新编英语教程 3 Unit 11 Shaka.doc

Unit 11 ShakaTeaching objectives1. to be familiar with a narration that records a turning point in the life of the character2. to know more information on Shaka, the Zulu nation and AfricaTeaching procedureI. pre-reading questions1. What are the hints you get from the title?Hints from the title:Biographical writing of ShakaShaka: king of a nationInformation provided:Shaka: his dates are 1787 to 1828The Zulus: they were a tribal people living in the southeast of Africa. 2. What kind of king was Shaka? (Find adjectives to describe the character of shaka) courageous ruthless domineering good aggressive learned excellent reasonable far-sighted devoted to his mother subjective good-tempered wilful wise kind-hearted1) aggressive: He increased his kingdom from 100 sq. miles to 100,000 sq. miles.2) courageous: He showed suicidal courage in battle as well as in daily training.3) wilful: His orders for mourning were ample proofs of this.4) devoted to his mother: He had a deep affection for his mother. When she died, he felt sad and sorrowful, as if all the joy had gone out of his life.5) reasonable: He eventually took Galas advice and finally pulled himself together.6) wise: He built the Zulu nation.7) ruthless and domineering: He would ask his slayers to kill anyone who displeased him.3. How did Shaka become the king of the Zulus? (by force)4. How did Shaka rule his people? (ruthlessly, wilfully)5. What did his people think of Shaka and his ruling? (a great king, Napoleon, tyranny)II. background knowledgeShaka(1787?-1828),warrior, military leader, and king of the Zulu people of southern Africa. By the time of his death, Shaka had the largest and most powerful kingdom in southeastern Africa. 1. Early life and rise to powerShakawasborninthe Zululand region of present-day southeastern South Africa. His father, Senzangakhona, was the Zulu chief, and his mother Nandi, was a daughter of Mbhengi, the chief of the Langeni people. The Langeni, like the Zulu, owed allegiance to the Mthethwa, one of the major chiefdoms in the region. Nandi, who would be Senzangakhonas third wife, conceived Shaka while still betrothed and, according to tradition, attributed her growing belly to a shaka, or intestinal beetle. Nandireputedlyhada difficult temperament, and in about 1794 Senzangakhona drove her and Shaka into exile. They took refuge among the Langeni, where, according to traditional accounts, they were looked down upon and ill-treated. In this period Shaka began to display the aggressive and domineering traits that would characterize his personality for the rest of his life. In the early 1800s Nandi married a commoner and after she bore a son Shaka left home and placed himself under the protection of Jobe, the ruler of the Mthethwa. Jobediedinabout1807 and his son Dingiswayo succeeded him. In the years that followed, the Mthethwa fought frequently for regional dominance with the Ndwandwe, who were led by Zwide. Shaka fought alongside the Mthethwa and Dingiswayo soon recognized his extraordinary military skills. He placed considerable trust in Shaka, and the young Zulu became a prominent figure. When Senzangakhona died in 1816, Dingiswayo backed Shakas claim for the Zulu chieftainship and aided th assassination of Senzangakhonas designated heir, Shakas half-brother Sigujana. Once chief, Shaka took immediate revenge on those responsible for the afflictions of his childhood, ordering the massacre of large numbers of the Langeni.2. Social orderThebasisofShakaspower was the amabutho system, a traditional means of social control that he refined as a means of integrating his various new subjects into the growing Zulu kingdom. All subjectsmen and women alikewere grouped by age and gender into regiments, or amabutho, in order to effectively control them and exploit their labor. In this way new subjects no longer served their individual lesser chiefs, but the Zulu king alone. His half-brothers Dingane and Mhlangana, with the crucial approval of his politically influential aunt, Mnkabayi, seized the opportunity provided by a temporary absence of the Zulu army. With the help of Mbopha, Shakas trusted personal attendant, they assassinated the king on September 24, 1828, at kwaDukuza, his royal residence. Dingane subsequently seized the throne. Shakas kingdom survived his death by only 50 years, when it was conquered by the British.3. EvolutionManypowerfulmythssurround Shakas life, making it difficult for people to appraise him rationally. As the founder of the Zulu kingdoma kingdom whose traditions and influence survive to this dayShaka is celebrated for his military prowess, and he serves as a potent symbol of Zulu national pride. For many Europeans, however, he has always epitomized the stereotypical savage African tyrant. Indeed, oral traditions regarding his cruelty have been preserved among the descendants of the African people he conquered as well. Yet local and regional politicians continue to invoke his name to attract support, and artists, writers, and filmmakers never tire of studying him. No matter how he is regarded, Shaka remains the dominant figure in Zulu history.Statue of ShakaThis statue shows the Zulu warrior chief Shaka. His campaign to expand the Zulu nation in the early 19th century, known as the mfecane, led to large-scale migrations of people in southern Africa.III. Main IdeaP(1-2) The great achievements of Shaka as the king of the ZulusP(3-6) Shakas orders in the mourning over his mothers deathP(7-8) Galas challenge putting an end to the tyranny III. words and phrasesPara. 11. 如果恰卡把加拉也杀了，祖鲁人后来的命运会如何呢？Had Shaka killed Gala too, what would have happened to the Zulu?1. may/might well: very likely E.g. 他的样子变了这么多你很可能认不出他了。His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him.我们输了这场足球比赛，不过，如果我们的一位球员没有受伤，我们很可能会踢赢。We lost the football match, but we might well have won if one of our players hadnt been hurt.may/might (just) as well: give sb some suggestion, had better do sth.既然他不能赢得比赛，倒不如退出。Since he cant win the race, he may well quit.我们的假期让天气给糟蹋了；我们还不如呆在家里呢。Our holidays were ruined by the weather we might just as well have stayed at home.2. as it is/was: in fact (事实上，就目前这种情况) E.g. 我认为情况会好转，但事实上反趋恶化。 I thought conditions would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse. As it were: as if such were so（虚拟）可以这么说 E.g. 他是我最好的朋友，或者说，是第二个我。He is my best friend, my second self, as it were.Para. 21. seize: to put (one) into possession of something占有; to possess oneself of (something) 抓住 哪个阶级夺取了政权就成为统治阶级。The class which seizes the political power will be the ruling class.她是一个很善于抓住机会的人。She is very good at seizing an opportunity when it comes.2. escort-verb：to go with someone or a vehicle especially to make certain that they arrive safely or that they leave a place护送:安全警卫把入侵者送离大楼。Security guards escorted the intruders from the building.n. C a person who goes somewhere with another person as a helper or a guard:陪审团成员在警察护卫下离开了法院。The members of the jury left the court with a police escort.U the state of having someone with you who gives you protection or guards you:囚犯在警察监管下行进。The prisoner travelled under police escort.3. on a carpet of jungle thorns on the ground which was thickly covered with bushes and plants with thorns taken from the tropical forest2. if they showed anything less than suicidal courage in battle, they would be unhesitatingly murdered by the slayers. if they didnt show self-destructive courage in battle, they would be put to death by shakas bodyguard immediately.警方正在追捕那个杀人不眨眼的凶手。The police were in hot pursuit of that unhesitating cold-blooded murderer.2. Shaka was inhuman, perhaps, but he built up a formidable army in a very short time. (para. 2)Quite possibly Shaka was cruel, yet within a very short period of time he set up an army which was hard to defeat.inhuman: too cruel, lacking in feelings, etc. to be worthy of human behavior 无人性的，残酷的，野蛮的 inhumane: （of people and their acts） not humane; not showing human kindness （指人及行为）不近人情的，不仁慈的 human: showing the feelings, esp. those of kindness, which people are supposed to have 有人性的；通人情的 humane: showing human kindness and the qualities of a civilized person 仁慈的，人道的 inhumanity: the quality or state of being cruel and harming other human beings无人性；野蛮 humanity: the quality of being humane or human 人道；仁慈; human beings generally 人类 humanism: a system of beliefs concerned with the interests and values of man, and not with religious principles 人文主义;人道主义 (humanist) humanities: studies such as literature, languages, history, etc. 人文科学 humanitarian: (a person) concerned with trying to improve peoples lives, by giving them better conditions to live in, fighting injustice, etc. 博爱主义者，人道主义者Its human that everyone is eager for success.He is a humane physician.He released the prisoner for humanitarian reasons.The child lives in an inhuman environment.It is inhumane to treat animals like this.The inhumanities of war make everybody frightened.There are eight departments in the humanities.This new discovery will contribute to all humanity.A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance emphasized humanism.Para. 31. when personal tragedy struck. when something unfortunate and very sad happened to him personally.正当全城人们欢庆新年时，一场意想不到的悲剧发生了：一场大地震将整座城市夷为平地。An unexpected tragedy struck when the whole city was enveloped in the joyful celebration of the New Years Day: a violent earthquake levelled the whole city to the ground.2. on her death something seemed to snap in his mind. immediately after the death of his mother, something seemed to go wrong with his mind/ he seemed to go out of his senses.snap: to suffer a physical or mental breakdown, especially while under stress崩溃：在压力下承受身体上或精神上的折磨：Para. 41. staple adj. usually before noun；noun C-basic or main; standard or regular主要或重要成份：大米是许多亚洲国家的主食。Rice is the staple food in many Asian countries. 食物匮乏意味着连诸如面包这样的主食也难以买到。Shortages mean that even staples (= basic foods) like bread are difficult to find.浪漫小说和参考书是许多公共图书馆的主要书籍。Romantic fiction and reference books are a staple of many public libraries.2. this order was little less than a sentence of national starvation. this mourning order was the same as an order to make all the Zulu people die of hunger.little less than=almost: 未经作者允许擅自使用文章不亚于剽窃。Helping oneself to an article without the writers permission is little less than plagiarism. 许多人认为吸烟无疑是慢性自杀。Many people hold the view that smoking is little less than gradual suicide.Para. 5Shaka now developed a brooding and bitter spirit.Shaka now became more and more gloomy, mournful and sorrowful each day.自从他生意失败后便一蹶不振，目前对他来说最重要的是振作精神。He has developed a brooding spirit ever since his business failed. What is most important to him at the moment is to pull himself together.Para. 61. 困兽犹斗。一个人在绝望的时候什么事情都干得出来。A concerned beast will put up a desperate fight. When a man gets desperate, he will do anything.1. The fields were overgrown with weeds and one of the staple diets, namely milk, was no longer on the food list.The fields were covered with wild plants and one of the basic foods, milk, was not taken as food any more.overgrown: 1) grow too fast e.g. 这个男孩看起来像是个生长过速的孩子。The boy behaves like an overgrown child. 2) covered with; be overgrown with: e.g. 河岸长满了芦苇。The river banks were overgrown with reed.outgrow: 1) grow faster than : e.g. 他比他哥哥长得还要快。Hes already outgrown his elder brother. 2) leave sth. behind as one grows older：在成熟过程中（逐渐）失去或舍弃e.g. 她长大成熟后不再拥有年轻时代的幻想。 She outgrew her youthful idealism.2. namely: that is to say; specifically那就是说只有一个学生通过了考试，就是彼得。Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter.Para. 71. a white elephant: an embarrassing gift; a very costly possession that is worthless to its owner and only a cause of trouble What is one persons white elephant is someone elses pearl beyond price. This car uses so much petrol, and breaks down frequently it is a real white elephant. An elephants memory: a long memory, especially for an ill-turn or an insult See the elephant/get a look at the elephant /get a sight of the elephant: :to see the would or life; to enrich ones experience2. Galas family stared at him in horror: to challenge the kings wishes at such a moment was to ask for instant death.Galas family members looked fixedly at him with wide-open eyes in great fear to go against the Kings wishes at the time of his deep sorrow was to run the risk of being put to death on the spot.2. this mother of yours 表示说话人不满的语气：This naughty son of yours has broken my window. 你这顽皮的儿子打碎了我的玻璃窗。3. stuff: to pack tightly; cram填塞警察打开了汽车的行李箱，发现里面装满了毒药。The police opened the boot/ truck and found it stuffed with drugs.Para. 81. pull yourself together: control yourself”, or “control your feelings”2. There was a gasp of horror from the onlookers, and the slayers took a grip on their clubs.The people standing by gasped because of extreme fear and surprise, and Shakas bodyguard held their clubs firmly.gasp: v. to draw in the breath sharply, as from shock喘息，喘气 n. A short convulsive intake or catching of the breath短促地、剧烈地吸气或屏气 她惊讶得屏住了气。She gave a gasp of surprise. 她听到飞机坠毁的消息时，吓得目瞪口呆。She gasped with horror at the news of the air-crash.3. Galas life seemed to be measured in seconds. in表示衡量单位：The area of a city is measured in square kilometers. 一个城市的地域以平方公里度量。洪水逼来，村民们的处境十分危急，他们的生命危在旦夕。The approaching flood threw the villagers into a desperate state, and their lives were measured in seconds.4. a mighty gift of many cattlecattle一词为集体名词，往往作复数用：The cattle are in the shed. 牛在牛棚里。IV. Grammar本单元语法讲解：倒装倒装可分为全部倒装和局部倒装。全部倒装就是整个谓语置于主语之前；局部倒装只是作用词位于主语之前。引起倒装的前置状语大体可分为下列几种情况：全部倒装：1 当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时，通常用全部倒装。如：There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and in rushed the crowd.如果主语是代词，那就不用倒装：Lower and lower he bent.2 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也常常引起全部倒装，如：In this chapter will be found a partial answer.Behind him hung his photograph, taken in China.局部倒装:1 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装，如：Never have I found him in such a good mood.Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang.Rarely do I get invited to his office.Not a single paper did he write this term.2 当句首状语由only副词、only+介词词组、only+状语分句构成，也可引起局部倒装，如：Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only once did his father discuss his future with him.但如果置于句首的由only引导的词组不是状语一般不引起倒装：Only some of the children managed to pass the exam.3以关联词not only (but also)开头的句子或分句，往往引起局部倒装，如：Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only the garage overcharged me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either.但如果置于句首的not only (but also)仅为连接用作主语的两个并列名词词组，那就不倒装：Not only men but also women and children are affected by the new law.4以关联词so开头的句子，通常引起局部倒装，如：So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant sleep at night.5当方式状语、频度状语等移到句首时，有时也引起局部倒装，如：Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so.Many a time had Mike given me good advice.方式状语移到句首时，也可以不倒装，如：Slowly he rose from his seat.Stealthily the girl crept out of the door.双重否定double negation 他没有一天是不学习新东西的。They never let a day pass without learning something new. 他每读一本书一定会写调查报告。He never reads a book without writing a book report.V. 翻译练习：1. 从少年时他就显露出政治天赋，大学毕业就已经开始了他的政治生涯。2. 这次会议改变了历史的进程，实际上，十年之内，这个国家就建设为一个现代化的国家。3. 要不是有你的及时帮助，我们无法及时完成这一任务。4. 他们决定成立一个委员会，其职责是监督公司的财务管理。5. 每次他们出去购物，这孩子不买一样玩具就不离开百货店。6. 面对激烈的竞争，这家公司以优质的售后服务使生意逐步兴隆起来。7. 看到你的词汇量在逐渐增长,我很高兴。8. 这位孕妇一到，就开始在办公室四处寻找丢失的车钥匙。9. 盐和糖是日常必需品。10. 如果你怂恿一个十岁的孩子抽烟，你简直就是一个恶棍。11. 这两个被告都被证明有罪，一个被判处十五年监禁，另一个被判处死刑。12. 二十世纪五十年代末的中国经历了一场全国性的饥荒，成千上万的人被饿死了。13. 令人惊讶的是，从全国各地来参观这一小镇的游客竟然很多。Keys:1. He showed great genius for politics when he was a teenager, as