武汉大学经济学原理模拟考题(微观部分).doc

请教师提供2套模拟试题并配有提示及标准答案试题题型可在以下10种中选择：填空题、选择题、多项选择题、判断改错题、名词解释、简答题、问答题、计算题、完型填空、阅读理解。武汉大学 微观经济学 模拟试题1一、计算题( 总分40分)1) 1. 一商品具有供给函数：Q= 30 + p/3，当商品价格从$3 涨到$9时，计算其生产者剩余？(A good has supply function, Q= 30 +p/3, when the good price goes up from $3 to $9, calculation the producer surplus?) （5分）2. 艾米妮总是决定把她收入的三分之一用于买衣服.（15分，每小题各5分）a. 艾米妮的衣服需求收入弹性？（要写出详细的计算步骤）b. 艾米妮的衣服需求价格弹性？（要写出详细的计算步骤）c. 如果艾米妮的品味改变并决定把其收入的四分之一用于买衣服，她的需求曲线如何改变？她的需求收入弹性和需求价格弹性现在是多少？3.假设以下供给和需求方程描述了一个市场：QS 2P；QD = 300P（20分，每小题各5分）a.求解均衡价格和均衡数量。b.假设对买者征收税收T，因此新的需求方程为：QD =300 - (P + T)，求解新的均衡。卖者得到的价格，买者支付的价格，以及销售量会发生什么变化？c.税收收入是TQ。用你对(b)的回答求解作为T的函数的税收收入。画出T在0至300之间这种关系的图形。d.税收的无谓损失是供给和需求曲线之间三角形的面积。求解表示为T函数的无谓损失。画出T在0至300之间这种关系的图形。二、运用文字和图形进行说明题( 总分40分)4.世界棉花价格低于A国没有贸易时的价格，而高于B国没有贸易时的价格。运用供求图和福利表说明各国从贸易中得到的好处。比较你关于两国的结论。（10分）5.普拉斯博医药公司对它的一项发明拥有一个专利。（15分，每小题各5分）a. 假设药品生产引起边际成本上升，画图说明普拉斯博公司利润最大化的价格，产量及其利润。b. 现在假设政府对普拉斯博公司生产的每瓶药征税，用新图形说明普拉斯博公司的新价格与产量。与你对(a)的回答相比，价格和产量是多少？c. 假设政府不是对每瓶药征税，而是无论生产多少瓶药都对普拉斯博公司征收1万美元的税收，这种税收如何影响普拉斯博公司的价格，产量和利润？并给予解释。6.考虑美国和墨西哥的贸易关系。假设两国领导人相信不同贸易政策的结果如下：（15分，每小题各5分）US.250亿美元墨西哥250亿美元US.300亿美元墨西哥100亿美元US.100亿美元墨西哥300亿美元US.200亿美元墨西哥200亿美元美国的决策墨西哥的决策低关税低关税高关税高关税a. 美国和墨西哥的占优战略各是什么？请解释之。b. 纳什均衡的定义，贸易政策的纳什均衡是什么？c. 1993年美国国会通过了北美自由贸易协定。根据这个协定，美国和墨西哥一致同意降低关税，根据上图所显示的结果能证明这种贸易政策方法正确吗？三、选择题（选择一个正确的答案）（总分20分，每小题1分）（1）需求规律说明A药品的价格上涨会使药品质量提高B计算机价格下降导致销售量增加C汽油价格提高，小汽车的销售量减少D羽毛球价格下降，球拍的销售量减少（2）当出租车价格上涨后，对公共汽车服务的A需求增加； B需求量增加；C需求量减少；D需求减少（3）某商品消费量随着消费者收入的增加而减少，则该商品是A替代品；B互补品；C正常品；D低档品；E无法确定（4）供给规律是A生产技术提高使商品的供给量增加B政策鼓励某商品的生产导致供给量增加C消费者更喜欢消费某商品，使该商品的价格上升D某商品价格上升将导致对该商品的供给量增加（5）某商品价格上升2，其需求量下降10，则该商品的需求价格弹性是A缺乏弹性；B富有弹性；C单位弹性；D无限弹性（6）某商品的供给和需求同时增加后，该商品的均衡价格将A上升；B下降；C不变；D无法确定（7）某商品需求的收入弹性为负，则该商品为A正常品；B低档品；C必需品；D奢侈品（8）1966年前，天主教徒星期五不许吃肉可吃鱼。1966年教皇允许教徒们星期五吃肉，则A鱼的消费量将增加；B.鱼的消费量将减少C平均鱼价将上涨；D.肉的消费量将减少（9）某消费者消费了2单位某物品后，得知边际效用为0，则A消费者获得了最大平均效用；B消费者获得的总效用最大C消费者获得的总效用最小；D消费者获得的总效用为负（10）张某关于牛奶对面包的边际替代率为，即一单位牛奶相当于单位面包，则A.牛奶价格为4，面包价格为1时，张某获得最大效用B.牛奶价格为1，面包价格为4时，张某获得最大效用C.以上都不对.（11）若X和Y的需求交叉价格弹性大于0，则X和Y是A. 互补品；B替代品；C必需品；D无法确定（12）当边际产量大于平均产量时，则平均产量A增加；B减少；C不变；D平均产量达到最低点（13）已知产量为8个单位时，总成本为80元，当产量增加到9个单位时，平均成本为11元，此时的边际成本为A1元；B19元；C88元；D20元（14）完全竞争厂商的短期均衡是（）A.；B.；C.D.； E.（15）完全竞争厂商短期内继续生产的最低条件是（）A.ACAR; B.AVCAR or AVC=AR; D.MC=MR; E PAC（16）当一厂商的长期平均成本曲线显示规模经济，a. 长期平均成本曲线是水平的。b.长期平均成本曲线向下倾斜。c. 长期平均成本曲线向上倾斜。d. 对所有的产量而言，长期平均成本等于短期平均成本。（17）一厂商的短期供给曲线是a. 其边际收益曲线。b. 其平均总成本曲线。c. 位于平均可变成本以上的边际成本曲线的部分。d. 位于平均总成本以上的边际成本曲线的部分。（18）在这种市场结构下的厂商对市场价格没有影响a. 完全竞争b. 垄断竞争c. 寡头d. 垄断（19）一垄断者面临一个向下倾斜的需求曲线是因为，a. 它可以按市场确定价格出售它想要生产的所有产量。b. 为了出售更多的产品，它必须降低价格。c. 它出售一个有许多相近替代品的产品。d. 为了出售更多的产品，它必须提高价格。（20）政府不会使用下列哪种方法以对垄断问题作出回应？a. 通过增加竞争的反垄断法b. 管制c. 国际化d. 限制进入某一行业模拟试题1答案：1.当商品价格从$3 涨到$9时，生产者剩余增加了192。2.a. 艾米妮的衣服需求收入弹性为1（见课件）。b. 艾米妮的衣服需求价格弹性为1（见课件）。c. 艾米妮的衣服需求收入弹性仍为1，艾米妮的衣服需求价格弹性为1。3.a. b. 因为向下移动的新的需求曲线与原供给曲线相交，即有c. 见第8章课件d. 见第8章课件国内供给ACDB A国国内需求世界价格国内供给量国内需求量进口数量贸易前的价格贸易后的价格价格4. a.A国的福利表Before TradeAfter TradeChangeConsumer surplusAA+B+C+ (B+C)Producer surplusB+DD- BTotal surplusA+B+DA+B+C+D+C面积C显示的是总剩余的增加，它代表A国从国际贸易中获得了收益。ABCDEFB国国内供给国内需求世界价格出口国内供给量国内需求量数量贸易前的价格贸易后的价格价格B国的福利表Before TradeAfter TradeChangeConsumer surplusA+B+CA- (B+C)Producer surplusE+FB+C+D+E+F+(B+C+D)Total surplusA+B+C+E+FA+B+C+D+E+F+D面积D显示的是总剩余的增加，它代表B国从国际贸易中获得了收益。5. a. b. c. 参见第15章垄断的课件。6. 参见第16章寡头的课件7选择题的答案：1B6D11B16B2A7B12A17C3D8B13B18A4D9B14D19B5B10B15B20D武汉大学 微观经济学 模拟试题2一、先判断正确与否，如果是错误的把它改正过来( 每小题2分)2) A freeze in Brazils coffee-growing region will lower the price of coffee.3) “Protecting ”American textile manufacturers from Chinese clothing imports will lower clothing price in the U.S.4) The rapid increase in college tuitions will lower the demand for college.5) The war against drugs, with increased interdiction of imported cocaine, will lower the price of domestically produced marijuana.6) A competitive firm will produce output up to the point where price equals average variable cost.7) A firms shutdown point comes where price is less than minimum average cost. 8) A firms supply curve depends only on its marginal cost.9) The P=MC rule for competitive industries holds for upward-sloping, horizontal, and downward-sloping MC curves.10) Average costs are minimized when marginal costs are at their lowest point.11) A firm minimizes costs when it spends the same amount on each input.二、计算题12) Suppose that business travelers and vacationers have the following demand for airline tickets from Beijing to Tibet: As the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250, what is the price elasticity of demand for (i) business travelers and (ii) vacationers? 价格需求量 (Business travelers)需求量 (Vacationers)$ 1502100100020020008002501900600300180040012) Two driver-Tom and Jerryeach drive up to a gas station. Before looking at the price, each places an order. Tom says, “Id like 10 gallons of gas.” Jerry says, “Id like $10 of gas.” What is each drivers price elasticity of demand?三、划图并用文字解释题13.An interesting application of supply and demand to addictive substances compares alternative techniques for supply restriction. For this problem, assume that the demand for addictive substances is inelastic. a) One approach (used today for heroin and cocaine and for alcohol during Prohibition) is to reduce supply at the nations borders. Show how this raises price and increases the total income of the suppliers in the drug industry. b) An alternative approach (followed today for tobacco and alcohol) is to tax the goods heavily. Using the tax apparatus, show how this reduces the total income of the suppliers in the drug industry. 14.The government decides to tax a monopolist at a constant rate of $x per unit. Show the impact upon output and price. Is the post-tax equilibrium closer to or further from the ideal equilibrium of P=MC? 模拟试题2答案一、先判断正确与否，如果是错误的把它改正过来( 每小题2分)1) A freeze in Brazils coffee-growing region will increase the price of coffee.2) “Protecting ”American textile manufacturers from Chinese clothing imports will increase clothing price in the U.S.3) The rapid increase in college tuitions will show shift rightward in the demand for college.4) The war against drugs, with increased interdiction of imported cocaine, will increase the price of domestically produced marijuana.5) A competitive firm will produce output up to the point where price equals marginal cost (P=MC).6) A firms shutdown point comes where price is less than minimum average variable cost. 7) A firms supply curve in the short-run depends only on its marginal cost curve above minimum average variable cost. (或者改正：A firms supply curve in the long-run depends only on its marginal cost curve above minimum average cost.)8) The P=MC rule for competitive industries holds for upward-sloping, horizontal MC curves.9) Average costs are minimized when marginal cost curve crosses average cost curve.10) A firm minimizes costs when it spends the last dollar on each input is the same.二、计算题11. 提示：根据中点法的计算公式进行12、Two-Tom and Jerryeach drive up to a gas station. Before looking at the price, each places an order. Tom says, “Id like 10 gallons of gas.” Jerry says, “Id like $10 of gas.” What is each drivers price elasticity of demand?答：（1）汤姆的需求价格弹性为零。因为不论汽油的价格如何变化，汤姆始终只购买10加仑的汽油，也就是说汤姆的数量变化为零，即。首先，根据中点法的需求价格弹性公式，分子为零（），最终的需求价格弹性为零。另一种方法：根据点弹性的需求价格弹性公式，计算结果也同样为零。汤姆的需求价格弹性为 , where So 因此，汤姆的需求价格弹性为零。(2) 方法1 (Using mid-point approach, or arc-elasticity)：杰瑞的需求价格为1。杰瑞始终花10美元购买汽油，始终有如下公式成立：因此，杰瑞的需求价格为1。 (2) 方法2 (Using point elasticity approach, 运用点弹性方法)：Jerry would like $10 of gas means that there exists always So Jerrys price elasticity of demand is 1.三、划图并用文字解释题13a) 从国家的国界处削减对上瘾物品的供给，正如图形”a”所示，供给从S向左移动到S ，当需求不发生变化时，新的供给与原需求曲线相交于E点，新的均衡点E点与原有的均衡点B点相比，新的均衡价格从OA上涨到OD，均衡数量从OC减少到OF。上瘾物品供给商的收入从面积OABC增加到ODEF。从图形可以看出，除公共面积OANF外，面积ADEN显然要大于面积NBCF。因为面积代表的就是供给商的收入，所以供给商的收入增长了。b)如果对供给商征收重税，如图形“b”所示，因为税收使供给成本供给上升，供给曲线从S向上移动到S，新的供给曲线与原有的需求曲线相交于E点，此时新的均衡价格OD高于原均衡价格OA，新的均衡数量OF小于原均衡数量OC。如果政府对上瘾物品按照每单位征收$x的税收的话，单位税率乘以均衡数量的面积MNED就是政府的税收收入。上瘾物品的供应商实际获得的收入是面积OMNF，大大小于原有的面积OABC，从图形中可以很直观地看出来。SS DemandPriceQuantityABCDEFONa) reduce supply at the nations bordersSSDemandPriceQuantityABCDEFONb) tax the addictive goods heavilyTax $xM消费者的实际支出从原有的面积OABC增长到ODEF，因为价格上涨的幅度要大于数量减少的幅度。14.从下图中可以看出，当政府决定对垄断者征收每单位x 美元的税率，它必然引起垄断价格的上升，如图形中所示，从p上升到p。垄断者的均衡数量下降，如图形所示，从q下降到q。竞争条件下的理想均衡满足P=MC，均衡数量为图形所示的q*。从图形可以看出，税后的均衡远离P=MC的理想条件下的均衡。MRdd=ARMCMC+ $xAVCAVCthe ideal equilibrium of P=MCqqq*pp价格数量武汉大学 微观经济学 模拟试题3姓名:学号:成绩: 1. Explain why each of the following statements about profit-maximizing competitive firms is incorrect. Restate each one correctly. (10 score) a) A competitive firm will produce output up to the point where price equals average variable cost. b) A firms shutdown point comes where price is less than minimum average cost. c) A firms supply curve depends only on its marginal cost. Any other cost concept is irrelevant for supply decisions. d) The P=MC rule for competitive industries holds for upward-sloping, horizontal, and downward-sloping MC curves. e) The competitive firm sets price equal to marginal cost.2. Explain the fallacies in each of the following: (10 score)a) Average costs are minimized when marginal costs are at their lowest point.b) Because fixed costs never change, average fixed cost is a constant for each level of output. c) Average cost is rising whenever marginal cost is rising. d) The opportunity cost of drilling for oil in Yosemite Park is zero because no firm produces anything there.e) A firm minimizes costs when it spends the same amount on each input.3. Explain why each of the following is false, (10 score)a) A freeze in Brazils coffee-growing region will lower the price of coffee.b) “Protecting ”American textile manufacturers from Chinese clothing imports will lower clothing price in the United States.c) The rapid increase in college tuitions will lower the demand for college.d) The war against drugs, with increased interdiction of imported cocaine, will lower the price of domestically produced marijuana.4.For each of the following, explain whether quantity demanded changes because of a demand shift or a price change, and draw a diagram to illustrate your answer. (10 score)a) As a result of decreased military spending, the price of Army boots falls.b) Fish prices fall after the pope allows Catholics to eat meat on Friday.c) An increase in gasoline taxes lowers the consumption of gasoline. d) After the Black Death struck Europe in the fourteenth century, wages rose.5. Using a supply-and-demand diagram, illustrate the impact of each of the following on price and quantity demanded: (10 score)a) Improvements in transportation lower the costs of importing oil into the United States in the 1960s. b) After the 1973 war, oil producers cut oil production sharply.c) After 1980s, smaller automobiles get more miles per gallon.d) A record-bearing cold winter in 1995-1996 unexpected raises the demand for heating oil.e) A global economic recovery in 1999-2000 led to a sharp upturn in oil prices.6. Consider a competitive market for apartments. What would be the effect on the equilibrium output and price after the following changes (other things held equal)? In each case, explain your answer using supply and demand. (10 score)a) A rise in the income of consumersb) A $10-per-month tax on apartment rentalsc) A government edict saying apartments could not rent for more than $200 per month.d) A new construction technique allows apartments to be built at half the cost. e) A 20 percent increase in the wages of construction workers.7.“好收成往往降低农民的收入”，试用供给需求图形解释这一命题。 ( “A good harvest will generally lower the income of farmers.” Illustrate this proposition using a supply-and-demand diagram.) (10 分)8、什么是寡头？叙述囚徒困境的故事？囚徒困境告诉我们关于寡头的什么道理？（10分）9、什么是劳动力的边际产量？什么是劳动力的边际产量值？一个竞争性的、利润最大化的厂商如何确定雇用多少劳动力？（10分）10、我们知道，完全竞争厂商的供给曲线是向上倾斜的。请问是否可能存在着一条向下倾斜的供给曲线，为什么？（10分）模拟试题3答案1. Explain why each of the following statements about profit-maximizing competitive firms is incorrect. Restate each one correctly. (10 score) f) A competitive firm will produce output up to the point where price equals average variable cost. (Correct answer: A competitive firm will produce output up to the point where price equals marginal cost.)g) A firms shutdown point comes where price is less than minimum average cost. (Correct answer: A firms shutdown point comes where price is less than minimum average variable cost.)h) A firms supply curve depends only on its marginal cost. Any other cost concept is irrelevant for supply decisions. (Correct answer: A firms supply curve depends only on its marginal cost above the shutdown price where MC=AVC.)i) The P=MC rule for competitive industries holds for upward-sloping, horizontal, and downward-sloping MC curves. (Correct answer: The rule does not hold for downward-sloping MC.)j) The competitive firm sets price equal to marginal cost. (Correct answer: The competitive firm chooses output to set marginal cost equal to price. It has no discretion over price.)2. Explain the fallacies in each of the following: (10 score)f) Average costs are minimized when marginal costs are at their lowest point. (Correct: Average costs are minimized when marginal costs equals average costs; Ac is falling where Mc is minimized)g) Because fixed costs never change, average fixed cost is a constant for each level of output. (Correct: AFC=FC/Q; FC is fixed so as output increase AFC falls.)h) Average cost is rising whenever marginal cost is rising. (Correct: AC is rising whenever MC AC; AC is falling whenever MC AC, even if MC is rising)i) The opportunity cost of drilling for oil in Yosemite Park is zero because no firm produces anything there. (Correct: The absence of a market does not imply the absence of value)j) A firm minimizes costs when it spends the same amount on each input. (Correct: A firm minimizes costs when the ratios of marginal product to input price are equal for all inputs.)3. Explain why each of the following is false, (10 score)e) A freeze in Brazils coffee-growing region will lower (correct answer: increase) the price of coffee.f) “Protecting ”American textile manufacturers from Chinese clothing imports will lower (correct answer: increase) clothing price in the United States.g) The rapid increase in college tuitions will lower the demand for college.( The rapid increase in college tuitions reflect increase in demand for college; or, Increase in demand for college will push up the rapid increase in college tuitions)h) The war against drugs, with increased interdiction of imported cocaine, will lower (correct answer: increase) the price of domestically produced marijuana.武汉大学 微观经济学 模拟试题4姓名:学号:成绩: 一、计算题1、假设过桥旅游的需求为：Y=1,000,000 50,000P, 这里，Y为过桥旅游的数量，P为过桥费（用美元计算）。当过桥费为$0, $1, 和 $20时，请计算消费者的剩余？ ( 15 score )2、竞争厂商实现利润最大化的均衡条件？当竞争性厂商把其产量提高一倍，该厂商的产品的销售价格和总收益会发生什么变化？（15分）二、图形分析题（从3题中任意选择做2题）3.Show that a cartel that sets a quantity target (the inelastic supply curve) will experience more volatile prices if demand is price-inelastic than if demand is price-elastic when: (1) the demand curve shifts horizontally by a certain quantity (a forecasting error) or (2) when there is a shift in the supply curve (say due to cheating by a cartel member). (15 score)4. Consider what would happen if a tariff of 80% were imposed on imported automobiles. Show the impact of this tariff on the supply and the demand, and on the equilibrium price and quantity of Chinese automobiles. Explain why Chinese auto companies and autoworkers often support import restraints on automobiles. (15 score)5.Larry, Curly, and Moe run the only saloon in town. Larry wants to sell as many drinks as possible without losing money. Curly wants the saloon to bring in as much revenue as possible. Moe wants to make the largest possible profits. Using a sing