医学英语词汇.doc

词汇Acne 痤疮Acrophobia 恐高症Amnesia 健忘症Anemia 贫血（症）Appendectomy 阑尾切除术Arrhythmia 心律不齐/失常Arthrocentesis 关节穿刺术Benign 良性的Bladder 膀胱；囊Bradycardia 心搏徐缓Bronchitis 支气管炎Carcinoma 癌Cardiomegaly 心肥大Cardiovascular 心脏血管的Celiocentesis 腹腔穿刺术Cerebrovascular 脑血管的Cheiloschisis 唇裂（畸形）Chilblain 冻疮Cholelithiasis 胆石病Cirrhosis 硬化，硬变；肝硬化Costotomy 肋骨切开术Dehydration 脱水Dentalgia 牙痛 （odonto-）Dextrocardia 右位心Diabetes 糖尿病Diarrhea 腹泻Diffuse 散播，扩散Dislocation 脱臼Displacement 取代，位移Dorsal 背的，背脊的Dystrophy 营养失调Endocrine 内分泌Entrogastritis 肠胃炎Enterospasm 肠痉挛Epidermis 表皮，上皮Esophagus 食管Gastralgia 胃痛Gastroptosis 胃下垂Gout 痛风Gynecopathy 妇科病Hematopoiesis 血细胞生成，造血，血生成Hematuria 血尿症，血尿Hemorrhage 出血Hidrorrhea 多汗症，大汗Hormone 激素Hypertension 高血压Intestinal 肠的，肠内的Laparoscope 腹腔镜Laryngeal 喉的Larynx 喉Lithotripsy 碎石术Lumber 腰部的Macula 斑疹，黑点Mammoplasia 乳腺生长Marrow 髓，骨髓Melanin 黑素Metabolism 新陈代谢Metastasis 转移 （metastatic，a）Myalgia 肌痛Nausea 恶心Nephromegaly 巨肾 ren/o-Nevus 痣Nodule 节结Obese 肥胖的，肥大的Obesity 肥胖Odontolith 牙垢，牙积石Ophthalmoscopy 检眼镜检查（法） oculo-Osteomalacia 骨软化Parturition 分娩，生产Pediatrics 小儿科Pericardicentesis 心包穿刺术Pneumonectomy 肺切除术Pyuria 脓尿Renal 肾脏的，肾的Rhinitis 鼻炎Sebum 皮脂Secretion 分泌，分泌物Splenopexy 脾固定术Spondylodynia 脊椎病Sputum 痰Stethoscope 听诊器Subcutaneous 皮下的，皮下用的Telepathy 心灵感应Tendon 腱Thyroid 甲状腺，甲状的Thyroidgland 甲状腺Ulcer 溃疡Ultraviolet紫外线的Urinary 尿的，Urinary track 尿道Vertebral 椎骨的，脊椎的Vertebral column 脊柱Visceral 内脏的Viscus 内脏 vicera， plVomiting 呕吐Xanthoderma 黄色皮肤，皮肤变黄Xeroderma 皮肤干燥症，干皮病(1) Celtic (凯尔特语) is the earliest language in the British Isles. And Celts (凯尔特人) are known to be the first persons inhabiting the land. (2) A language family (语系) is group of languages related through descent from a common ancestor. English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages (印欧语系). (3) English is in the Germanic group (日耳曼语族) of languages. (4) It is from Anglo-Saxon (盎格鲁-撒克逊语) that our present English is originated and derived. 1. Medical terms are largely based upon Greek, Latin and French vocabulary. Nearly 75% medical vocabulary comes from Greek and Latin, which are the most productive of medical terminology. One type is the complete words borrowed directly from Greek and Latin. But the number of this kind is limited. The second type is building elements borrowed from Greek and Latin, such as affixes and roots which are in great number and resulted in large portion of derivational words (派生词) in medical English. 2. Changes in word meaninga， Some words which were used to designate one thing but latter changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer, known as transference or transfer of meaning. (词义的转移) b， Specification, also called narrowing of meaning, is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or more specific sense. (词义的缩小) C Generalization, also called extension of meaning, is a process by which a word which originally had a specific meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and less definite concept. (词义的扩大) 3. Pronunciation of double consonantsAt the beginning of a word, the first consonant is silent.In the middle of a word, the two consonants are pronounced respectively4. Penultima Rule(“倒数第二音节”重音规则)(1) The vowel in penultima is a long vowel (长元音) or diphthong (双元音).lymphoma(2) The penultima is a closed syllable.peristalsis(3) The penultima is open syllable.palpebral(4) Suffixes determining the accents leukocytopenia.5 Irregular plural formsappendix 阑尾 corpus 尸体diagnosis 诊断meninx 脑膜bursa 囊labium 下唇lipoma 脂肪瘤glottis 声门thorax 胸腔appendices / appendixescorporadiagnosesmeninges bursae labialipomasglottidesthoraces / thoraxes 6 Triology (一词三式)Referent Latin Greek body corpus somabowel intestine enterobreath respire pneumahand manus cheiro- kidney ren- nephr/o-tongue lingua- glossavessel vas angio- 7 Movement of morphemes A prefix must stand at the beginning of a word. (X)A prefix must stand before a root. endomyocarditis, myoendocarditis 心肌心内膜炎dyschondroplasia = chondrodysplasia 软骨发育异常8 Affixation (词缀法)Composition (复合法)Conversion (转化法)Blending (拼缀法)Backformation (逆生法)Clipping (截短法)Acronymy (首字母缩略法)Analogy (类推法) (1) Affixation (词缀法)Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation (派生), by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives (or derivational words).Combining vowels are often used if a root is combined with a suffix or another root. A root with combining vowel is called combining form. (2)Composition (复合法)Composition or compounding is a word-forming process where two or more words are joined to constitute a new word.Open compound: kidney failureHyphenated compound: fat-freeSolid compound: heartbeat (3). Blending (拼缀法)Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.Medichair breathalyzer(4). Acronymy (首字母缩略法)Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of a group of words. Words formed in this way are called acronyms (首字母缩略词), which can be subdivided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter.An acronym is a word pronounced as a normal word. 9 Root, stem and baseRoot：form that cant be further dividedStem：form without inflectional affixesBase：form to which all kinds of affixes can be addedfree root (自由词根) and bound root (黏着词根) simple root (简单词根) and compound root (复合词根)derm/o- nephr/o- lymphaden/o- 10, How to gain a rootSome roots can be gained by changing the spelling of the tails. cervix (颈，子宫颈) cervic-: cervicitis 子宫颈炎thorax (胸) thorac-: thoracentesis 胸腔穿刺术abdomen (腹) abdomin-: abdominouterotomy 剖腹子宫切除术larynx (喉) laryng-: laryngalgia 喉痛11. The majority of medical prefixes originate from Latin or Greek prepositions. A larger proportion of prefixes describe spatial relationship. 12, Real suffix (纯后缀) and positional suffix (位置后缀)Real suffix is the suffix of medical term denoting grammatical category (word class) Porta 入口Palatum 腭Injectio 注射Arteria 动脉Sulfas 硫酸Such suffixes as a, -um, -tio, -us and as are situated at the tail of words, have no concrete meaning but designate that the words are nouns. Different from real suffix, positional suffix has concrete meaning. It is therefore called quasiroot.Building elementscutane-: dermat/o-, derm/o- ocul/o-: ophthalm/o-ren/o-: nephr/o-rhin/o-: nas/o-dextr/o-: sinistr/o-hyper-: hypo-leuk/o-: melan/o-brady-: tachy-Hetero-: homo-poiesis: -lysis-algia: -dynia-ectasis: -stenosis-malacia: -stenosis-desis: -pexisabdomin/o-: celi/o-, lapar/o- -blast: -clast spondyl/o-: vertebr/o- macro: micro- Writing terms in sentences (initial letters given)1. In most species, the kidney is both the sensor organ and the major site of erythropoietin production, so chronic r_enal_ failure is associated with anemia.2. Pain from l_ strain is exacerbated by bending or lifting and relieved by rest. Pain is often described as a deep-seated aching that is dull and somewhat diffuse.3. Achilles t_ rupture is an injury that affects the back of your lower leg. It commonly occurs in people playing recreational sports.4. At this clinic, the health worker claimed that the patient suffered from severe diarrhea because of the i_ bacteria. 5. About 90 percent of skin cancers are caused by long exposure to the u_ light from the sun.Translation (English-Chinese) (1) Back in the hospital, she still had low sodium(钠) in her blood, but a scan showed diffuse lung cancer, metastatic to bones and brain. 在医院，她仍血钠过低，但扫描显示她得了弥漫性肺癌，且癌细胞转移到了骨和大脑中了。(2) Artificial hips, intended to last 15 years or more, need early replacement far more frequently for reasons like dislocation than because of problems caused by metallic debris (金属碎片). (3) Some children get the stones, because birth defects (出生缺陷，先天畸形) in the urinary tract (尿路，尿道) put them at risk for urinary obstruction.一些儿童得结石病是因为他们先天尿道缺陷使他们处于尿道梗塞的危险。(4) The body gets most of its vitamin D not from diet but from skin exposed to the ultraviolet B radiation in sunlight.人体的内维生素D大多是从暴露在紫外线的皮肤中获得的，而不是从事物中。(5) Do you have any other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, back pain, dizziness or headache?你有任何其他症状吗？如恶心，呕吐，腹泻，腰痛，头晕或头痛。6) The discovery might lead to a new generation of anti-cancer drugs that prevent tumor cells from spreading to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis.这一发现可以引导着新一代的抗癌药物，它通过一种转移法可以阻止癌细胞转移到身体其他部位(7) Your metabolism is the way your body processes everything you eat and drink, converting all that sugar, protein and fat into energy.新陈代谢就是机体吸收食物，并把它们转化成糖类，蛋白质，脂肪和能量。(8) Also known as the laryngeal prominence, the Adams apple sits right on top of the thyroid gland, so the area is fittingly called the thyroid cartilage (软骨).喉结位于甲状腺顶部，因此这个区域叫甲状软骨(9) Inflammation calls more immune cells to the wound to help fight infection, along with collagen (胶原质), a fibrous protein, to help seal the wound shut. (10) Located near the base of the neck, the thyroid is a large endocrine gland (内分泌腺体) that produces hormones that help control growth and metabolism.位于靠近颈底部，甲状腺是一个大的内分泌腺，它靠产生激素来促进生长和新陈代谢。(11) In their search for relief, many chronic rhinitis sufferers have turned to nasal saline irrigation, a therapy that uses salty water to flush out the nasal passages.许多慢性鼻炎患者转向鼻腔生理盐水冲洗法，它是一种用盐水冲洗鼻腔的一种方法。(12) Skin color is due to melanin, a pigment produced in the epidermis to protect us from the suns potentially cancer-causing ultraviolet rays. (13) Retinal (视网膜的) vein occlusion is affected by multiple factors, and there are lots of misunderstanding and disputation on the diagnosis and tr