高中英语 Unit 2 English around the world期末知识梳理 新人教版必修1.doc

人教新课标版高一必修一unit 2 english around the world期末知识梳理一、训练导入i.考纲单词写出下列考纲词汇的词性和汉义(如果不止一个词性学生自行增补词性及相应汉义)1.official ( )2. base( )3. gradually( )4. fluently( )5. frequent( )6. command( )7. expression( )8. recognize( )9. contain( )10. direct( ) 11. native( )12. block( )13. identity( )14. direction( )15. actually( )ii.核心短语1. _ of 由于，因为2. at _ 现在，目前3. such _ 例如4. more _ 不仅仅是， 不只是5. communicate _ sb. 与交流/交际6. the _ of 的数量7. _ it or not 信不信由你8. come _ 走进，上来9. make _ of 利用，使用10. play a _ in 扮演一个角色，参与11. leave _ 动身去某地12. _ space 在太空13. hold _ 稍候， 别挂断14. turn _ 关掉15. _ sea 乘轮船16. feel _ 感到高兴17. _ the corner 即将来临18. take note _ 注意19. build _ 增强20. make _ 有意义二、知识精讲i.重点词汇 1. present n. 礼物adj. 在场的；目前的vt. 赠送 典例 1). the mountain bike is a birthday present from my parents.这辆山地自行车是父母给我的生日礼物。2). i am afraid i cant help you at present. 恐怕现在我没法帮助你。3). were you present when the decision was announced? 宣布那项决定时你在场吗？4). in the present case, i advise you to wait. 按照目前的情况，我建议你等等。5). may i present my new assistant to you? 请允许我向你介绍我的新助手。重点用法make sb. a present of sth.将某物赠送给某人at present/ at the present time目前be present at出席present-day attitudes/fashion现在的态度/流行款式present sb.with sth = present sth. to sb.把某物送给某人2. command n.& v. 命令；指令；掌握 典例 1). the officer commanded his soldiers to fire. 那名军官命令士兵们开火。重点用法 command sb. to do sth 命令某人做某事be under the command of 由指挥,由控制be in command of 控制be at ones command 听任某人支配have / take command of 指挥特别提醒 command后接that从句时要用虚拟语气3. request n.& v. 请求；要求典例 1). your requests will be granted. 你的请求能够获准。. 2). i requested him to help. 我请求他帮忙。重点用法at sbs request/at the request of sb应某人之请求 by request (of sb) 应（某人的）请求; 经（某人之）要求: on request 一经要求: request sth (from/of sb)要求, （尤指）请求某人做某事: 4. recognize vt. 辨认出；承认；公认典例 1). i recognized her by her red hat. 我根据她的红色帽子认出了她。2). everyone recognized him to be the lawful heir/as the lawful heir. 大家都承认他为合法继承人。重点用法recognizeby sth 认出或识别某人/某事物 recognizeas sth 承认某人/某事物是recognizeto be承认是5. straight adj.笔直的；正直的 adv. 直接；挺直典例 1). this is a straight road. 这是一条直路。2). she went straight from school to university. 她中学一毕业就马上进了大学。6. block vt. 堵塞；阻碍n. 街区；木块；石块典例 1). he lives three blocks away from here. 他住的地方与此处相隔三条街. 2). a large crowd blocked the corridors and exits. 人群把走廊和出口都堵死了重点用法a block of 一大块block out 堵住block off 封锁；封闭block up 堵塞；阻碍ii.重点词组 1. present n. 礼物adj. 在场的；目前的vt. 赠送 典例 1). the mountain bike is a birthday present from my parents.这辆山地自行车是父母给我的生日礼物。2). i am afraid i cant help you at present. 恐怕现在我没法帮助你。3). were you present when the decision was announced? 宣布那项决定时你在场吗？4). in the present case, i advise you to wait. 按照目前的情况，我建议你等等。5). may i present my new assistant to you? 请允许我向你介绍我的新助手。重点用法make sb. a present of sth.将某物赠送给某人at present/ at the present time目前be present at出席present-day attitudes/fashion现在的态度/流行款式present sb.with sth = present sth. to sb.把某物送给某人2. command n.& v. 命令；指令；掌握典例 1). the officer commanded his soldiers to fire. 那名军官命令士兵们开火。重点用法 command sb. to do sth 命令某人做某事be under the command of 由指挥,由控制be in command of 控制be at ones command 听任某人支配have / take command of 指挥特别提醒 command后接that从句时要用虚拟语气3. request n.& v. 请求；要求典例 1). your requests will be granted. 你的请求能够获准。. 2). i requested him to help. 我请求他帮忙。重点用法at sbs request/at the request of sb应某人之请求 by request (of sb) 应（某人的）请求; 经（某人之）要求: on request 一经要求: request sth (from/of sb)要求, （尤指）请求某人做某事: 4. recognize vt. 辨认出；承认；公认典例 1). i recognized her by her red hat. 我根据她的红色帽子认出了她。2). everyone recognized him to be the lawful heir/as the lawful heir. 大家都承认他为合法继承人。重点用法 recognizeby sth 认出或识别某人/某事物 recognizeas sth 承认某人/某事物是recognizeto be承认是5. straight adj.笔直的；正直的 adv. 直接；挺直典例 1). this is a straight road. 这是一条直路。2). she went straight from school to university. 她中学一毕业就马上进了大学。6. block vt. 堵塞；阻碍n. 街区；木块；石块典例 1). he lives three blocks away from here. 他住的地方与此处相隔三条街. 2). a large crowd blocked the corridors and exits. 人群把走廊和出口都堵死了重点用法a block of 一大块block out 堵住block off 封锁；封闭block up 堵塞；阻碍iii.重点句型 1. which country do you think has the most english learners?解释do you think/believe/expect/ find/know/suppose 作为插入语,放在特殊疑问词后，其它内容紧跟其后并用陈述语序。 what timedoyouexpect we willcome and pick you up？你希望我们几点来接你？ whatdoyousupposehewilldo after he hears about the good news？你认为他听到那个好消息后会做什么呢？whydoyouthinktheir team could win the football match? 你认为他们队为什么能赢得那场足球赛呢？2. today, more people speak english as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.解释 than ever before 常与比较级连用，意为“比以往任何时候更”。如：the stars were shining brightly in the dark sky, and the night was more beautiful than ever before. 繁星点缀在夜空里，夜晚比以往更美。三、语法突破直接引语和间接引语（二）引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢?1、人称的转变 1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：he said，“iamverysorry.”hesaidthathewasverysorry. 2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：“youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”myfathertoldme.myfathertoldmethatishouldbemorecarefulthenexttime. 3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：shesaidtoherson,“illcheckyourhomeworktonight.”shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight. 4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：heaskedme,“willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?”heaskedmewhetheriwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon.总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。2、时态的转换 直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下： 直接引语 间接引语 直接引语 间接引语 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般过去时 过去完成时 现在进行时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成时 现在完成时 过去完成时 过去进行时 过去进行时 一般将来时 过去将来时例如： “iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid.shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool. tomsaid,“wearelisteningtothepopmusic.”tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic. motherasked,“haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchtv?”motheraskedmewhetherihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeiwatchedtv. heaskedtheconductor,“whereshalligetofftochangetoano.3bus?”heaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoano.3bus. “whydidsherefusetogothere?”theteacherasked.theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere. motheraskedme,“hadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedtv?”motheraskedmewhetherihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeiwatchedtv. tomsaid,“wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.”tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore. hesaid，“ihaventheardfrommyparentsthesedays.”hesaidthathehadntheardfromhisparentsthosedays. 3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：healwayssays,“iamtiredout.”healwayssaysthatheistiredout.2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：hewillsay,“illtrymybesttohelpyou.”hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelpme.3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：hesaid,“iwenttocollegein1994.”hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994.4）当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：hesaid，“wheniwasachild,iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.”hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：ourteachersaidtous,“lighttravelsfasterthansound.”ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：hesaid，“practicemakesperfect.”hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.7）当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时，如：例如：thedoctorsaid,“youdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.”thedoctorsaididbetterdrinkplentyofwater.hesaid,“shemustbeateacher.”hesaidthatshemustbeateacher.hesaid,“sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.theteachersaid,“youneednthandinyourcompositionstoday.”theteachersaidweneednt/didntneedto/didnthavetohandinourcompositions.sheasked,“mustitakethemedicine?”sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedicine.注：此处用hadto代替must更好8）此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday,tomorrow,thisafternoon等均不必改变。如：teacher:youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.student:whatdidtheteachersay,monitor?monitor:hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化1）时间状语：直接引语间接引语直接引语间接引语nowthentomorrowthenext（following）daytodaythatdaynextweekthenext（following）week（month,year）yesterdaythedaybeforetwodaysagotwodaysbeforelastweek（month,year）theweek（month,year）beforethisweekthatweek（month,year）2）指示代词：these变成those3）地点状语：here变成thereshesaid,“iwontcomehereanymore.”shesaidthatshewouldntgothereanymore.4）动词：come变成go，bring变成take5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化1）陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替，注意，可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that，不可直接说toldthat,如：hesaid,“ihavebeentothegreatwall.”hesaidtousthathehadbeentothegreatwall.hesaid,“illgiveyouanexaminationnextmonday.”hetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextmonday.（不可说toldthat）此外主句中的谓语还常有：repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等，又如：hesaid，“imlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.”heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。thedoctorsaid,“youarenotseriouslyill,youwillbebettersoon.”thedoctorsaid（that）iwasnotseriouslyillandthatiwouldbebettersoon.2）直接引语为一般疑问句，（也称是否疑问句，）间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked（me/him/us等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。hesaid,“doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?”heasked（me）whether/ifihadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.hesaid,“youareinterestedinenglish,arentyou?”heaskedwhetheriwasinterestedinenglish.3）直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whetheror表达，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror.如：heasked,“doyouspeakenglishorfrench?”heaskedmewhetherispokeenglishorfrench.iasked,“willyoutakebusortaketrain?”iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.4）直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词，主句的谓语动词用ask（sb.）来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如：heasked，“whatsyourname?”heasked（me）whatmynamewas.heaskedus,“howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?”heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如asksb.todo，（由肯定祈使句变成）asksb.nottodo（由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：hesaid，“beseated,please.”heaskedustobeseated.“dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.”hesaid.hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.“nevercomehereagain!”saidtheofficernearby.theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.“donttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,”theteachersaid.theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission.6）有些含有“建议”、“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest,insist,offer等动词转述，如：hesaid,“letshavearest.”hesuggestedourhavingarest.hesaid,“letmehelpyou.”heofferedtohelpme.7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用asksb.todosth./suggestdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式转述。如：“wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?”heasked.heaskedmetoopenthedoor.“whynotgoingoutforawalk?”heaskedus.headvisedustogooutforawalk.或hesuggestedwegooutforawalk.8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：shesaid,“whatalovelydayitis!”shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.或shesaidthatitwasalovelyday直接引语和间接引语练习2i.请选出正确的答案：1. “youve already got well, havent you?” she asked. she asked _. a. if i have already got well, hadnt you b. whether i had already got well c. have i already got well d. had i already got well.2. he asked, “are you a party member or a league member?” he asked me _.a. am i a party member or a league member b. was i a party member or a league memberc. if i was a party member or a league memberd. whether was i a party member or a league member.3. he asked, “how are you getting along?” he asked _.a. how am i getting along b. how are you getting alongc. how i was getting along d. how was i getting along4. he asked me _ with me.a. what the matter is b. what the mater wasc. whats the matter d. what was the matter5. he said, “dont do that again.” he _me _that again.a. said to me; not to do b. said to me; dont do c. told me; dont do d. told me; not to do6. canyoumakesure_? a.thathewillcomeheretoday b.whenhewillcomeheretoday c.willhecomeheretoday d.whetherwillhecomeheretoday7. doyouhappentoknow_? a.whereisheraddress b.inwhichplaceisheraddress c.whatheraddressis d.theplaceheraddressis8. excuseme,butcanyoutellme_? a.wherecanigettothelibrary b.whereicangettothelibrary c.howcanigettothelibrary d.howicangettothelibrary9. johnaskedme_tovisithisunclesfarmwithhim. a.howwouldilike b.ifornotwouldilike c.whetheriwouldlike d.whichiwouldlike10. idliketoknow_chinese. a.whenhebegantolearn b.whendidhebegintolearn c.whendidhebeginlearning d.forhowlonghebegantolearn ii.将下列句子变为间接引语：1. “youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,”hisfathersaidtohim.2. mr. wangsaid, “iwillleaveforshanghaionbusinessnextmonth,children”3. “ihaventheardfrommyparentsthesedays,”saidmary.4. thegeographyteachersaidtous,“themoonmovesaroundtheearthandtheearthgoesroundthesun.”5. shesaidtohim,“itstimethatyoulefthere.”6. zhanghongsaidtome,“doctorwangpassedawayin1948.”7. johnsaidtohisparents,“ihadlearned500chinesewordsbytheendoflastterm.”8. thehistoryteachersaidtothem,“thechinesecommunistpartywasfoundedonjulyfirst,1921.”9. hesaid,“areyouastudent?”10.“haveyouanythinginterestingicanread,george?”shesaid.11. “shesheretoaskforhelp,isntshe?”heasked.12. “whereareyougoing?”thefatheraskedhisson.13. “areyousorryforwhatyouhavedone?” themotheraskedthenaughtyboy.14. shesaid,“didyoumeetthismanatthestationtwohoursago,mr.li?”15. “writeyournamesonyourpapersfirst,”theteachersaidtous.16. “pleasecomehereagaintomorrow,”herfriendsaidtoher.17. “letmepacktheparcelforyou,”hesaid.18. “dontmakesomuchnoiseinclass,boysandgirls,”saidtheteacher.19. “whatalovelydayitis!”20. “happynewyeartoyou!”hesaid.iii.把下列句子变为直接引语：1. itoldhimthatihadlostmymoneyandthatiwouldfindit.2. sheaskedwhetheriwouldbefreethenextdayornot.3. iaskedherwhereshewasgoingandwhatshewasgoingtodothenextday.4. hisfathertoldhimnottoclimbthathightreeinhisnewcoat.5. thestrangeraskedmewhatmynamewas.6. shesaidthatshewouldfinishherworkthenextday.7. theteacheraskedifwecoulddoit.8. thecommanderorderedhismennottocrosstheriverbeforedawn.9. myteacheraskedwhetherhewascoming.10.thescientistaskedmewhatiwasdoing.答案i.1-5 bccdd6-10acdcaii.1. hisfathertoldhimthatheshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.2. mr.wangtoldthechildrenthathewouldleaveforshanghaionbusinessthenextmonth.3. marysaidthatshehadntheardfromherparentsthosedays.4. thegeographyteachertoldusthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearthandtheearthgoesroundthesun.5. shetoldhimthatitwastimethatheleftthere.6. zhanghongtoldmethatdoctorwangpassedawayin1948.7. johntoldhisparentsthathehadlearned500chinesewordsbytheendoflastterm.8. thehistoryteachertoldthemthatthechinesecommunistpartywasfoundedonjulyfirst,1921.9. heaskedwhetheriwasastudent.10. sheaskedgeorgeifhehadanythinginterestingshecouldread.11. heaskedwhethershewastheretoaskforhelpornot.12. thefatheraskedhissonwherehewasgoing.13. themotheraskedthenaughtyboyifhewassorryforwhathehaddone.14. sheaskedmr.liwhetherhehadmetthatmanatthestationtwohoursbefore.15. theteachertoldustowriteournamesonourpapersfirst.16. herfriendaskedhertogothereagainthenext/followingday.17. heofferedtopackth