我的初高中衔接.doc

初高中衔接语法 编制：许雪梅 2012-09-11 一、英语中的十大词类1.名词：表示人或事物的名称。2.动词：表示动作或状态。3.形容词：表示人或事物的性质或状态。4.数词：表示数目或顺序。5.代词：代替名词或数词等。6.副词：表示动作特征或性状特征。7.冠词：表示名词的泛指或特指。8.介词：表示名词或代词与其他词的关系。9.连词：表示连接并列成分的词。10.感叹词：表示说话时的感情或口气。动词的分类情态动词助动词系动词实义动词及物动词不及物动词 二、英语中的八大句子成分要弄清楚英语句子的结构，我们先要弄清楚组成一个句子的各个组成部分，即句子的成分： 句子的主干成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语 句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补语、插入语、同位语1、主语：是一个句子所要说明的人和事物，是一句的主体。如 I study English中的 I。主语可以用以下这些表示： 1. 名词；2. 代词； 3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式； 6. 词组或复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的其他词类。eg:1) A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.2) Who is speaking, please? This is Jack speaking.3) Two will be enough.4) Smoking is very dangerous.5) To see is to believe.6) Whether well go depends on the weather.7) “A” is an article.2、谓语：它是说明主语的动作或状态的，如 I study English中的 study.作谓语的有：及物动词或及物动词短语。1) The soup tastes good2) The boy is interested in playing PC games. 3) The boss made the workers work long hours.4) He practises playing the piano every day.5) They had finished the job when the boss came6) Record every word you hear.7) He didnt turn to me for help.*在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个谓语部分！ 3、宾语：它是表示及物动词或及物动词短语所作用的对象的，如 I study English 中的English和He makes full use of his spare time to study中的his spare time.介词后的名词或代词，叫做介词的宾语，如He went away with no words中的no words. 宾语可以用以下这些表示：1. 名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式； 6. 复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的形容词及其他词类，如： 1) She died a heroic death.2) They didnt promise him anything definite.3) How many do you want? We need two.4) Pay attention to uniting and working with comrades who differ with you.5) Learn to play the piano.6) Ill get it stamped.7) Did you write down what she said? 8) He gave me a new pencil.9) He gave a new pencil to me.4、表语：它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征的，如 That sounds a good idea中的a good idea. 表语可以用以下这些表示：1. 名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 形容词； 5. 分词；6. 动名词；7. 不定式；8. 副词；9. 介词短语； 10. 词组；11. 从句。如：1) The masses are the real heroes.2) Thats something we have always to keep in mind.3) She was the first to learn about it.4) Time is pressing. Lets hurry up.5) All I could do was sending him a telegram.6) We must be off now.7) My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.5、定语：它是限定名词或代词用的，定语可以用以下这些表示：名词、形容词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词和定语从句，若是词则多作前置定语，若是短语或定语从句则只能作后置定语。如the polluted river中的polluted和the river polluted by chemicals中的polluted by chemicals.1) His words moved everyone present.2) We belong to the third world.3) We must live up to the Partys expectations.4) This is indeed a most pressing problem.5) There are two things to be discussed today.6) He is a man of good temper.7) I saw a bird which was eating a worm in the tree.6、状语：它是修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句用的。如I like it very much中的very 修饰much,而much 又修饰like。状语可以用以下这些表示：副词（短语）、介词短语、不定式、分词（短语）、名词短语和状语从句。状语说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。其位置多位于句首或句尾，但表频率或程度的副词应位于句中be动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实义动词之前。地点和时间应按先小后大的顺序。1) They were greatly touched to hear the old mans story. 2) They did everything they could to save the boys life. 3) I said it in fun. 4) They all rushed over, eager to help. 5) They returned tired and hungry. 6) He came up shouldering a spade. 7) We completed the work five days ahead of time. (词组)8) Seeing this, some students became very worried. (分词)9) He entered the room, his nose red with cold. (复合结构) 7、补足语：补充说明句中的主语或者宾语的，作补足语的有：名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式和分词（短语）。如I find it interesting中的interesting.8、同位语：把一个名词（短语）、代词或从句放在另一名词或代词后，用以说明前者的性质或情况，这样的名词或代词叫同位语。如We Chinese people love peace中的Chinese people是主语We的同位语. 三、句子的分类观察下面四组句子，说出它们的类型。1. a. He usually does his homework in the evening.b. Tom is writing a letter to his boyfriend.2. a. Do you like playing football on the playground?b. What were you doing when your teacher came in?3. a. Be careful when crossing the road.b. Dont let your daughter go out alone in the evening.4. a. What a beautiful girl she is!b. How fast the man runs!陈述句句子（按功能分）疑问句祈使句感叹句一般疑问句特殊疑问句选择疑问句反义疑问句观察下面三组句子，分析句子结构。1The man rose from his chair, put on his coat and went out.Both Tom and Jack like country music.2Mr Smith is kind to his students and his students like him very much.You should work hard or you will fail in you exam.3I dont know if he will accept the gift.He told me that the book was interesting句子（按结构分）并列句复合句简单句就是由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）即一套句子主谓结构含有两个或更多的相互并列的主谓结构的句子叫做并列句，各分句靠连词和逗号、分号来连接，其基本结构为：分句+并列连词+分句。复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，主句为句子的主体，从句不能独立，只能做句子的一个成分。简单句四、简单句的五大基本结构 1. 主语+谓语（不及物动词）例如: A fire broke out last night. He works hard.注意：有些动词可用作及物和不及物动词，用作不及物动词时与副词连用，表达主语的特性，常带有被动色彩。 例如：Her new book sells well.她的新书和畅销 Protein digests slowly. 蛋白质消化的很慢 Your new pen writes smoothly.你的新钢笔书写很流畅2. 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语例如：I like music very much. He eats two eggs every morning.3. 主语+系动词+表语例如： The book is interesting. The man is a driver.注意1)常用于表达处于某种状态的系动词有be seem look appear feel sound smell taste等。 例如：He looks pale and he must fall ill. -Lets play football. -Sounds great. 2)常用于表达“变得”“被证明”的系动词有become get turn grow provecome等。 例如: It got colder when night came. His dream came true. Her story proved true. 3)指认肉体或精神上由强变弱或指事物由好变坏事常用go. 如:go bald/deaf/mad 例如：The meat went bad. The radio has gong wrong. 4)go和 turn 还可用于指人或物颜色的变化。 例如：He turned /went blue with cold.他冻得脸色发青了。 5）turn后可以加年龄或时间，表示达到或超过某个时间或年龄。 例如：He turned 50 last Sunday. Its turned midnight. 注：turn 还可指变成“什么样的人”这时候，做表语的名词前一定不加冠词。 例如: Her parents want her to turn doctor = Her parents want her to become a doctor. 6)常用keep remain stay continue 表示“保持”某种状态。 例如：Tom kept silent about the accident so as not to lose his job. George remained a farmer while his brother went to the city. The corner shop stays open until 11:30 in summer.4. 主语+谓语（双宾动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语 双宾语中指人的称为“间接宾语”指物的称为“直接宾语” 1)以send show pass 为代表的动词可将间接宾语改为to 引导的短语。例如：She gave me her telephone number.= She gave her telephone number to me. Linda showed me her new gift.= Linda showed her new gift to me.2)以buy sing为代表的动词可将间接宾语改为由for引导的短语例如： Mother bought me a new pair of shoes. = Mother bought a new pair of shoes for me. He cooked us