帕走过了9. Thomasl Hardy托马斯哈代18401928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） Novels 德伯家的苔丝Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 无名的裘德 绿荫下远离尘嚣 卡斯特桥市长还乡PoemsWessex Poems And Other VersesPoems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列国1.Why the books title is Heart of Darkness?The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of peoples skin in there is black. Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans heart.2.What is the symbolism of black and white【Black / dark- 】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilizedMiddle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppressed, as the Dark Ages.According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light.According to Heart of Darkness, before the Romans came, England was dark. In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”.【White / light】life, goodness, enlightenment, civilized, religion.Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkness means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whiteness means falsehood. This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo. The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind. White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths. The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt 3.CommentThe book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies.Civilization, however, must be learned. London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once one of the darker places of the earth before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background.This savagery is seen in Kurtz. Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state.4.Character【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment. 【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle. 5.Narrative StructureIn Heart of Darkness, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow. The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow. Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtzs story.2. William Somerset Maugham人性的枷锁3. Edward Morgan Foster (E.M.Foster)印度之行霍华兹别墅Modernists 3 Novelists James Joyce David Herbert Lawrence Virgirnia Woolf 1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维赫伯特劳伦斯18851930 儿子与情人(autobiographical)【Mrs. Morel】, daughter of a middle-class family, is a woman of character and refinement, a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own class.Then, she was desponded（失望，失去勇气） at her husba