英语阅读教学的一些实践和思考.doc

英语阅读教学的一些实践和思考英语阅读教学的一些实践和思考【摘要】毫无疑问，阅读是高中英语教学里的重中之重。阅读分朗读和默读，各有其用，各有其妙，二者不可偏废。但在实际教学中，默读教得多，朗读教得少。考虑到所授班级学生以及课文的的实际情况，本文作者采取“声音优先，情境关联，精深体验”的策略，依托语篇、语境，整合语音、词汇、语法等手段，调动耳眼口脑等多种器官，强化课文整体输入，而将真正的阅读训练（默读）和读写结合的写作训练放到课堂限时阅读、写作及其讲评上。关键词：英语阅读教学，疯狂的、大功率的、大容量的、大范围的、多手段的输入，依托语篇、语境的语法、词汇识别、辨认、贯通，限时阅读和写作训练英语阅读教学之一输入篇阅读无疑是高中英语教学里的重中之重。阅读既是目的也是手段。但是，阅读不能不要求学生具备一些必备的基础，也不能不顾及所用的教材是否合适。鉴于学生基础差，内需不足，劲头不足，不预习，不专心听课；教材难教，生词多，句子长，难句集中，本文作者不正儿八经地、一读二读三读讨论输出地来搞阅读教学的。而且，阅读本来就分朗读和默读，各有其用，各有其妙，二者不可偏废。但在实际教学中，默读教得多，朗读教得少。但是，朗读之用亦大矣。认知心理学认为，朗读是一个信息加工和记忆的过程，把读、写、听、思结合起来。叶圣陶先生在精读指导举隅前言中说道：“吟诵就是心、眼、口、耳并用的一种学习方法，吟诵的时候亲切地体会，不知不觉之间，内容与理法化而为读者自己的东西，这是可贵的一种境界，学习语文学科，必须到这种境界，才会终身受用不尽。”所以，我的办法是,首先提醒学生留意文章的四大方面(我称之为文章四维4D):话题、主题、文体、结构。话题和主题密切相关。话题较为宽泛，主题更为集中。话题是谈话的中心，就是我们日常生活中关注的各种事件的一个概括。主题就是我们平常所说的中心思想。文体就是文章体裁，主要有记叙文、议论文、说明文。记叙文里面可以分出许多细项，如常见的新闻报道体、人物传记等等。每个阅读开始前，都要引导学生就这四维展开联想,看看过去是否学过相同或者相似的文章,搭支架、正迁移。搭支架、正迁移之后，随即就要进行疯狂的、大功率的、大容量的、大范围的、多手段的输入。我的方法是，不远万里去请来正儿八经的、如假包换的native English speakers,给我们的学生大声朗读、带读课文。大话说回来,实际上就是利用多媒体给学生放课文录音,并且要求学生开声跟读。跟读时,略比录音慢两个单词的幅度。这样做既可以听得到、听清楚录音,又可以紧紧跟上,逼着自己心无旁骛、精神集中地模仿朗读。要做到真正听得清、跟得上、读得出、读得像,确实得要有点疯狂劲儿的。这一阶段，主要是囫囵吞枣式地宏观把握,整体入手,整个课文不断地轮回狂轰滥炸。经测试,最长的课文, native English speakers ,7分钟读完;一般课文5分钟读完，第二阅读里的文章往往2、3分钟读完。那么,整节课,除去开头所说的一些浏览，搭支架，正迁移,用去几分钟,最多用去10分钟,那么,至少还可以剩下30分钟。30分钟足可以听读5、6遍了。一篇课文听读5、6遍,是一个很大的输入量。程度好的学生,能够很熟悉课文了。因为,据调查,据推荐,一篇课文读上20遍,就完全可以背诵下来了。丰子恺在缘缘堂随笔我的苦学经验这样介绍过他学习日文的经验。日本学者野口悠纪雄在超学习法里这样推荐。如果按照老方法,先学完了生词再来按照老套路一读、二读、三读、讨论、输出地来学习课文,其结果,大家都见到了,就是费慢差,就是天怒人怨,就是费力不讨好,就是可怜无益费精神，就是死气沉沉。因为native English speakers读一遍词汇表也要5分钟啊。而且,所谓生词,事实上是个非常混淆非常混乱的概念。我可以肯定地说,这么些课本,从必修一到选修十二,绝对不是一个人甚至也不是几个人编出来的,究竟哪个是生词,哪个不是生词,就是编者他们自己也搞不清楚。具体到每一个具体的学生,各人的词汇量也是千差万别。再者,生词是可以脱离语境学得会的吗?英语阅读教学之二：语法、词汇篇单单从语言学习的角度来看，课文就是词汇、语法的载体。比如，课文HOWLIFEBEGANON THE EARTH讲地球上的生命发展史，配置的语法是名词性从句。在这篇大约50行的课文里，出现了20多个从句，是名符其实的从句集中营。但是，学习语法，就不一定非得按照教材的编排思路，抱住发现法、归纳法不放了。在我们这样的班级里，更适宜采用演绎法，集中讲授语法，再来引导学生将所学的语法现象从课文里找出来，读书时候注意巩固加深。语法教学方面的课件大家已经做得非常多了，只要我们稍加挑拣，尽量选一些思路清晰、设计新颖、顺流直下、简明扼要、画面清晰、多色排版、文图并茂的课件，就可以了，就足够让他们喝一壶的了。例子：Unit 3 Under the sea Reading 1 OLD TOM THE KILLER WHALE里面出现的被动语态现象。1. I had already heard that George didnt likebeing kept waiting,so even though I didnt have the right clothes on, I raced after him.2. As we drew closer, I could see a whalebeing attacked by a pack of about six other killers.3. Then theharpoonhpun详细n.鱼叉vt.用鱼叉叉；用鱼叉捕获was ready and the man in thebowba详细n.弓；鞠躬；船首adj.弯曲的vi.鞠躬；弯腰vt.鞠躬；弯腰n. (Bow)人名；(东南亚国家华语)茂；(英)鲍of the boat aimed it at the whale. He let it go and the harpoon hit the spot.Being badly wounded,the whale soon died.4. Within a moment or two, its bodywasdragged详细v.制动；拖动；打滑；松懈swiftly by the killers down intothe depthsdeps详细n.深处；深渊of the sea.5. There was one day when we were out in the bay during a hunt and Jameswas washed off the boat.6. The sea wasroughrf详细n.艰苦；高低不平的地面；未经加工的材料；粗糙的部分adj.粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的；艰苦的；未经加工的vt.使粗糙；粗暴对待；草拟adv.粗糙地；粗略地；粗暴地vi.举止粗野n. (Rough)人名；(英)拉夫that day and it was difficult to handle the boat. The waves were carrying James further and further away from us. From Jamess face, I could see he was terrified ofbeingabandonedbnd()nd详细v.抛弃（abandon的过去式和过去分词）adj.被抛弃的；无约束的；恣意放荡的；寡廉鲜耻的by us.7. It took over half an hour to get the boat back to James, and when we approached him, I saw Jamesbeing firmly held up in the water by Old Tom.I couldnt believe my eyes.有了前面的5、6遍听读输入，再来学习探索语言点，就有了课文这个大环境大语境，就不再是只见树木不见森林了，不再是纯粹的由下而上的字字翻译的传统教学模式了。举例：有时候，即使考察完了生词所在的完整句子，依然不足以确定词的意义。这时候，要扩展到前后的几个意义相关的句子，也就是句群，也叫做语段，才能够确定一个词的意义。例如，为了理解harpoon的意义，我们要延展追踪到“the whale soon died.”才是一个完整的语段。Then theharpoonhpun详细n.鱼叉vt.用鱼叉叉；用鱼叉捕获was ready and the man in thebowba详细n.弓；鞠躬；船首adj.弯曲的vi.鞠躬；弯腰vt.鞠躬；弯腰n. (Bow)人名；(东南亚国家华语)茂；(英)鲍of the boat aimed it at the whale. He let it go and the harpoon hit the spot.Being badly wounded, the whale soon died.结合语篇、语境来学生词，就可以将里面出现的通过识别、辨认作为语篇衔接手段的同现、复现词汇找出来，达到利用旧词记忆新词的效果。如下面所举例子里的FITTINGWELL、to get used to a whole new way of life、feels much more at home in England now就表达的是同样的意思。1. XIE LEICHINESE STUDENGTFITTINGfitft详细n. 合身；发作；痉挛n. (Fit)人名；(捷、罗)菲特adj. 健康的；合适的；恰当的；准备好的vt. 安装；使适应；使合身；与相符vi. 符合，配合；适合；合身WELL2.Its not just study thats difficult. You haveto get used to a whole new way of life,适应一种全新的生活方式,which cantake uptake up详细拿起；开始从事；占据(时间,地方)all your concentrationkns()ntre()n详细n. 浓度；集中；浓缩；专心；集合in the beginning,explained Xie Lei,who had lived all her life in the same city in China.3. Xie Lei told me that shefeels much more at home in England now, and what had seemed verystrangebefore now appears quitenormal.由上可见，随文解词，迎刃而解，随风披靡，整个词汇学习过程就会变成妙趣横生的知识之旅，令人陶醉，令人乐而忘返。英语阅读教学之三英语阅读之真正训练篇说实在的，现时学生用于或被安排用于学习英语的时间还是非常大量的。如我们校就为英语安排了七节正课，三节晚自修，各五个早或晚读，如是小周，周末还安排二节的自习时间。总数近10小时，就是说每天起码有一个小时的英语学习时间。这么多的时间，如果都全部或大部用于那几篇课文，所得当然十分有限。鲁迅在致颜黎民里说过：“只看一个人的著作，结果是不大好的：你就得不到多方面的优点。必须如蜜蜂一样，采过许多花，这才能酿出蜜来，倘若叮在一处，所得就非常有限，枯燥了。”南宋诗人陆游也曾在示子遹 里说：“汝果欲学诗,功夫在诗外”。同样的道理，真正的阅读训练也要放在课文外。我们选用英语测试报作为阅读训练材料。该报分大报小报。小报尤其实用，其实质就是一份广东高考题，与高考题的题型、结构、分值完全一样，较好地体现了高考语篇训练的要求。该小报内容新颖，涉及了美国现任总统奥巴马和英国前首相，题材多样，极其适宜用于阅读训练。为了严格训练，抓出效果，我们完全采用正课时间实行限时阅读写作训练。每份小报用时是120分钟。我们将一份小报分成三节使用。根据整份题目的容量、时间，经过科学测算，规定除了完形填空用时15分钟外，其他语法填空、阅读理解、信息匹配每题限时10分钟，这样算来，上述各题总共用时75分钟，分两节课完成。剩下的45分钟，也用一节课来训练两篇写作：基础写作和读写任务。训练时，老师也坐在课室头，也一道做题，维持纪律。做完后抽正课时间进行评讲。完形填空、语法填空都是学生的薄弱环节，所以，这两道题是必讲题。阅读理解题，如果因为时间限制，不能篇篇俱到，就详讲一两篇，其余的略讲，或简单对答案，或待发下下一期报后，由学生自己检查比较。我们认为，无论完形填空、语法填空，还是阅读理解，其实都是语篇训练，都是阅读理解，所以，讲评时，老师一定要引导学生登高望远，高屋建瓴，宏观把握。首先，每篇文章，我们认为最重要的无非是这样四大方面（四维4D）：话题、主题、文体、结构。话题和主题密切相关。话题较为宽泛，主题更为集中。话题是谈话的中心，就是我们日常生活中关注的各种事件的一个概括。主题就是我们平常所说的中心思想。文体就是文章体裁，主要有记叙文、议论文、说明文。记叙文里面可以分出许多细项，如常见的新闻报道体、人物传记等等。例一：第三节 语法填空（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）Mary will never forget the first time she saw him.He suddenlyappearedin class one day, _26wearing(wear) sun glasses.He walked inas ifhe _27had bought_(buy) the school and the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.For some reason he sat beside Mary.Maryfelt_28pleased_(please), because there were many empty seats in the room .But she quickly realized that it wasnt her, it was probably the fact that she sat in _29_the_lastrow._30_If_he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.It might have made it a little _31_harder(hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, butthat didnt stop the kids in the class.Of course whenever they turned to look at him, they had to look at Mary, 32_which_madeher feellike a star.“Do you needthose glassesfor medical reasons?” The teacher asked .The new boy shook his head.” Then Id appreciate it if you didnt wearthemin class .I like to look at your eyes when Im speaking to you.”The new boy looked at the teacher _33for_a few secondsand all the other students wondered _34_what_the boy would do.Then hetook 35themoff, gave a big smile and said “That is cool.”本篇语法填空，就话题而言，属于学校趣事类；主题方面，没有什么微言大义，就是叙述一个翩翩美少年的从善如流吧；文体方面，显然属于写人的记叙文，即课文第二单元anecdote逸闻趣事类；结构方面，是以事情发生先后（时间线）来叙述的。如果学生在具体做题前，先有这种登高望远、高屋建瓴的意识、习惯、本领，做起题来就方便、容易、轻松多了。填每一个空都要以此空所在的整个句子来整体考虑，这样大部分文体可以迎刃而解；有时仅仅以此空所在的句子来整体考虑，还不能解决问题，要跨出这个句子，结合临近的几个意义相关的句群（语段）来通盘考虑，才能进一步确定答案。例如，26空，所在句子是He suddenlyappearedin class one day, _26wearing(wear) sun glasses.句子中已经有谓语动词appeared，26空前以逗号隔开，说明不能做并列谓语，那只能做成非谓语，结合语意，要用wearing。35空是一个很好的要跨出这个句子，结合临近的几个意义相关的句群（语段）来通盘考虑，才能进一步确定答案的好例子。“Do you needthose glassesfor medical reasons?” The teacher asked .The new boy shook his head.” Then Id appreciate it if you didnt wearthemin class .I like to look at your eyes when Im speaking to you.”The new boy looked at the teacher _33for_a few secondsand all the other students wondered _34_what_the boy would do.Then hetook 35themoff, gave a big smile and said “That is cool.”those glasses，wearthemin class，took 35themoff,代词them用于返指，构成了完整的语意链，这在语篇衔接手段上叫做复现。做阅读理解题，我们也特别要求更要像做完形填空、语法填空一样，一定要先浏览题干、文本，以求得总体印象，然后结合文章四维，快速阅读至少二遍再来解题。例二 CAfter her husband had gone to work, Mrs. Richards sent her children to school andwent upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any houseworkthat morning.In the eveningshe would go toa fancy dress party(化妆舞会) with her husband. She wanted todress up as a ghost（幽灵）and as she had made her costume（服装）the night before, she was impatient to try it on. Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was really splendid. After putting it on,shewent downstairsto find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining-room,there was a knock on the front door. She knew it must be the baker. She had told himto come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the table.Not wanting to frighten the poor man, she quickly hid in the small store-room under the stair. She heard the front door opened and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store-room was opened and in came a man.Mrs. Richards realized it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter.She tried to explain the situation, saying “Its only me.”But it was too late; the man let out a cry and jumped back several paces. When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, losing the door heavily behind him.46. The reason for Mrs. Richards excitement that day was that_.A. she had sent her children to schoolB. she was to attend an evening partyC. she wouldntt do any housework that morningD. she had made a special costume the night before47. Mrs. Richards went downstairs with the costume on so as to_.A. made sure that the costume fitted her wellB. frighten the person who was knocking on the doorC. find out if she had finished the costumeD. receive the bread and do some cooking48. The man who was knocking at the door was_.A. a baker B. a thief C. her husbandD. an electricity man49. What did the man do after he knocked on the front door?A. He entered just as Mrs. Richards had told him to.B. He did not do anything as Mrs. Richards had expected him to.C. He stepped directly towards the meter.D. He went straight in so as to find Mrs. Richards.50. The man _ and that made him cry out and run away.A. thought he must have met a ghostB. recognized Mrs. RichardsC. found out Mrs. Richards was walking towards himD. thought that Mrs. Richards must have recognized him这篇阅读理解，就话题而言，生活趣事类；就主题而言，也没有什么微言大义，不过就是说了件无巧不成书的轶事趣闻；文体也属于课文里的anecdote一类；结构方面，也是按照事情发生的先后（时间线）来叙述的。当然中间插入两处as she had made her costume（服装）the night before,以及She had told himto come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the table.倒叙补叙（flashback），来为下面叙述“白日见鬼”做好铺垫。以46题为例，46. The reason for Mrs. Richards excitement that day was that_.A. she had sent her children to schoolB. she was to attend an evening partyC. she wouldntt do any housework that morning本题题干关键词是Mrs. Richards excitement，将其拿回到文本，则对应着文中She was too excited to do any houseworkthat morning.，围绕此坐标往前往后寻找，则得到答案In the eveningshe would go toa fancy dress party(化妆舞会) with her husband.。拿这个答案与备选答案比照，则很容易确定答案为B. she was to attend an evening party。本题属于细节题。细节题基本可以直接从文中找到答案。再以49题为例，这道题颇具典型意义。49. What did the man do after he knocked on the front door?A. He entered just as Mrs. Richards had told him to.B. He did not do anything as Mrs. Richards had expected him to.C. He stepped directly towards the meter.D. He went straight in so as to find Mrs. Richards.首先，我们要确认，题干中the man就是文中所说的the man from the Electricity Boardwho had come to read the meter。What did the man do after he knocked on the front door?对应着文中整个最后一段：Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining-room,there was a knock on the front door. She knew it must be the baker. She had told himto come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the table.Not wanting to frighten the poor man, she quickly hid in the small store-room under the stair. She heard the front door opened and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store-room was opened and in came a man.Mrs. Richards realized it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter.She tried to explain the situation, saying “Its only me.”But it was too late; the man let out a cry and jumped back several paces. When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, losing the door heavily behind him.尤其是文中的这么几句：She heard the front door opened and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store-room was opened and in came a man.经过对比分析，可以确定答案应该选C. He stepped directly towards the meter.本题仍然属于细节题，但是，中间需要稍稍分析一下，进行一点点推理。高中英语教学之四读写结合之写作训练篇刘润清教授在漫长的道路里写道：“再有，就是三年级开设了正式的写作课。在此之前，我以为说英语最难，因为没有足够的思考时间。后来，我又感到，听英语最难（如听英语广播），因为你不能控制对方的讲话速度。等到开始学习写作，我才意识到，一个人英语的好坏，在很大程度上要看其书面英语的水平如何。”一、高中英语新课程标准对考生写作能力的要求能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要;能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告;能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文,叙述事情或表达观点和态度;能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。二、高考英语写作能力测试为话题作文标准中对于八级话题的目标是这样描述的:熟悉有关个人、家庭和社会交往等方面的话题;熟悉有关风俗习惯、科学文化和文学艺术等方面的话题;熟悉有关我国一般社会生活的话题,例如:职业、节日、风俗和社交礼仪;了解英语国家有关日常生活习惯的话题。 三、广东英语高考作文分两篇，基础写作和读写任务，分值40分。 四、训练形式 1、“观千剑而后识器”（刘勰文心雕龙知音）。“巧妇难为无米之炊”。我们选择英语测试报作为训练材料。该报的大报第四版How to Write,对基础写作进行专门训练，包括思路点拨、语言升级、范文展示等步骤。2、限时训练“操千曲而后晓声”（刘勰文心雕龙知音）。利用一节正课时间，要求学生严格按照考试要求，在40分钟内完成基础写作和读写任务两篇作文。写时，老师同样坐在教室讲台，和学生一起写作，练习下水做。 3、讲评讲评时，侧重审题指导，拓展学生思路，引导学生结合所学课文展开联想，选取有用的话题词汇、句式、素材，加工变形，为我所用。出示小报所附参考范文和老师自己的下水作，点评得失优劣。这样一来，学生就可以观摩到四篇范文，通过回头看，自己修改自己的习作，持之以恒，坚持训练，假以时日，一定可以收到应有的效果。例一：According to their applications in different fields, robots are roughly divided into three classifications: industrial robots, household robots and entertainment robots. They are widely applied to play important roles in space exploration, medical operations, industrial manufacture and much other science research work.上段是读写任务中的一段，要求写机器人的分类。该段参考了课文warming-up部分所说的分类以及过去所学课文Who Am I?中有关电脑应用的内容。课文可以提供写作素材。例二：Being disabled, as we may hav