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盐城电大毕业设计说明书 2006双筋蹄组合机床的夹具设计摘 要：夹具主要依据零件的加工要求来设计的。夹具应满足零件加工工序的精度要求、加工生产率要求，并保证操作方便、安全及使用寿命和较低的夹具制造成本。本课题加工的零件是焊接件，总体呈拱形，两端分别有直径为20mm和30mm的孔，拱形的外缘有一高为100mm的肋板。零件的加工精度要求较低。 根据六点定位原理和定位基准的选择原则，采用长V型块，支承块和定位挡铁定位。长V型块置于拱形肋板后限制x轴的两自由度和z轴的两自由度，挡铁置于孔端限制绕y轴旋转的自由度，支承块置于肋板下方限制沿y轴移动的自由度。依据相关原理计算定位误差。根据夹紧方式的选择原则选择夹紧元件为压板压头和V型块，然后通过切削力进行夹紧力的计算。夹紧的动力装置选用液压装置。按照定位元件和夹紧元件设计连接件。因为刀杆较短，所以在本课题中导向元件设计就不作要求。然后进行其它元件和装置的设计。根据以上元件和装置确定夹具总体布局和夹具体的结构形式，并处理好定位元件在夹具体上的位置。绘制夹具方案设计，进行工序精度分析。对以上设计进行审核。最后设计夹具总装配图。 关键词：夹具; 定位; 夹紧; 组合机床。The design of the jig of double rebars and feet of modular machineAbstract: The jig design is based on the request of parts working . the jig should satisfy the request of mading procedure precision , the processing productivity, and guarantee ease of operation, security ,service life and low production cost. This parts are the weldment in this task, the whole parts with two holes lying in head and foot whose the diameter respectively are 20mm and the 30mm assume the arch, the arch outflow boundary has a ribbed plate whose height is the 100mm. The parts processing precision is low. According to six localizations principles and selection principle of the localization datum, using the long V block, the supporting block and the localization comes true the hard localization. The long V block putted in the arch ribbed plate to limit two degrees of freedom in x axis and the z axes two degrees of freedom, the iron putted in the hole end limit to the degree of freedom which circle the y rotation of axis, the supporting block putted under the ribbed plate to limit degree of freedom along the y axis migration. position error is reckoned by the correlation principle . According to the way of the selection principle , discharge head and V block is selected to clamp the part .Then Computation of the strength is achieved by carrying on through the cutting force clamps . The power of clamps is from the hydraulic unit. Design of bridge piece is according to the location part and the clamp part. The guide part designing in this topic is not requested because the cutter bar is short. Other parts and equipment is designed following last process. The jig overall arrargement and concrete structure of the body clamp is determined with the above part and the equipment. The position of the components in the kits specific location must be guaranteed ,and then design the jig , carry on the working procedure precision analysis. The design review is following. Finally the jig assembly drawing is achieved. Keywords: jig ; location; clamp; modular machine tool. 毕业设计任务书课题：双筋蹄镗铰组合机床夹具设计专 业 学 生 姓 名 班 级 学 号 指 导 教 师 发 放 日 期 一、设计内容课题来源于江苏高精机床有限公司。对双筋蹄零件镗铰孔加工组合机床夹具设计。要求保证孔的尺寸精度和孔的粗糙度要求，设计一副两件双面加工镗铰夹具，要求定位合理，装夹可靠、方便。二、设计依据双筋蹄镗铰机床夹具设计，需要解决的问题主要有：限制零件的自由度，确保定位可靠，保证零件的定位精度；设计动力驱动系统的夹紧机构，确定构件的结构合理、装卸方便，能有效地提高生产效率。并对夹紧装置进行刚度校核等。三、技术要求1、应能满足加工要求，保证加工精度；2、机床应运转平稳，工作可靠，结构简单； 3、装卸方便，便于维修、调整；4、尽量使用通用件，以便降低制造成本；四、毕业设计物化成果的具体内容及要求1、设计说明书1份，达1万字以上，且要符合规范要求；2、设计图样全部用AutoCAD绘制，总的绘图量达3张A0以上；手工绘图一张；3、具体设计的图样有：机床夹具装配总图、夹具体图以及主要零件图；4、有关计算、校核。五、毕业设计进度计划起讫日期工作内容备 注布置任务下达任务书调查研究，收集资料，熟悉课题,毕业实习总体设计，方案论证部件、零件设计阶段编写说明书毕业设计预答辩修改整理复查材料评阅毕业答辩材料整理装袋六、主要参考文献：1 大连组合机床研究所.组合机床设计第一册M北京：机械工业出版社，19752 金振华.组合机床及其调整与使用M北京：机械工业出版社，19903 徐英南.组合机床及其自动线的使用与调整M北京：劳动人事出版社，19874 大连组合机床研究所.机械工程手册第62篇M北京：机械工业出版社，19805 孟少农.机械加工工艺手册第3卷M北京：机械工业出版社，19926 范国清.组合机床通用部件专辑M大连：大连组合机床研究所7 沈阳工学院.组合机床设计M上海：上海科技出版社,19858 大连组合机床研究所.组合机床M1980年1986年组合机床与自动化加工技术198719929 黄鹤汀.金属切削机床设计M上海：上海科技文献出版社，198610 顾维邦.金属切削机床（下册）M北京：机械工业出版社，198411 李天无.简明机械工程师手册（上册）M昆明：云南科技出版社，198812 李铁尧.金属切削机床M北京：机械工业出版社，199013 黄少昌.计算机辅助机械设计技术基础M清华大学出版社，198814 王隆太.基于PC微机对多轴箱辅助设计系统BOXCAD的开发研究M机床199015 李元奇.计算机辅助设计多孔钻主轴箱M机械工业自动化1983（4）16 姚永明.非标准设备设计M上海：上海交通大学出版社，1999七、其他4附录附录1英文原文Combine tool machine a slippery pedestal the research of the dynamic state characteristic【Summary】this text make use of power key to match diagram and appearance space analyticalthe method hurtle and exercise a steady sex problem to carry on analysis and study towards combining tool machine slip pedestal of ex-ly, the liquid which builds up a slippery pedestalpresses to drive system a from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon dynamic statemathematics model of system.Pass a calculator numeral to imitate really, hurtle and exercise notsteady reason and main impact factor before analyzing a slippery pedestal a creation.From in get, if reasonably design a liquid to press an urn with from adjust to carry on the back to press toadjust structure size of press the valve, can make the dynamic state characteristic of slipperypedestal shown a Zhao improvement.One, prefaceCombine a tool machine work in, the varieties which slip a size of sport speed and direction andthe load bear all influence degree differently it work function.Especially in the work enter theprocess.Slippery the on the stage load of suddenly disappear causable of ex- hurtle and load ofthe period variety cause of the sport gravamen be steady, all is processed the surface quality ofpiece the influence, severity hour will cause the knife break.Request according to tool machinefactory in Dalian, the author adopts power key to match diagram and the analytical method establishment of the appearance space to combine the new liquid that the tool machine slips apedestal to press to drive system a from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon dynamic state mathematics model of system.Pass a calculator numeral to imitate really and study.Analytical slippery the pedestal produce ago hurtle and exercise not steady reason and main impact factor, in order to improvement slippery the dynamic state characteristic of pedestal.Two, dynamic state mathematics modelThe liquid which combines tool machine to slip a pedestal presses to drive system a from adjustto carry on the back to press to adjust soon the work principle diagram of system,such as diagram I, to show.That system is the work circulation which uses to complete the work enter a stop a back quickly.When slippery pedestal work enter, 34 change to be placed in diagram to show a right toward the valve, the oil pump of provide hydraulic-pneumatic dint under thefunction which over flows valve look like ground to keep Heng settle, the oils liquid flows through to change toward the valve and adjust soon valve juniors into the oil urn of have no a pole chamber, push slippery the set be left shift;In the meantime, oil urn the pressure oil that if there is pole chamber, eject through from adjust to carry on the back to press valve and change to flow to return to fuel tank toward the valve.In this process, two one-way valves with overflowed to flow valve and always dont change original work appearance.Object that system so of complications not line system, for the sake of easy to study its dynamic state characteristic, build up a reasonable simple dynamic state mathematics model which only emphasizes to consider main impact factor is particularly important12.Know from the theories the analysis with experiment the research:That system of process time be soon that the process which is far larger than to adjust valve is soonhorary, oil urn have no the pole chamber effectively accepts to press area very greatly, adjust soon valve export discharge of super adjust a reflection in a moment is slippery pedestal sport speed of the variety be pimping2.For openning widely and going deep into dynamic state characteristic of study the system, make research work can on the microcomputer availably carry on, this text to original model2 do further simplification, on thesupposition that adjust soon the valve outputs in the whole transition process of system Hengsettle of discharge, treat it as to flow a source.So, the structure sketch plan of the dynamic state model of system such as figure 2 show, it from oil urn, slippery set, carry on the back to press valve and unite connectors roads etc. to constitute from the Diao.This text in use of sign asfollows:S 1-flow a source, then adjust soon valve export discharge; Sel-the slippery set glide frictionSel-the slippery set glide frictionC5, C6-the etc. effect liquid of tube road permit:R5, R7-take care of an etc. of road effect liquid Zu;V3, the V4-oil urn has no pole chamber and has a pole chamber the contents to accumulate;P3, the pressure which have no pole chamber and have a pole chamber of the P4-oil urnF-the slippery set bear a load,V-slip a pedestal sport speed.The this literary grace hard working rate key matches diagram and appearance space to fold a method establishment sport mathematics model of the system for cent.Power keys matching diagram is an effect to flow diagram, it is the energy which presses system to deliver a way, take actual structure as foundation, the function which uses concentration parameter the of sub- system relates to an abstract earths surface to show for the Zu a dollar Rand permits sex dollar C and sensitive faculty dollar I of three kinds of function dollar.Adopt thiskind of method sets up a mold physical concept clear, combine the appearance space analysis method can compare to accurately describe with analysis line system, that method is in the hour the area study complications the line system dynamic state characteristic not of a kind of valid of method.According to from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon the main characteristic ofeach component of system and set up mold rule1, get figure 3 show of the power key of system match diagram.Each half arrowhead on the key in diagram means that the power fly to, 2 which constitute power change the quantity be a dint to change to measure(hydraulic-pneumatic P or function dint F) and flow to change to measure(discharge q or speed v).O crunode means in the system to belong to merge a conjunction, each dint of key changes to measure equality but flows to change to measure it with is zero;1 crunodes mean in the system to belong to establish a conjunction, each key is upper-class to change to measure equality but dint to change to measure it with is zero.TF means a different energy form the transformation machine of, the TF bottom mark of the letter of alphabet mean that the dint changes to measure or flows to change to measure of conversion specific value.The short and horizontal Gang of key means that key ascend two change the cause and effect between quantities relate to.The whole arrowheadses mean a control relation.Permit the dint of sex dollar and sensitive faculty dollar to change to measure in three kinds of function dollar and flow to change to measure it have integral calculus or differential calculus relation, therefore, according to figure 3 can deduce to submit to havenine complications that the appearances change to measure not the line appearance square distance.This text to slippery pedestal the research of the dynamic state characteristic from slippery pedestal of ex- hurtle and exercise steady sex both side to commence, use four ranks certainly tread long Runge-Kutta method at IBM-PC microcomputer up carry on numeral to imitate really, imitate a true result to distinguish such as figure 4 with figure 5 show. Three, slip to hurtle before the pedestal Slippery before the pedestal hurtle phenomenon is what function at slip the load of on the stage suddenly disappeared( if drilled to deeply work circumstance) cause.In this process, the variety which slips two chamber pressure P3s and P4 of the load F, sport speed V, oil urn of pedestal can from the figure 4 imitate true result see.When the slippery pedestal evenly and soon exercises under the function of the load, the oil urn has no pole chamber oil liquid pressure higher.It came together a great deal of energy in the oil liquid.While loading to suddenly disappear, that chamber is hydraulic-pneumatic to immediately and quickly lower, the oil liquid turns into the process of low-pressure Tai toward system to release a lot of energies from the high pressure Tai and cause slippery pedestal the high speed pounds at forward.However, slip a pedestal of ex- hurtle to make an oil urn to have a pole chamber the oil liquid is press to cause to carry on the back to press to go up, thus the depletion drop one part of energies in the system, to slippery pedestal of front blunt certainly repress a function.Should see, in the system study, from adjust to carry on the back entrance pressure of press the valve and be subjected to an oil urn two chambers hydraulic-pneumatic comprehensive function.BE load a disappeared moment, from adjust to carry on the back the pressure of press the valve quickly rises, and stabilize the number which starts to carry on the back to press at the beginning in the Gao up.From the diagram it is thus clear that, from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon the system is in a twinkling load to disappear oil urn carry the range that the pressure go up on oil urns back big in traditionally adjust soon system, so, its oil urn energy which have the oil liquid in the pole chamber absorption many;Result, slip a pedestal of ex- blunt the quantity adjusts system to soon want than the tradition small be close to 20%.It is thus clear that adoption from adjust to carry on the back a Chuang to adjust soon system conduct and actions to drive the slippery pedestal of system to have good characteristic in the aspects of hurtling before repress, among them from adjust to carry on the back to press valve to have very your work to use. Four, slip the exercise of pedestal steady While regarding as a load period of used for the slippery on the stage variety(if the Xian pares to process a circumstance), the sport speed which slips a pedestal wants to produce certain。motion.In order to process the request of quality at assurance, have to possibly let up its speed motion scope.Set out from the convenience discussed a problem, suppose a load by the sine wave regulation variety, get thus of numeral imitate a true result such as figure 5 show.Be showed from this that system and traditionally adjust soon system to have same variety regulation with very close of number.The reason is that the variety range of load isnt big, oil urn two chamber pressures also more and greatly didnt change, end cause from adjust to carry on the back a function of press the valve not enough obvious.Five, improve measureStudy result enunciation, with from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon system for drive the slippery set of system, its dynamic state characteristic surpasses to traditionally adjustsoon system.Want to reduce the ex- blunt quantity of slippery pedestal, must be load the disappeared moment quickly raises an oil urn have a pole chamber of carry on the back pressure;Want to raise the exercise of slippery pedestal steady to need to increase system of rigid, the main measure lies in the physical volume which lets up an oil liquid.Know from the structure of the system, the oil urn has a pole chamber to have with the row pipeline one very big capacity and show such as the figure 6 as.It of the existence delay with Shuai reduce from adjust to carry on the back a function of press the valve, also lowered system on the other hand of rigid, it limitted to hurtle characteristic and exercise the further improvement of steady ago.Therefore, the improvement slippery pedestal dynamic state characteristic can carry on from two paths:Namely change an oil urn capacity and change from adjust to carry on the back to pressvalve structure size.The comparison passed one true calculation and result of the imitate of parameter of the system structure can get:When oil urn have pole chamber and row pipeline thecapacity V4 together has no pole chamber with enter pipeline the capacity V3 of ratio from original of 5.5 change to 1, such as the figure 6 bs show, in the meantime, from adjust to carry on the back to press the valve valve Xin bottom to carry diameter is increase by the original 10 mms for the 13 mms, damping triangle slot side long let up a 0.7 mms from the original lmm, canmake slippery pedestal of ex- hurtle quantity to let up 30%, transfer the process obviouslyshortens for time and slip the exercise of pedestal steady to get to very greatly improve.Six, conclusionImitate a true research through theories analysis and calculator, from adjust to carry on the back to press to adjust soon system Be combine a drive of the tool machine slippery pedestal system to have much of expansion use value.The main factor which influences a slippery pedestal dynamic state characteristic is oil urn internal structure with from adjust to carry on the back topress valve of size.If as to its carry on a reasonable design, the dynamic state characteristic canmake to slip a pedestal is shown Zhao ground an improvement.Also explained adoption power in make to slip a pedestal is shown Zhao ground an improvement.Also explained adoption power incomplications not line is convenience valid of.In 1946 the first electronic accounting machine was born in the world, thisindicated the humanity created has been possible to strengthen and partially toreplace the mental labor the tool. It with the humanity these which in the agriculture, the industry society created only is strengthens the physical labor the tool to compare, got up the quantitive leap, entered the information society for the humanity to lay the foundation.After 6 years, in 1952, computer technology applied to the engine bed , the first numerical control engine bed were born in US. From this time on, thetraditional enginebed hashad the archery target change. Since nearly half century, the numerical control system has experienced two stages and six generation of development.The early computer operating speed is low, was not big to then science computation and the data processing influence, but could not adapt the engine bed real-time control request. The people can not but use numeral logic circuit to build to become an engine bed special purpose computer to take the numerical control system, is called the hardware connection numerical control (HARD-WIREDNC), Jian Chengwei numerical control (NC). Along with the primary devicedevelopment, this stage has had been through repeatedly three generations, namely 1952first generation of - electron tube; 1959second generation of - transistor; 1965 third generation - small scale integration electric circuit. In 1970, the general minicomputer already appeared and the mass production. Thereupon transplants it takes the numerical control system the core part, from this time on entered the computer numerical control (CNC)the stage (which shouldhave computer in front of the general two characters to abbreviate). In 1971, American INTEL Corporation in the world first time the computer two most cores part - logic units and the controller, used the large scale integrated circuit technology integration on together the chip, called it the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR),alsomightbe called the centralprocessing element (tobe calledCPU).The microprocessor is applied to 1974 in the numerical control system. This is because minicomputer function too strong, controlled an engine bed ability to have wealthily (therefore once uses in controlling the multi- Taiwan engine bed at that time, called it group control), was inferior to used the microprocessor economy to be reasonable. Moreover then small machine reliability was not ideal. The early microprocessor speed and the function although insufficiently are alsohigh, but may solve through the multi-processor structure. Because the microprocessor is the general-purpose calculator core part, therefore still was called the computer numerical control.In 1990, PC machine (personal computer, domestic custom had called microcomputer) the performance has developed to the very high stage, may satisfiedly take the numerical control system core part the request. The numerical control system henceforth entered based on the PC stage.In brief, the computer numerical control stage has also experienced three generations. Namely 1970fourth generation of - minicomputer; 1974five dynasties- microprocessor and 1990sixth generation - (overseaswascalledPC-BASED) based on PC.onto this path. Uses PC machine to take at least its front end machine, processes the man-machine contact surface, the programming, the association.Question and so on net correspondence, undertakes the numerical control duty by the original system. PC machine has the friendly man-machine contact surface, will popularize to all numerical controls system. The long-distancecommunication, the long-distance diagnosis and the service will be more common.Along with the artificial intelligence in the computer domain unceasing seepage and the development, the numerical control system intellectualized degree unceasingly will enhance.applies the adaptive control technologyThe numerical controlsystem can examine in theprocess some important information, and the automatic control system related parameter, achieves the improvement system running status the roduces the expert system instruction processingThe skilled worker and experts experience, the processing general rule and the special rule store in the system, take the craft parameter database as the strut, the establishment has the artificial intelligence the expert roduces the breakdown to diagnose the expert systemintellectualized numeral servo driveMay through the automatic diagnosis load, but the automatic control parameter, causes the actuation system to obtain the best movement. Second, engine bed numerical control transformation necessityFrom on microscopic looked below that, the numerical control engine bed has the prominent superiority compared to the traditional engine bed, moreover these superiority come from the computer might which the numerical control system contains. may process the traditional engine bed cannot process the curve, the curvedsurface and so on the complex components.Because the computer has the excellent operation ability, may the instant accurately calculate each coordinate axis instant to be supposed the movement physiological load of exercise, therefore may turn round the synthesis complex curve or the curved surface.may realize the processing automation, moreover is the flexible automation, thus the efficiency may enhance 3 7 times compared to the traditional engine bed.Because the computer has the memory and the memory property, may the procedure which inputs remember and save, then the order which stipulated according to the procedure automatic carries out, thus realization automation. The numerical control engine bed so long as replaces a procedure, may realize another work piece processing automation, thus causes the single unit and the small batch of production can automate, therefore is called has realized flexible automation.From on macroscopic looked that, the industry developed country armed forces, the airplane weapon industry, in the end of the 70s, at the beginning of the 80s started the large-scale application numerical control engine bed. Its essence is, uses the information technology to the traditional industry (includingthe armed forces, airplane weapon industry) carries on the technological transformations. Except that uses outside the numerical control engine bed, FMC, FMS in themanufacture process, but also includes in the product development carries out CAD, CAE, CAM, the hypothesized manufacture aswell as carries out MIS in the production management (management information system), CIMS and so on. As well as increases the information technology in its production product, including artificial intelligence and so on content. Because uses the information technology to the country foreign troops, the airplane weapon industry carries on the thorough transformation (tocall it becoming an information based society), finally causes them the product in the internationalmilitary goods and in the goods for civilian use market the competitive power greatly is the enhancement. But we in the information technology transformation tradition industry aspect compared to the developed country to fall behind approximately for 20 years. Like in our country engine bed capacity, numerical control engine bed proportion (numerical control rate) to 1995 only then 1.9%, but Japan has reached 20.8% in 1994, therefore every year has the massive mechanical and electrical products import. This also on from on macroscopic explained the engine bed numerical control transformation necessity.In US, Japan and Germany and so on the developed country, their engine bed transforms took the new economical growth profession, thrives abundantly, is occupying the golden age. As a result of the engine bed as well as the technicalunceasing progress, the engine bed transformation is the eternal topic. Our unceasing progress, the engine bed transformation is the eternal topic. Our unceasing progress, the engine bed transformation is the eternal topic. Our Germany,have the broad market with the numerical control technological transformations engine bed and the production line, has formed the engine bed and the production line numerical control transformation new profession. In US, the engine bed transformation industry is called the engine bed regeneration (Remanufacturing)industry. Isengaged inthe regeneration industryfamous company to include: The Bertsche engineering firm, the ayton engine bed company, Devlieg-Bullavd (arevaluable) serves the group, the US equipment company and soon. The American valuable company has set up the company in China. In Japan, theengine bed transformation industry is called the engine bed to reequip (Retrofitting) industry. Is engaged in the reequipment industry famous company to include: Big indentation project group, hillock three mechanical companies, thousand substitute fields labor machine company, wild engineering firm, shore field engineering firm, mountain this engineering firm and so on.The engine bed and the production line numerical control transformation maincontent has following several points:First is extensively recovers the function, to the engine bed, the production line has the breakdown partially to carry on the diagnosis and the restoration;Second is NC, the addend reveals the installment on the ordinary engine bed, or adds the numerical control system, transforms the NC engine bed, the CNC engine bed;Third is renovates, for increases the precision, the efficiency and theautomaticity, to the machinery, the electricity partially carries on renovates, reassembles the processing to themachine part, extensively recovers the precision; reassembles the processing to themachine part, extensively recovers the precision; by newest CNC;Fourth is the technology renews or the technical innovation, for enhances the performance or the scale, or in order to use the new craft, the new technology, carries on the big scale in the original foundation the technology to renew or the technical innovation, the great scope raises the level and the scale renewal transformation.The new electrical system transforms after, how carries on the debugging as well as the determination reasonable approval standard, also is the technology preparatory work important link. The debugging work involves the machinery, the hydraulic pressure, the electricity, the control, and so on, thereforemust carry on by the project person incharge, other personnel coordinate. The debugging stepmay conform to simplicity tonumerous, from infancyto maturity, carries on from outside to in, after also may the partial overall situation.中文翻译组合机床滑台动态特性的研究【摘要】本 利用功率键合图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的前冲和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真，分析了滑台产生前冲和运动不平稳的原 及主要影响 素。从中得出，如果合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸，可以使滑台的动态特性得到显著改善。1引言组合机床工作中，滑台运动速度的大小和方向以及所承受负载的变化都将程度不同地影响其工作性能。特别是在工进过程中。滑台上负载的突然消失引起的前冲以及负载的周期变化引起的运动不平稳，都将影响被加工件的表面质量，严重时会致使刀具折断。根据大连机床厂要求，作者采用功率键合图和状态空间分析法建立组合机床滑台的新型液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真和研究。分析滑台产生前冲和运动不平稳的原 以及主要的影响，以便改善滑台的动态特性。2动态数学模型组合机床滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的工作原理图如图I所示。该系统是用来完成工进一停止一快退”的工作循环。当滑台工进时，三位四通换向阀处于图示右位，油泵的供油压力在滥流阀的作用下近似地保持恒定，该油液流经换向阀和调速阀后进入油缸的无杆腔，推动滑台左移；同时，油缸有杆腔排出的压力油经自调背压阀和换向阀流回油箱。在此过程中，两个单向阀和溢流阀始终没有改变原有的工作状态。对象该系统这样的复杂非线性系统，为了便于研究其动态特性，建立一个仅着重考虑主要影响因素的合理简单的动态数学模型是尤其重要的12。从理论分析和试验研究中得知：该系统的过程时间是远大于调速阀的过程时间的，油缸无杆腔有效承压面积很大，调速阀出口流量的瞬时超调反映为滑台运动速度的变化是很小的2。为了拓宽和深入研究系统的动态特性，使研究工作能在微型计算机上有效地进行，本 对原模型2做进一步简化，假定调速阀在系统的整个过渡过程中输出恒定的流量，视其为流源。这样，系统的动态模型的结构简图如图2 所示，它是由油缸、滑台，自凋背压阀和联接管路等组成。本论文中所使用的符号：s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量；Sel滑台滑动摩擦力R 一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数I1滑台与油缸的质量12自调背压阀阀心质量C1、c2油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容C2自调背压阀弹簧柔度R1, R2 自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻，R9自调背压阀阀口液阻Se2自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力；I4, I5管路的等效液感C5、C6管路的等效液容：R5, R7-管路的等效液阻；V3, V4油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积；P3, P4油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力F滑台承受负载，滑台前冲现象是作用在滑台上的负载突然消失（如钻透工作情况)引起的。在此过程中，滑台的负载F、运动速度V、油缸两腔压力P3 和P4 的变化可从图4 仿真结果看出。当滑台在负载的作用下匀速运动时，油缸无杆腔油液压力较高油液中聚集了大量的能量。当负载突然消失时，该腔油压随之迅速降低，油液从高压态转入低压态的过程中向系统释放很多能量，致使滑台高速向前冲击。然而，滑台的前冲使油缸有杆腔油液受压引起背压升高，从而消耗掉系统中的一部分能量，对滑台的前冲起一定的抑制作用。应当看到，在所研究的系统中，自调背压阀的入口压力要受到油缸两腔油压的综合作用。在负载消失的瞬间，自调背压阀的压力迅速上升，并稳定在高于初始背压的数值上。从图中可见，自调背压调速系统在负载消失瞬间油缸背压力升高的幅度大于传统的调速系统，所以，其油缸有杆腔中油液吸收的能量 多；结果，滑台的前冲量比传统调速系统要小近20%。可见采用自调背庄调速系统作为驱动系统的滑台在抑制前冲方面具有良好的特性，其中自调背压阀起了很大作用。四.滑台的运动平稳性当作用于滑台上的负载周期变化时（如铣削加工情况），滑台的运动速度要产生一定的波动。为于保 加工质量的要求，必须尽可能地减小其速度波动范围。从讨论问题的方便出发，假设负载按正弦波规律变化，从而得到的数字仿真结果如图5所示。由此可见该系统与传统的调速系统有着相同的变化规律和非常接近的数值。原 是负载的变化幅度不大，油缸两腔压力也 没有较大变化，最终导致自调背压阀的作用不够明显。五、改善措施研究结果表明，以自调背压调速系统为驱动系统的滑台，其动态特性优于传统的调速系统。要减少滑台的前冲量， 必需在负载消失的瞬间迅速提高油缸有杆腔的背压力；要提高滑台的运动平稳性 需增加系统的刚性，主要措施在于减小油