江苏大学2013英语论文写作-研究生英语复习_2 (1).doc

考试题型：1 回答问题2 文体对比3 语篇分析4 语篇改写Unit 11. Classification of Professional Papers A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topicReport Paper-The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subjectResearch Paper-A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusionsCourse Paper-a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term.Thesis Paper (Dissertation)-A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline.2. General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Generally, English Academic writing:l is complex-Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language ,lexical wordsl is formal-Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesnt use contractions, or colloquialisms and slang.l is impersonal and objective-Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you.l is explicit-Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are relatedl Is accurate-Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. l is cautious or tentative-l is responsible-Academic writing refers to information which must be clearly referenced in your text.Page 3:Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each.(1): subjective, informal-(2): objective, formal-Unit 2 . Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords1. General functions 2 Linguistic FeaturesA. Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases and Gerunds(动名词) The words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text.For example, we may easily find such titles as:(1) Civilizations Source and Its Implication.(2) A Multi-perspective Account of Met linguistic Negation.(3) Research on the Motivations of Lexis and Vocabulary Learning Strategies.B. Using Incomplete SentencesA title is just a label of appellation of the paper, reflecting the main idea of the content, so even when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentenceKeywords2 Linguistic FeaturesA. NominalizationKeywords are usually used in the form of nouns, not verbs. For example, “investigation” is used instead of “investigate”; “fabricate” should be replaced by “fabrication”; and “educate” ought to be replaced by “education.”B. Limited NumberThe number of the keywords for a paper should be limited. Four to six keywords are the average. In general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.C. Designated Choice- The keywords of a paper usually come from the title and/or the abstract, where the key terms of words and phrases are usually contained.Page 7Correct the mistakes in the following titles according to the writing requirements you have learned in this unit.1. Applying-application2. Measuring-measurement3. 去掉the 4. The investigations-去掉the5. A New DOA Estimator Based on Broadband Uniform Accuracy6. 去掉theUnit 3. Abstract自己看Unit 4. Introduction 1. General Functions of IntroductionIntroducing the Subject-he author is here to supply sufficient background information to relieve the readers who are not well-informed in this field of troubles in understanding and evaluating the results of the given study without referring to previous publications on the topic.Limiting the Research Scope-narrowing down the scope of work and delimiting the boundary of your study becomes entirely necessaryShowing the Writing Arrangement-The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary.2. Structural Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic ExpressionsStarting with the Research BackgroundEx. 5-1The Behavior Translating English-to-Chinese Machine Translation System is the first of its kind in Taiwan. And it is also among the first commercialized E-to-C systems in the world. The research began as a joint effort., in May 1985.Further examples can be seen from the sections of introduction of the two complete papers attached in the Appendixes.Here are some expressions used to introduce the background of the subject in an introduction:l Over the past several decades.l Somebody reported.l The previous work on. has indicated that.l Recent experiments by. have suggested.l Several researchers have theoretically investigated.l In most studies of . has been emphasized with attention being given to.l Industrial use of. is becoming increasingly common.l There have been a few studies highlighting.l It is well known that. Transiting to the Existing Problem-Authors usually transit to the main problems to be discussed or weak points remaining in the previous work to be further studied and/or improvedThe following are a number of expressions used to present existing problems:l Great progress has been made in this field, but (however, nevertheless, etc.).l Also, the consideration of. alone cannot explain the observed fact that.l A part of the explanation could lie in. However .l The study of. gives rise to two main difficulties: one is.; the other is.l Despite the recent progress reviewed in . there is no generally accepted theory concerning.l From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither., nor., are known.Focusing on the Present ResearchThere are also a number of expressions used to introduce the present work:l In this paper . is investigated (studied, discussed, presented, etc.)l The present work deals mainly with.l We report here., in the presence of.注意：如果给我们一段话，要我们指出哪些句子是： 研究背景？转向问题？以及本篇文章研究焦点的句子？.Page 132. Analyze the following introductions, following the directions if possible.3.2.1. Underline the part stating the research background.3.2.2. Parenthesize the part pointing to the existing problem.3.2.3. Draw a box around the part focusing on the present research.Introduction 1According to Hannagan (1995: 18), “Modem management is essentially about managing people as well as processes, in a rapidly changing environment.” This seems especially important for a British Airways office set in a different culture, which is largely due to the fact that given the variety of cultural inheritance people under differentCultures may behave in diverging ways. The human behaviors affect the performance of people at work, as shown by the Hawthorne effect, and a careful analysis of such behavior under a multicultural context will be beneficial to the overall performance of the department as well as that of each individual.In this paper, I shall undertake an analysis of an issue. The department where I work is British Agency China, based in Beijing. In this place a British manager has to deal with over 20 Chinese employees. During the time that we have worked together, it has seemed to me (and the Manager) that there exists such a cultural difference and in many cases the communication between the employer and the employee cannot get through, thereby influencing the overall performance of the department. I shall analyze the issue in this context and attempt to formulate certain possible procedures to tackle the task.Introduction 2In this paper I attempt to show how a number of related concepts in Cognitive Grammar (Fillmore, 1982; Lakoff, 1982, 1987; Langacker, 1987,1988, 1990, 1991) can be applied to the analyses of discourse. Cognitive Grammar (CG) is well adapted not only to addressing issues concerning the relationship between language and cognition but also to constituting a potentially powerful sociolinguistic tool. I will focus on two related concepts: “profiling” (Langacker, 1990) and “radial category structure” (Lakoff, 1987; Brugman, 1988; Taylor, 1989).AbstractIt has been more than fifty years since its appearance of the ligand theory (配位 场理论). It was initiated in 1931 when Bethes crystal field theory (晶体场理论) was proposed. The theory of complex spectra for atoms contributed by Racah has had an important effect on the development of the ligand field theory as it has influenced that of nuclear and elementary particle theories.In this article, the extension of the irreducible tensor method (不可约张量方法) to the ligand field theory which was originally performed by Tang Aoqing and his collaborators, is simplified by introducing the quasi-spin group (准自旋群) to give a theoretical analysis of the spectra of TbPsOl4. The theoretical analysis is in good agreement with the experimental result.As an example, the energy matrix elements of ground states terms (基态谱项的能量矩阵元) of TbPsOl4 crystal are calculated by the application of this theory, a serial spectrum data published by Bai Yubai are to be fitted by the use of five crystal-field parameters and eight relativistic parameters. The fitted results are satisfactory with 8 cm-1 at mean square root error and 17 cm-1 at the maximum absolution error of energy levels.1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to thesentence structure of each.5.1.1. Strategy is an art of planning the best way to gain an advantage or to achieve success.5.1.2. Here the point of view is the term generally used to indicate the point from which the paper is written.5.1.3. Subordination is the technique of placing the less important thought in a subordinate position.5.1.4. This formula is developed on the basis of the previously discussed theory.5.1.5. It is concluded that some of the parameters cannot be obtained by using the method shown in Section IV.5.1.6. Connect the equipment to the machine. Turn off the switch. Adjust input voltage to 10V. And note down the output current.Unit 5 Literature Review Structural Elements In Writing A Literature Review A literature-review chapter requires a number of structural elements, which help guide the reader from one sentence and paragraph to the next in a logical and seamless fashion.The chapter starts with an introductory paragraph that focuses the reader on the topic that will be covered by the review. A road map should be included as an “advanced organizer” of what will be included in the chapter as a whole. The chapter should be divided into sections and subsections, each (depending on its level of complexity) having its own mini-road maps to further guide the reader. Each paragraph should begin with a clear and explicit topic sentence that informs the readers what will comprise that particular paragraph. Each major section should close with a transition that leads the reader into the next topic that will be covered in the review. Finally a summary and concluding section should bring the review together at the end六Textual Development （1）Research descriptionThere are two basic approaches to description: objective and subjective.1. Objective DescriptionIn most cases, when a professional author writes his research papers, he has to take an objective approach instead of a subjective one, because in his professional research, he has to focus on the object he is portraying rather than on his personal action to it.2. Subjective DescriptionIn contrast to objective description is subjective or impressionist description, which shows the authors impression of or responses to what they see.General Requirements for Research Description(1) Presenting a picture of the objectA research description is intended to present a picture of the appearance of an object or the details or process of an investigation.(2) Illustrating the object in artificial languageA research description is often accompanied by one or more figures, graphs, pictures or tables. All the information and data should be presented as figuratively and obviously as possible. (3) Making necessary comparison It is often possible to make the description clearer by means of comparing an object or a process, say, an experiment, with something that the reader is familiar with.(4) Sizing the object speciallyIn describing size, an experienced professional writer usually tries to avoid such general words as “large”, “small” or “quite big”. Instead, he prefers to say 3 cm2 squared, or 10 meters high.(5) Locating the object correctlyThe positions of various parts of an object or a place must be indicated with care unless the figure or picture itself already shows the position of each part clearly.(6) Generalizing/systematizing the observation carefullyA research description has also to indicate how the new observations and ideas bing advanced may require a change- by further generalization or systematization -InductionInduction is the logic pattern by which the author develops his idea by obtaining general laws from particular facts or various studies. The often taken model is: previous studies., our study., we conclude. DeductionDeduction is the method by which the author develops his idea by getting the conclusion for a particular case from general laws or an idea from an axiom.AnalogyAnalogy is the logic pattern by which the author develops his ideas by drawing similarities between parallel cases (putting two cases together, finding one point on which two things are similar and reasoning other points on which two things are similar). Usually the author takes a case that is familiar to readers (audience) and has already been accepted to infer several conclusions about a case that is not familiar to them or difficult for them to understand.In the article Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy, A London policeman gave a woman a ticket for making an illegal turn.Unit 7 Textual Development 1. Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature Compared with papers of theoretical nature, papers of experimental nature, as the name implies, mainly center around experiments, investigations or analyses of their results. To this end, the most important section of this paper is that of experimental description. The functions of experiment description are to (1) convince readersexperimental result should be reliable and convincing; (2) benefit reader- the introduction of experimental and inspiration, and should facilitate further deliberations and research for the readers; and (3) allow readers to duplicate the experiment the process and method of experiment should have reproducibility, and the described experiment should be duplicated by same others under the conditions.Unit 8. Result, Discussion and Conclusion1) General Functions and Contents of ResultsThe value of a research lies in the value of its final results and the authors interpretation of the results. If the preceding sections of a paper (Introduction, Investigations, Experiments, Calculations, etc.) are designed to explain how the author obtains the results, and the following sections of the paper (Analysis, Discussion, Summary or Conclusion, etc.) are to tell what the results should m