自考英语2011年1月.doc

全国2011年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题答案及解析点评（课程代码：00838）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% 10=20%)1. C【解析】句意：语言使用者所知道的语言能力，与我们在实际生活中对语言的产出和理解的具体运用之间存在着区别。因此应当选C。参考书本第7页。【点评】本题考查语言学中语言能力与语言运用的区别，属重点，应识记。2. A【解析】The letter “ch” in the word “church” pronounces /t/, while the letter “dge” in “judge” pronounces /d/. /t/ and /d/ are all affricates. Affricates means “赛擦音”.【点评】本题考查英语语音的分类。属概念题，应理解记忆。3. D【解析】能够表示如数，时态，级，格这样的语法关系或语法范畴的语素是曲折词缀。曲折词缀inflectional morpheme 相见书本第52页。【点评】本题考查形态学中的语素特性，应了解。4. D【解析】X-标杆理论中XP可能不仅仅只包含X，它通常包含核心语（head），补语（complement），另外还有指示语（specifier），故选D specifier 详见书本80页。【点评】本题考查X-标杆理论中XP包含的成分，应了解。5. C【解析】意义是词汇内在的，抽象的，游离于语境之外的，是词汇所有特征的集合，而词汇所制成的客观世界中的事物，所指讨论的是语言形式和非语言世界之间的关系。详见书本第96页。【点评】本题考查意义与所指两个术语的概念，属于常考点，应识记。6. C【解析】言外行为是表达说话人意图的行为，是在说话过程中完成的行为。【点评】本题考查奥斯汀语言实施行为的3种行为中的言外行为。属重点，应牢记。7. C【解析】语音系统的变化包括元音的变化，语音的丧失，元音的增加，语音移位。语音的丧失中的尾音脱落（apocope）指词尾语音成分的去除。如name在古英语中发音为/n:ma: /，而在中世纪英语中发音是/n:m /,再到现代英语中的/neim/, name 的发音在英语发展中词尾的发音脱落掉了。【点评】本题考查语言变化历史中语音体系变化中的语音丧失，更准确的是语音丧失中的尾音脱落。应了解。8. D 【解析】在一个社会内部，会因为不同的少数民族背景能够而发生言语变体，而且少数民族方言主要在经历某种形式的社会孤立，比如种族歧视，种族隔离之后形成，被一些不太优越的人口使用，而黑人英语作为少数民族方言（ethnic dialect）真好解释了这一现象。【点评】本题考查黑人英语的属性，应识记。9. A【解析】在所有神经中枢中负责言语物理发声的是肌动区域（motor area）。【点评】本题考查语言中枢中的肌动区域，应识记。10. C【解析】在双词句阶段，语言开始反应句型的区别，如否定句，祈使句和疑问句，因此选C.双词句阶段。故排除A，B, D。【点评】本题考查儿童在第一语言习得发展阶段的双词句阶段的特性，应理解记忆。II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%10=10% )11. Arbitrariness【解析】语言的武断性（任意性）是语言甄别特性里面的一个重要特征。它指声音和意思之间没有任何的逻辑关系。详见书本第11页。【点评】本题考查语言甄别特性里面的任意性。属于重点，应牢记。注意单词的拼写。12. acoustic【解析】语音学里三个语言学的分支分别为发音语音学，听觉语音学，和声学语音学。声学语音学是研究说话者所发出的一系列音的物理特征。详见书本第17页。【点评】本题考查发音语音学的概念，应理解记忆。13. overgeneralization【解析】在使用形态规则时，应警惕过分概括现象。不同的单词肯要求使用不同的词缀才能得到此案共同的意义变化。【点评】本题考查形态规则中应注意的知识点，不可随意过分概括套用，否则会导致随意滥用词缀现象。14. parameters 【解析】乔姆斯基提出的普遍语法是人们与生遗传的一套语法原则和语法参数。详见书本第85页。【点评】本题考查普遍语法理论中的普遍语法原则和普遍语法参数，应理解记忆。15. emotive /evaluative【解析】economically, thrifty, and sting 这三个近义词都表示“节俭的”，但是会表现说话人的情感，它们反映说话者对其谈论之事的不同态度或偏见。而这也是情感意义或评价意义不同的同义词的一个明显特征。详见书本第99页。【点评】本题考查情感意义或评价意义不同的同义词，应了解。16.implicatures【解析】虽然格莱斯发现行车了4个会话准则，但会话参与者并没有严格遵守。这些原则经常被违反，在这种情况下产生了格莱斯所说的“会话含义”（conversational implicatures）【点评】本题考查格莱斯提出的会话准则和由此产生的会话含义，应了解。17. elaboration【解析】当有必要减少歧义或增加解释交际的明晰性或表达力时，就出现了规则的细化。详见书本第157页。【点评】本题考查语言变化的原因中的规则细化。应识记。18. marginal【解析】皮软话是一些相互不懂对方语言的人们出于一定现实目的譬如贸易等而是用的一种语言，它不是哪一个地区所特有的本族语言，而是作为一种边缘语言（marginal language）,在文化隔阂很大，业务接触非常特别的人群中使用。【点评】本题考查皮软化的特性，应理解记忆。19. lateralization【解析】人类的认知与感知功能定位于某一特定半球的现象叫做大脑的侧化（lateralization）。详见书本第213页。【点评】本题考查大脑左右半球的侧化。属重点，应牢记。20. first【解析】一般说来，语言习得指的是儿童的第一语言发展。【点评】本题考查语言习得的概念，应理解记忆。III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. (2% 10=20% )21. T 【解析】没有上下语境“Theres a motorcycle coming”只是一个陈述“有辆摩托车过来了”，但结合上下语境它可能是警告听话者别过马路，有危险。一旦存在语境，就有语用学出现，因为语用学是 context-based.【点评】本题考查学生对语用学的理解，应领悟。22. F Explain：To distinguish between phonemes and phones, linguists use slashes / / for phonemic segments and square brackets for phonetic segments.【解析】按照习惯，音素（phones）放在方括号之间，音位（phonemes）放在双斜线之间。【点评】本题考查音素与音位的表示方法，应了解。 23. F Explain： Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. 【解析】词缀中的前缀会对词根的意思有所修改，但却不盖被原来单词的词性；而后缀也修改原有单词的词义，同时在很多情况下改变原有单词的词性。【点评】本题考查词缀的特性，属于语言学中的基础，应掌握。24. T 【解析】除了句子和子句外，句法类型通常旨在剧中起一定语法作用的词或者词组。【点评】本题考查句法类型，应了解。 25. T 【解析】“flower”和“flour”的发音都是flau,但是两个单词的拼写完全不同。语言学中把这种发音相同拼写不同的单词叫同音异义词（homophones）。相关知识回顾，发音不相同但拼写相同的单词叫同形异义词（homographs），e.g. lead li:d v. & lead lid n. 发音和拼写都相同的单词叫完全同音同义词（complete homonyms）。【点评】本题考查同形异义词的种类，属于语言学中语义学的基础，应识记。26. T 【解析】由于交际过程本质上是一个在特定语境中传递意义的过程，语用学也可以看作是一种意义研究。【点评】本题考查语用学的定义，应理解记忆。27. F Explain:The meaning representation of words may change, becoming broader, narrower, or shifted. The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry; When Juliet tells Romeo, “Im too fond.” She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much. She means “I am too foolish”. These are not two examples of semantic broadening. The first example is semantic broadening while the second semantic shift.【解析】语义的广义化是指一个单词的意义变得比以前外延概括性更强，更具包含性的过程，题目中的“knight”从原来的只指年轻人到后来拓展到指拥有骑士般年龄，属于语义的广义化。语义的演变指一个单词丧失了它以前的意思而获得了一个新的，时常是与其原始意义相关的意思的语义变化过程。题目中的朱丽叶说的“Im too fond”中的“fond”是“愚蠢”的意思，而现代“fond”是“钟爱”的意思，从那个时代的“愚蠢”到现代的“钟爱”，“fond”这个词已经完全丧失了它原有的意思。这个事例应属于语义的演变，而非语义的广义化。【点评】 本题考查语义的变化，应理解识记。28. T 【解析】言语社区可以定义为拥有同一种语言或同一语言变体并能够形成一个集体的一群人。详见书本第164页。【点评】本题考查言语社区的概念，应了解。29. T 【解析】大脑的左半球控制着身体右侧的随意活动并对来自身体右侧的信号作出反应。同理大脑的右半球控制着身体左侧的随意活动并对来自身体左侧的信号作出反应【点评】本题考查人的大脑的左右脑功能，属于基础知识，应识记。 30. FExplain:The optimum age for SLA dose not always accords with the maxim f “the younger the better”【解析】尽管在一个人青春期一起最初的几年中所进行的第一语言习得是最为成功的，但第二语言习得（SLA）的最佳年龄并不是总符合“越小越好”的说法。【点评】本题考查第二语言习得的最佳年龄，属重点，应牢记。IV. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% 10=30%)31.displacementDisplacement, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he dose things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of past, of the present, of the future, e. g. when a man is crying t a woman about something, it might be something that had occurred., or something that is occurring, or something that is to occur.【解析】定义语言的移位性，语言可以用来表达无论过去，现在或将来，不管是真实的，还是凭空想象的，在现场的，或者不在现场的或者咋非常遥远地方的任何事情。语言可以用来表达不在说话现场所发生的情况。这就是语言的移位性。【点评】本题考查语言甄别特性里面的一个重要特征-语言的位移性。属重点，应理解识记。32. voicingVibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing,” which s a feature of all vowels and some consonants, such as b, z, and m.【解析】声带的颤动导致一种语音音色的产生，即浊音。【点评】本题考查语音知识中浊音的概念，应该理解并能够给予事例说明。33.morphemeMorpheme is the smallest meaning unit of language. Take the word “boyish” for example. It consists of two meaningful elements: “boy” and “-ish”. As we all know that the word “boy” means “a young, male human being” and “-ish” means “having the quality of,” thus the word “boyish” means “having the quality of a young, male human being.” 【解析】语素是语言中最小的意义单位。它包括自由语素和黏着语素。【点评】本题考查形态学中语素的概念，属于重点，应识记。34. finite clauseFinite clause refers to a clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone.【解析】限定性是有主语和限定动词构成，同时在结构上可以独立存在的句子。【点评】本题考查限制性从句的概念，应理解记忆。35. componential analysis Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word. For example, the word “man” is analyzed as comprising the features of +HUMAN, + ADULT, +ANIMATE, + MALE. Componential analysis will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.【解析】予以成分分析法是有语义学家所提出的分析词的意思的方法。语义可以分成不同的意义成分,而且用加号和减号来表示词义中是否具有某种语义特征。详见书本第106页。【点评】本题考查予以成分分析法。属于概念题，应理解记忆。36. declarationsDeclarations are one of the five general types of Searles classification of illocutionary acts. Declarations bring about immediate changes by saying something. The characters tic is that successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. For example: I now declare the meeting open. I appoint you chairman of the committee. I fire you! 【解析】宣告时说话人通过说话实现有的时态马上发生变化。此类行为是对话语所表明的时态表达说话人的心理状态。【点评】本题考查言语行为理论中的言外行为的5种基本类型中的宣告。应理解。37. epenthesisA change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis. For example: spinle-spindle, emty-empty, glimse-glimpse, timer-timber 【解析】在英语的历史发展中增加了一些其他的读音。语音的增加语音的包括语音的获得或语音的插入。即把一个元音或者辅音插入到一个单词中间的音变过程叫插入音。详见书本第133页。【点评】本题考查英语语音的增加中的插入音。应了解。38. speech varietySpeech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. Speech variety is sometimes instead of standard language, vernacular language, dialect, pidgin, Creole, and so on.【解析】言语变体也称语言变体，指的是一个或一组语言使用者有别于他人的言语特征。它也经常被标注于，本国语，方言，皮软话，克里奥尔语代替。【点评】本题考查语言变体的概念，应理解记忆。39. linguistic relativism In the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, it says language determines thoughts. But language differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism.【解析】沃尔夫认为不同语言的人是以不同的方式来认识和观察这个世界的，也就是说和他们的语言背景有关，这就是语言相对论。【点评】本题考查萨丕尔沃尔夫假设中对于语言与思维的关系，应理解。40. the nativist view of language acquisitionThe nativist view of language acquisition is that human beings are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use, just as birds are biologically “prewired” to the songs of their species. Language developments and be regarded as an analogous to other biological developments in human growth and maturation, such as the growth and maturation of ones limbs and organs.【解析】语言习得是一种所有人都与生俱来的能力，语言的发展可以看成类似于人类生长和成熟过程中的生理发展。先天论者认为人类拥有学习和使用语言的先决条件，就像鸟类一样，它们可以学习同类的歌唱。【点评】本题考查语言习得的生理基础。属于常识，应了解。V. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% 2=20%)41. 1）The distinctions between langue and parole are as followings: a) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. b) Langue is the set of conventions and rues which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. c) Langue is abstract while parole is concrete. d) Langue is stable while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 2) Saussure made such a distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serous study. In his opinion, parole is simply a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and confusing for systematic investigation, and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i.e. , to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.【解析】语言是在某一特定的语言社区中所有成员所共同有的那种抽象语音系统。语言具有抽象性和相对稳定性；而言语是语言阻碍实际应用中的具体体现，言语具有具体性和变