云财大学英语快速阅读(选择_填空)[1].doc

Fast Reading Directions: Read the following passage and then answer the questions. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Passage 1Childrens Eating Raising children can be a challenging job. It can also be rewarding. When it comes to eating, the more caregivers know about childrens natural eating patterns, the easier and more rewarding the job of feeding children can be.Like many other behaviors, childrens eating patterns are largely learned. Starting from infancy (婴儿期), a child learns what can be eaten and what cannot, what is appropriate within the culture and the family regarding food manners, what types of food are liked and disliked, and what cues are important in controlling the amount of food eaten. Childrens eating patterns move through predictable stages of development that present challenges and opportunities for learning and mastering proper eating patterns. Early feeding interactions influence the set of skills and behaviors children possess as their eating moves from completely depending on their caregivers to relying more on themselves.Inborn (天生的) Abilities, Preferences, and Transitions (转变) Because a newborn spends about 50% of his waking time eating, the feeding interaction is perhaps an infants most important experience. Feeding not only supplies energy for growth, it also establishes his bond with his mother, provides a sense of security and pleasure for the infant, and presents repeated opportunities for learning and social exchange.A childs transition to solid food is a dynamic (不断增长的) period of growth and learning. Eating patterns change more during this period than during any other time of life. This transition requires rapid learning about flavors, food, manners, and social exchange.An often unrecognized milestone (里程碑) in young childrens eating behavior is dealing with a fear of new food. Young children are inclined to be afraid of new food when they are between 18-24 months of age. Children previously judged as good eaters often begin to reject new food and refuse formerly accepted, familiar items. Childrens acceptance of new food does not happen right away. It requires repeated experience with new food to overcome fears and enhance acceptance.The Family Eating Environment Parents and caregivers greatly influence the eating environment in which childrens preferences and eating patterns develop. Caregivers determine which foods are available to the child and what composes a childs diet. They also provide a model of eating behavior and guide a childs eating through feeding practices. By selecting the food that comes into the home, parents have direct control over the food children repeatedly eat.At any point in development, large differences may exist among parents in the extent to which they allow a child to control eating, including the timing of meals, as well as what and how much is eaten. Feeding practices that are too controlling are not effective, but rather may work against promoting healthy eating patterns. The use of pressure and restriction in child feeding seems to have an opposite effect on childrens preferences. Another unintended consequence of using pressure in child feeding is that it may cause eating to be influenced by factors other than a childs own hunger and fullness.The Contemporary Eating Environment While the family is the most important environment in which childrens eating develops, cultural and physical environments also play a role. Environmental factors affect a parents ability to promote healthy eating patterns. Such factors include increased time demands in family life, loss of the family meal, increased television viewing during meals, increased dining-out (外出就餐) occasions, and increased use of childcare. Parents also struggle with the broader health and eating concerns of our society. This climate includes poor diet quality and an ever-increasing number of overweight parents and children. At the same time, society places an enormous emphasis on dieting and thinness.Promoting Healthy Eating Behaviors A worthy goal for parents and caregivers is to create feeding environments that promote healthy eating behaviors and support healthy weight and growth. There are several important feeding issues for most children: 1. Young children eat small amounts of food frequently; three meals and three snacks (点心) is a normal eating pattern until well into the school years. 2. The appearance of irregular eating patterns is not necessarily evidence of poor eating habits. Parents should consider the amount of food eaten across the day and beyond, rather than focus on getting a child to eat at a particular eating occasion. 3. Young children require fewer energy and smaller portion sizes. Because increasing portion sizes may increase energy intakes, be careful about routinely (习惯性地) offering adult-size servings of drinks and snacks.Keeping these issues and the following ten tips in mind will help parents and caregivers develop healthy eating behaviors in the children they care for.Ten Tips for Putting Information into Action 1. Children benefit from eating routines (常规) and structure in the same way that they benefit from bedtime routines! Be sure to offer three meals and two to three snacks across the course of the day. In between, avoid feeding the child by adopting a closed kitchen policy.2. What does hunger have to do with it? Everything. Direct children towards internal cues like hunger and fullness. Speak plainly to children about hunger and fullness during mealtime and snacks.3. Avoid focusing on the amounts consumed. Instead, offer healthy choices and learn about appropriate portion sizes for children.4. Offer healthy snacks and routinely remind children that fruits and vegetables are available for snacking.5. Dont give up! Children need repeated experiences with new food before they learn to like them.6. Be conscious of low nutrient, high-energy drinks and food consumption.7. Be active! Turn off the television (limit of 2 hours per day) and encourage free play by GOING OUTSIDE!8. Make family meals a priority whenever possible. Try for at least three family dinners a week. Limit eating out to twice a week and try to choose restaurants with surroundings that permit conversation.9. Develop childrens conversational styles and their sense of importance by eliminating distractions like television and music during family meals.10. Promote healthy eatingnot dietingin word and in deed. Adopt a moderate approach that includes all food in age-appropriate amounts.1. What can make feeding children more rewarding for caregivers? _ A. Knowing more about childrens natural eating patterns. B. Challenging children as they are being raised. C. Starting to feed them from the time they are in infancy. D. Teaching them about what is appropriate. 2. What is influenced by early feeding interactions? _ A. Opportunities for learning. B. Stages of development. C. Skills and behavior later. D. Caregivers relying on themselves. 3. Childrens eating patterns change most during _. A. the time between 18-24 months B. his bonding period with his mother C. the time before he is an infant D. his transition to solid food 4. How do parents influence childrens preferences and intake patterns? _ A. By telling the child to overcome fear. B. By choosing the food that comes home. C. By feeding the child directly. D. By planning a childs diet. 5. _ is not effective in promoting healthy eating patterns. A. Providing a model B. Allowing the child to control food C. Controlling food too much D. Selecting the food that comes home 6. The most important environment in developing a childs eating is _. A. physical B. hunger and fullness C. the culture D. the family 7. One of the eating concerns of our society is _. A. the increasing number of thin people B. the growing number of fat people C. the amount of care given to children D. the many children who eat little food 8. The occurrence of irregular eating patterns doesnt always mean _. 9. Both bedtime routines and _ are beneficial to children. 10. _ should be given priority whenever possible. Passage 2 News and Entertainment Media Americans spend about five hours each day on leisure activities. Those who live in or near large cities spend some of this time at theaters, opera houses, night clubs, zoos, and museums. Americans who live in rural areas do not usually have such places to visit, but like city residents, they can enjoy the most popular sources of information and entertainment as well: radio, television, movies, books, magazines, and newspapers.Radio Almost every American family owns at least one radio, and many have three or four. Years ago, families gathered around one big living room radio. Today, people take small, lightweight radios with them into the bedroom (clock radios), on the street (transistor radios 半导体收音机, on the road (car radios), and into the fields (radios built into tractors). Radios have even been built into hair dryers and sunglasses.With the development of television, radio is no longer the major source of home entertainment; but Americans still turn to radio when they want the latest news quickly. Many stations broadcast up-to-the-minute news every half hour. Americans tend to listen to radios for short periods. In an effort to hold audiences, many radio stations appeal to special interests. Some offer only music or only news; others broadcast professional sports events. In large cities, some stations attract immigrants by presenting foreign-language programs. One New York City station broadcasts in thirteen languages!There are two types of radio broadcasting-AM and FM. FM can produce a wider range of sounds and can also broadcast in stereophonic (立体声的) sound. In recent years, FM has become increasingly popular. Many radios are equipped to receive both AM and FM.Television Television was new in 1946, but by the 1950s it was a firmly established industry. Today, there are about 99 million TV sets in the United States; 99 percent of American households have at least one set, and 54 percent have two or more. Color TV is in 60 percent of American homes. The average American between his second and sixty-fifth birthday spends 3,000 entire days (almost nine years of his entire life) watching TV!In the United States, there is no government-owned television network. Commercial television attempts to please a vast audience of all age groups and educational levels by presenting entertainment that can be understood by all. Many adults are annoyed by the simplicity and dullness of most TV shows; they call the TV set the idiot (傻瓜) box. A typical days TV listing includes cartoons and other childrens shows, family situation comedies, news and weather, mysteries, interview shows, sports, movies, and musical reviews.Public television stations offer a wide variety of high-quality entertainment and information without the annoying commercials. Funds to operate public TV come from money given by individuals and industries and, to a small degree, from the government. Public television has been highly praised for imaginative, appealing shows which help children learn basic reading concepts, valuable psychological insights, and languages like English and Spanish. Fine dramatic and musical presentations, award-winning movies, and intelligent discussions of national problems often take up the evening hours on public TV. For those who seek self-improvement with the help of TV, there are how-to shows (daytime and evening) which teach cooking, skiing, sewing, instrument-playing, and dozens of other skills. Also offered are college courses which give academic credit to enrolled listeners.Movies Most American movies are produced in Hollywood, California. Hollywood, which is actually not a separate city but a part of Los Angeles, is an ideal spot for the movie industry. The sun shines most of the time, and the climate is mild. Almost every kind of natural scenery is within a few hours drive.Hollywood becomes the center of national attention on one evening each year-Academy Award night. At the Academy Award presentations held each spring, awards called Oscars are given to film industry winners in dozens of categories, including best actor, best actress, and best picture. The winners are chosen by members of the industry before the ceremony, but their names are kept secret until the presentation night, when they are announced in a long program broadcast on television.Motion pictures were extremely popular in the United States until after World War II, when television captured much of the movie audience. Geared to the masses, Hollywood movies offered much the same type of entertainment as television does. With free entertainment in their homes, many Americans simply stopped going to movies. Between 1946 and 1956, movie attendance was cut in half. At the same time, production costs increased. The movie industry was in trouble.The industry adjusted itself in a number of ways. Movie companies rented sound stages to TV companies and sold old movies to TV. To cut costs, Hollywood produced fewer movies and filmed many of them overseas. To attract audiences, the industry started using wider screens. Studios also began producing kinds of entertainment that could not be offered by TV-films with controversial or shocking themes, films with huge casts and expensive settings. As a result of these changes, today the American motion picture industry is prosperous.Since industries prefer to advertise where they will reach the largest number of potential customers, the mass media do everything they can to hold the largest audience possible. On commercial TV, this goal leads to a great deal of sports and generally inadequate analyses of the national and international situations. It also means very little opera, classical music, or Shakespearean drama, and a great deal of unsophisticated comedy. Generally, the mass communications media try to please the public by reinforcing popular and traditional ideas rather than helping the public to understand (or at least, accept) new ideas.It would be foolish to think that news in the United States is always the whole truth and nothing but the truth. However, the concerned citizen who exposes himself to a wide variety of publications and broadcasting stations can obtain a reasonably accurate picture of whats happening in the world. The United States government cannot control the news and entertainment media except to protect the public. It can prohibit misleading advertising and ban the sale of unhealthy materials, but it cannot examine and thus delete the news or ban its release. Public officials sometimes keep back information concerning governmental activities from the news media. Attempts to do this, however, are often exposed by persistent reporters.The guarantee of freedom of expression allows writers, news reporters, and public figures to state their opinions openly, without fear of governmental evaluation. No official power controls what is said to the public. No particular point of view is forced upon the news media. No American needs be ignorant about public affairs in this nation where freedom of speech makes a wide range of events and ideas available to the public.1. American Rural and city people are the same in that they can _. A. go to theaters and opera houses B. visit zoos and museums C. dance at clubs D. read books and magazines Correct answer: D 2. What do Americans do when they want the latest news quickly? _ A. Carry radios into the street. B. Look for a foreign-language program. C. Watch TV. D. Turn on the radio. Correct answer: D 3. According to the passage, _% of American families own a color TV. A. 99 B. 54 C. 60 D. 65 Correct answer: C 4. Why do the Americans call TV the idiot box? _ A. Because they are not pleased with the simple TV programs. B. Because TV always provide cartoons and other childrens shows. C. Because the TV programs are for the public. D. Because there are too many commercials. Correct answer: A 5. If one wants to improve himself, it would be better for him to watch _. A. fine dramatic presentations B. how-to shows C. family situation comedies D. intelligent discussions Correct answer: B 6. Why is Hollywood an ideal spot for movie making? _ A. Because of the actors and actress. B. Because of the national attention. C. Because of the Oscars. D. Because of the mild weather. Correct answer: D 7. What can only be offered by movies but not TV? _ A. Controversial or shocking themes. B. Sound stages. C. Advertising. D. Commercials. Correct answer: A 8. The best way for the mass media to attract and please the audience is to put more _ ideas on shows. 9. In the US, information about governmental activities is sometimes held back by _. 10. People may feel free to say their opinions in public because the US guarantees _. Passage 3 Two Major Parties in Britain Politicians can be roughly divided into those who are reasonably satisfied with things as they are, and those who ar