浙江省金华市孝顺高级中学高考英语 语法专题复习 非谓语动词与谓语动词的比较研究(1).doc

浙江省金华市孝顺高级中学2013届高考英语 语法专题复习 非谓语动词与谓语动词的比较研究摘要：本文通过对非谓语动词与谓语动词之间的比较与分析，对非谓语动词进行了系统详尽的研究，着重阐明了各非谓语动词之间在语态、时态和语法成分上的区别。关键词：非谓语动词 逻辑主语 语态 时态非谓语动词与谓语动词有着千丝万缕的联系。从形式上讲，谓语动词有四种：以动词do为例，动词原型为do、过去式为did、现在分词为doing和过去分词为done；非谓语动词也有四种：以动词do为例，不定式为to do；现在分词为doing、动名词为doing和过去分词为done。其中，现在分词和动名词现在统称为v-ing。从语态上讲，谓语动词和非谓语动词都有两种，但表现形式不同。以动词do为例，谓语动词是：主动语态do和被动语态be done；非谓语动词是：主动语态，不定式to do，现在分词和动名词doing。被动语态，不定式to be done，现在分词和动名词being done和过去分词done。从时态上讲，谓语动词有16种时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、过去将来完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时、将来完成进行时，而非谓语动词因为最多有四种形式，一般式（不定式、现在分词与动名词和过去分词）、进行式（不定式）、完成式（不定式和现在分词与动名词）、完成进行式（不定式），所以，它们只能代表十种时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。注：因为不定式、现在分词和动名词都没有将来式，所以，就用其一般式代替将来式。从结构上讲，谓语动词没有复合结构和独立主格结构，而非谓语动词却有。请看下面非谓语动词的两个表格。表1：形式和语态形类 语 式别 态一般式完成式进行式完成进行式不定式主动to doto have doneto be doingto have been doing被动to be doneto have been done动名词主动doinghaving done被动being donehaving been done现在分词主动doing(vt.)having donegoing(vi.)having gone被动being donehaving been done过去分词主动gone(vi.)被动done(vt.)注：不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成，不表示被动。如：fallen leaves落叶。表2：结构结类 语 构别 态复合结构疑问词+不定式结构独立主格结构不定式主动for sb. to do sth疑问词+to do sth逻辑主语+to do sth被动for sth. to be done疑问词+to be done逻辑主语+to be done动名词主动ns doing sth被动ns being done现在分词主动逻辑主语+doing sth被动逻辑主语+being done过去分词被动逻辑主语+done从用法上讲，非谓语动词和谓语动词都能跟语法成分，都有自己的主语，都需要主谓一致；都在句中充当一定的语法成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词之间，以及不同的非谓语动词之间有相同点，也有不同点。现分述如下：二、自己的主语谓语动词在语法上有自己的主语，而非谓语动词在逻辑上有自己的主语。1. 非谓语动词作宾语或状语时，句子的主语就是其逻辑主语。例如：i like swimming in the sea during the summer.he forgot to close the window when he left.he ran fast enough to catch the bus.he stood in the dim light, reading.he stood there, frightened at the footprints.the question is very hard to answer.2. 非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，宾语就是其逻辑主语。例如：ask somebody to do somethinghave somebody do somethingget the car runninghave something done（something与done之间具有逻辑上的被动的主谓关系，把它们变成句子后，这种关系会更加清楚：something will be done.）3分词作定语时，它们所修饰的词就是它们的逻辑主语；不定式作定语时，有时它所修饰的词也是它的逻辑主语。例如：who is the man standing =(that is standing) at the door?there was no problem settled (= that was settled) at the meeting.please tell me the subject to be discussed at the next meeting.（the subject will be discussed at the next meeting.）4在for/of sb. to to sth. 结构中，sb.就是不定式的逻辑主语。例如：it was not right for the south to break away from the union.its very kind of you to help me.5在动名词的复合结构sb.s/sb. doing sth.中，sbs和sb就是动名词的逻辑主语。例如：jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried. it made them worried jack (=jacks) suddenly disappearing.（逻辑主语是名词）his coming home is a great event. it is a great event his coming home.（人称代词）his sister helen getting married last week was a great event in the town.（名词词组）i am not surprised at old and young falling in love.（名词词组）today being sunny makes us happy.（时间名词）she is afraid of your ruining yourself.（人称代词）he lives in a house of his own building.（人称代词）in spite of the four telling the same story, i couldnt believe it.（数词）this cannot be said without some getting angry.（不定代词）i am doubtful of this being the best choice.（指示代词）特别提醒：动名词的复合结构作主语时，作逻辑主语的名词和人称代词都必须用所有格，但名词词组和指时间的名词常用主格，如有it作形式主语时，作逻辑主语的名词常用主格，而人称代词仍然用所有格；作及物动词的宾语时，名词常用主格，人称代词用所有格和宾格都可以；作介词宾语时，名词、名词词组、数词、不定代词、指示代词常用主格，人称代词常用所有格特别是后面有own时。6在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词前面的名词或主格代词就是其逻辑主语。例如：spring coming, trees begin to turn green.she having been away, he felt lonely.everything done, he felt relaxed.we planted 500 trees today, the rest to be planted tomorrow.7在with或without的复合结构中，介词宾语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主语。例如：with a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.（2002上海春季，37）8在thank you for doing sth.等句型中，sb.就是动名词doing的逻辑主语。例如：excuse me for coming late.i tried to persuade him out of smoking, but failed.三、主谓一致非谓语动词和谓语动词一样，在人称和数上、在语态或时态上都需要与主语保持一致。1在人称和数上在人称和数上，谓语动词需要与主语保持一致，而非谓语动词作主语时需要与谓语保持一致。即如果主语表示一个整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示两个及以上的个体概念，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：as you can see, the number of cars on roads keeps rising these days.正如你所看到的那样，道路上的车辆这几天不断地在增加。（2006全国，20）respecting the old and caring for the young is our good tradition in china.尊老爱幼是我们中国的良好传统。playing football and listening to music on sundays are my favorite activities.星期天踢足球和听音乐是我最喜欢的（两项）活动。2在语态上在语态上，谓语动词需要与句子的主语保持一致，而非谓语动词需要与自己的逻辑主语保持一致。即如果主语或逻辑主语与谓语或逻辑谓语之间存在主动关系，谓语动词或逻辑谓语动词就用主动语态，存在被动关系，就用被动语态。一句话，语态的确定，谓语动词看与主语的关系，非谓语动词看与逻辑主语的关系。语态上，非谓语动词的“主动式”与谓语动词的“主动语态”同义，若把非谓语动词变成句子、从句、并列句或并列成分，谓语动词就用主动语态。非谓语动词的“被动式”与谓语动词的“被动语态”的意义相同，若把非谓语动词变成从句、并列句或并列成分，谓语动词就用被动语态。例如：he was busy writing a story, only stopping once in a while to smoke a cigarette. 他忙着编故事，偶尔停下来吸支烟。(2008辽宁，27) he was busy writing a story and only stopped once in a while to smoke a cigarette.the children talked so loudly at dinner table that i had to struggle to be heard (=so that i could be heard).孩子们吃饭的时候说话的声音非常大，我不得不极力提高嗓门，以便其他人听清我的话。（2007浙江，20）the soldier walked very slowly as if having been wounded (=as if he had been wounded).那个士兵走得很慢，好像受伤了。i insist on him being punished. i insist that he should be punished.我坚持要求他受惩罚。已经失去了主动意味而具有形容词性的现在分词和已经失去了被动意味而具有形容词性的过去分词与其逻辑主语之间具有“主（系）表”关系。它们对其逻辑主语起到一种“描述”或“说明”作用，描述或说明逻辑主语的“心态、性质或状态”。若把非谓语动词变成句子、从句、并列句或并列成分，谓语动词就用系表结构。例如：the dog frightening, no strangers dare to approach it. as the dog is frightening, no strangers dare to approach it.那条狗很可怕，生人都不敢靠近它。（说明the dog的性质。）surprised and happy (=while he was surprised and happy), tony stood up and accepted the prize.托尼在惊喜当中起身领奖。（2006全国，32，描述tony的心情。）can those seated (=who are seated) at the back of the classroom hear me? (2008福建，33，说明those的状态。)ideally located (= because it is ideally located) for broadway theatres and fifth avenue, the new york park hotel is a favourite with many guests.因为处于方便到达百老汇剧院及第五大道之地，纽约公园酒店成了大量客人的首选之地。 (2008上海，37，说明the new york park hotel的状态。)这类具有形容词性或已经变成了形容词的分词主要来自具有“使人或令人心里或感情发生变化”的动词，另外，还有一些使役动词变来的过去分词。例如：annoying令人略感心烦/恼火的，annoyed略感烦恼/生气的；amusing令人开心的，amused开心的；astonishing令人惊讶的，astonished（感到）惊讶的；confusing令人困惑的，难懂的，confused（感到）困惑的，糊涂的；delighting/pleasing令人高兴的，delighted/pleased（感到）高兴的；disappointing令人失望的，disappointed（感到）失望的；discouraging令人灰心/泄气的，discouraged（感到）泄气的；exciting令人兴奋的，excited（感到）兴奋的；thrilling引人入胜的，令人激动的，thrilled非常激动的，兴奋的；fascinating迷人的，有极大吸引力的，fascinated被迷住的，被吸引住的，极感兴趣的；frightening令人可拍的，frightened（感到）可怕的；frustrating令人沮丧/泄气/不快的，frustrated沮丧/气恼/灰心丧气的；interesting令人感兴趣的，interested感/有兴趣的； moving令人感动的，moved感动的；puzzling令人困惑/迷惑的，puzzled（感到）困惑的，迷惑的；relaxing令人放松的，relaxed（感到）轻松的；shocking令人震惊的，触目惊心的，shocked惊愕的，受震惊的；surprising令人吃惊的，surprised（感到）吃惊的；terrifying极其可怕的，骇人听闻的，terrified非常害怕的，极度惊恐的；tiring令人疲劳的，tired（感到）疲倦的，累的，困倦的；troubling令人苦恼/忧虑的，troubled（感到）苦恼/忧虑/为难/担忧的；upsetting令人心烦意乱/心情不好的，upset心烦/烦恼的；born出生；determined决心的，决定的；hidden 隐藏；located坐落；prepared准备好的；seated坐着的；absorbed in专心致志于；accustomed to/used to习惯于；buried/lost in埋头于，陷入；concerned about/for/ sb./sth.关心，挂念某人/担心，关心，关注某事的；concerned in sth.涉及或与某事相关的； devoted/dedicate to忠诚/献身于；committed to承诺的，献身的；dressed in穿着；employed in忙于；faced with面临；involved in参与，涉及，卷入；等。特别提醒：正像有些谓语动词用主动语态表示被动一样，有些非谓语动词也能用主动语态表示被动。不定式作表语时常用主动语态表示被动的情况。例如：this house is to let.此房出租。（动词let表“出租”之意时，用主动语态。广告中说house to let.)you are to blame.怪你。（动词为blame，用主动语态。）youre not to blame for what happened.出了事不能怪你。a great deal is still/yet to do.还有许多事要做。（不定代词与be still/yet连用，不定式用主动语态。）something remains to do.有些事情有待解决。（不定代词与remain连用，不定式用主动语态。注意：名词或从句与remain连用时，不定式常用被动语态，如：several points remain to be settled.还有几个问题有待解决。/it remains to be seen whether he will pass.他是否能通过考试仍不得而知。）动名词的主动语态表示被动的情况。例如the house needs/wants/requires repairing (=to be repaired).这房屋需要修理了。he deserves praising (=to be praised).他值得表扬。the book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。因为不定式动作的执行者非常明显，所以经常被省略，省略后不会影响理解或造成误解，有时加上去反而显得句子累赘。当省略了for sb.时，不定式用主动语态；省略了by sb.时，不定式用被动语态。例如：do you have anything important (for you) to do today? 你今天有什么这样的事情要做吗？im going to the post office. do you have any letter to be posted (by me), mary?我要去邮局。你有信寄吗，玛丽？the problem is easy (for me/us/you/everyone) to answer.这个问题容易解决。i like getting up very early in summer. the morning air is so good to breathe. (=for me to breathe 2008海南，宁夏，全国，26)已经变成了介词的分词不受逻辑主语的限制，不需要考虑语态和时态问题。例如：seeing that she was going off to sleep, i asked if shed like that little doll on her bed.（2008北京，24）鉴于她要去睡觉，我问她是否喜欢她床上的那个小洋娃娃。given the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.他动了手术，如果要全面恢复健康，可能需要一段时间。（2000春季北京，安徽，17）这些分词式介词或分词式介词短语是：considering考虑到，鉴于；就而论，照来看；supposing如果，假如；given如果有/要；考虑到；由于，鉴于；failing如果没有，如果不在，如果不行的话；wanting没有，缺乏；including包括；excepting/excluding=except除之外；following在之后；concerning/regarding/respecting/touching关于、涉及、就；according to根据；owing to由于，因为；allowing for考虑到；coming to/ speaking of/ talking of谈起，说到； getting back to回到（原来的话题）；judging by/from从判断；leaving on one side抛开不谈；relating to与有关；。还有个别分词式介词与that-clause连用，that可以省略；相当于连词引导的从句。例如：provided (that) there is no opposition, i will act as representative of our class.假如没有反对的话，我将担任本班的代表。这些介词有：considering that (引导条件状语从句，等于taking into account/consideration，还可以说considering who/how等从句)考虑到，鉴于；seeing that (口语中引导原因状语从句，等于since；还可以说seeing as)因为，由于，鉴于；assuming（多引导真实条件句，等于if）如果，假如；supposing that(引导真实条件句和虚拟语气句，等于if/suppose)如果，假如；providing/provided that (多引导真实条件句，说话者要求条件成真，等于 if)只要，如果；granting/granted (引导让步状语从句=even though; even supposing that)即使，就算，纵然。用作插入语的分词和不定式也不受逻辑主语的限制。这些词是：failing that如果不行的话；generally speaking总的说来；frankly speaking坦率地说；roughly speaking粗略地说；honestly speaking诚实地说；personally speaking就个人来说；properly speaking实际上；strictly speaking严格地说；politically speaking从政治方面说；geographically speaking从地理上说；biologically speaking从生物学角度说；technically speaking从技术上说；theoretically speaking从理论上讲；taking all things together/taking all things into consideration全盘考虑；viewing it from this point从这一点来讲；believe it or not信不信由你；to be honest老实说；to be exact精确地说；to be brief简言之；to conclude总之；to sum up概括地说；to tell you the truth实话实说；to cut/make a long story short长话短说；to begin/start with首先；to make matters worse更糟的是；strange to sat说来奇怪；sad to tell说来令人伤心。等。3在时态上在时态上，谓语动词需要与句子的主语保持一致，而非谓语动词需要与自己的逻辑主语保持一致。即，如果主语或逻辑主语与谓语或逻辑谓语之间存在某种时态关系，就用适当的时态。但要注意：非谓语动词不像谓语动词一样，也有16种时态（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、过去将来完成时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、过去将来进行时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时、将来完成进行时、过去将来完成时）。实际上，非谓语动词没有时态，它们最多只有四种形式：一般式（不定式、现在分词与动名词和过去分词）、进行式（不定式）、完成式（不定式和现在分词与动名词）、完成进行式（不定式）。这四种形式代表十种时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。时态的确定，非谓语动词和谓语动词一样，看两个时间点：现在和过去。以现在为基准，指动作或状态的“经常性、一贯性、普遍性、真理性”等，用一般现在时；指动作或状态的“回忆性”，回忆过去发生或存在的事情，用一般过去时；指动作的“现在正在进行性、反复性、不间断性”，用现在进行时；指动作的“过去正在进行性、反复性、不间断性”，用过去进行时；指动作或状态的“完成性”，表示动作或状态在到现在为止已经完成，并有一定的影响，用现在完成时；延续性动词的现在完成时也可以指动作或状态的“未完成性”，表示动作或状态到现在为止尚未完成，还将继续；指动作或状态的“未完成性”或“刚刚完成性”，表示动作或状态在过去某时开始，延续到现在并一直在进行或刚刚完成，用现在完成进行时；指动作或状态的“将来性”，表示动作或状态在现在的将来发生，用一般将来时；以过去某时为基准，指动作或状态的“将来性”，表示动作或状态在那时的将来发生，用过去将来时；指动作或状态的“完成性”，表示动作或状态到那时为止已经完成或在那时之前就已经完成，用过去完成时；指动作或状态的“未完成性”，表示动作或状态到那时为止还未完成，并仍在进行，用过去完成进行时。不同的非谓语动词表示不同的时态意义。如果进行句型转换，谓语动词必须作出相应的时态变化。不定式的一般式一般表示动作的“经常性、一贯性、普遍性、真理性、回忆性、将来性”。若把不定式或不定式短语变成句子、从句、并列句或并列成分，视具体情况确定谓语动词用“一般时态（一般现在时和一般过去时）”或“将来时态（一般将来时和过去将来时）”。另外，如果不定式含有情态意义，从句里要用适当的情态动词。例如：my parents have always made me feel good about myself, even when i was twelve.我的家长总使让我自我感觉良好，甚至在我12岁的时候就这样了。（2007江苏，30。该句说明i always feel good.不定式的一般式指动作的“一贯性”，表示动作从过去到现在一贯如此。）to read without reflecting is like eating without digesting.（=it is a fact that when you read without reflecting, it is like eating without digesting.）学而不思，犹如食而不化。（不定式的一般式指动作的“普遍性”或“真理性”，用于“名言警句”。）to write the report took him a long time.（=the report took him a long time.）写这份报告花了他很长时间。（不定式的一般式指动作的“回忆性”，回忆过去做过的事情。）in order to catch the bus, i got up early this morning.（=i got up early this morning so that i would be able to catch the bus.）为了赶车，我今天起得很早。（不定式的一般式指动作的“将来性”或“后时性”，表示动作在将来即谓语动作之后发生。）with a lot of difficult problems to settle (= as there are a lot of difficult problems for him to settle/as there are a lot of difficult problems that he has to/will have to settle), the newly elected president is having a hard time.有许多问题要解决，新当选的总统日子会不太好过。（2002上海春季，37。不定式的一般式指动作的“将来性”或“后时性”，表示动作在将来即谓语动作之后发生。）特别提醒：正像有些谓语动词常用一般时态代替完成时态一样，口语中有时也用非谓语动词的一般式代替完成式。例如：nice to know/meet (=have known/met) you.认识你很高兴。i feel greatly honored to be welcomed (=to have been welcomed) into their society.（2008北京，32）他们欢迎我进入他们的协会，我感到很荣幸。中心词是the first, the next, the last等序数词，或者中心词被这些词修饰时，常用不定式的一般式代替完成式作定语。因为，说话者意在陈述一种事实，而非强调非谓语动作在谓语动作之前完成。若把不定式变成定语从句，视情况确定从句谓语动词的时态用一般时，或完成时。例如：they were the last guests to arrive (=who arrived) this morning.他们是今天早上第一批到的客人。america is one of the first countries to master (=that have mastered) space technology by now. 到现在为止，美国是最初掌握了空间技术的国家之一。the first mammal to be cloned (=that had been cloned) successfully from an adult cell was dolly the sheep.（牛津高中英语模块五，p.42，line 8）第一个成功由成年动物细胞克隆出来的动物是一只叫多利的羊。be to do sth.表示动作在将来发生时具有以下含义：表示主语按计划、安排（一般是受人安排）将要做某事，这种事情一般不会改变。例如：the prime minister is to visit the united states next sunday.首相将在下星期天访问美国。was/were to do sth.一是表示主语在当时按计划或安排要做某事，而且从现在看来已经实现了；二是用来回忆在过去某时之后确实发生了某事。这件事情是真实的，经常是注定的或不可避免的。例如：then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the parade.于是那个不平凡的日子到来了，在那一天他要在接受检阅的队伍里通过故宫。（全国高考98，43。指在当时按计划或安排他将要在接受检阅的队伍里通过故宫。）thirty years later, this precocious youth was to be the first president of the united states.三十年后，这个早熟的青年当上了第一任总统。（回忆在过去某时之后的三十年，这个早熟的青年当上了第一任总统。）those first words were to change my world.我最初学的这些单词后来改变了我的生活天地。（“my teacher”指这些单词注定或不可避免地改变了我的生活天地。）表示主语的目的或用意。例如：the telegram was to say that she had been delayed.电报的意思是说她被耽搁了。表示主语必须、应该或不得不做某事（=must/should/ought to/have to）。例如：all these things are to be (=must/have to be) answered for.所有这一切都必须偿还。the money with which you were to (=should/ought to) buy dog food is gone, but spot looks so hungry.）让你们用来买狗食的钱都已经花光了，可是斑点看上去还是这么饿。（牛津高中英语模块一，p.13）表示主语能够或可以做某事（=can/may）。例如：such books are to be found in any library.这样的书任何图书馆都能找到。用于sth. is to be done表示某事有待将来做（=remains to be done。）例如：this problem is to be solved next period. class is over.这个问题有待下节课解决。下课。用于was/were to be表示后来证实为（=proved/turned out to be）。例如：he received a blow on the head. at first the injury didnt worry him, but it was to be very troublesome later.他头部挨了一下，开始时并没有使他担心，可是后来证明很麻烦。用于真实的或非真实的条件句，表示条件或假设。例如：if we are to be at the station by nine oclock, we must go now.如果我们要在9点之前到达车站，就必须现在走。（真实的，用于陈述语气。）if it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.假如明天下雪，他们就不出去了。（非真实的，用虚拟语气。）用于疑问句，征求对方的意见。例如：what am i to do then? =what shall/should i do then? 那么，我应该怎么办呢？what is to be done next? =what shall/should i/we do next? 下一步该怎么办呢？不定式的进行式表示动作的“正在进行性”、“反复性”或“不间断性”，有时具有“厌烦、批评”等感情色彩。若把不定式的进行式变成句子、从句、并列句或并列成分，谓语动词就用“进行时态（现在进行时或过去进行时）”或其它“具有进行时意义”的表达法。例如：she is said to be studying in america now.（=it is said that she is studying in america now.）据说她现在在美国学习。she was said to be studying in america then.（=it is/was said that she was studying in america then.）据说她当时在美国学习。to be writing and reading is a bore.（=it is a bore when you are always writing and reading/keep on writing and reading.）反复地读写是一件烦人的事。不定式的完成式表示动作的“完成性”或“先时性”。若把不定式的完成式变成句子、从句、并列句或并列成分，谓语动词就用“完成时态（现在完成时和过去完成时）”。例如：to have studied english at least six years “is” the qualification for this position.（=the fact that one has studied english at least six years “is” the qualification for this position.）至少学习英语6年才有资格应聘这个职位。（不定式的完成式指动作的“先时性”，表示动作在谓语动作或主句的谓语动作之前完成。）i dont know whether you happen to have heard (=it happens that you have heard), but im going to study in the u.s.a this september.（2004辽宁，25）我不知道你是否碰巧听到了，不过我是打算今年9月去美国学习的。（不定式的完成式指动作的“先时性”，表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。）we are glad to have visited so many of your beautiful places in beijing.（=we are glad that we have visited so many of your beautiful places in beijing.）非常高兴在北京看了你们那么多的美丽的地方。（不定式的完成式和现在完成时指动作的“先时性”，表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。）is bob still performing? 鲍勃还演戏吗？im afraid not; he is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.（=it is said that he has left）(2005江苏，25)恐怕不演了。据说他当了官已经离开舞台了。（不定式的完成式指动作的“先时性”，表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。）the crowd cheered wildly at the sight of liu xiang, who was reported to have broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.（=the crowd cheered wildly at the sight of liu xiang, because it was reported that he had broken the world record in the 110-meter hurdle race.）(2007辽宁，29)看到刘翔，人群立刻欢呼起来，因为据报道，他已经打破了110米栏的世界纪录。（不定式的完成式指动作的“先时性”，表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。）doctors claimed to have discovered (=that they had discovered) a cure for the disease.医生声称已经找到了治疗该疾病的方法。（不定式的完成式指动作的“先时性”，表示动作在谓语动作之前完成。）特别提醒：was/were to have done和intended/wanted/meant/hoped, etc to have done 句型表示“本来打算要做某事，而实际上没做该事”。它们相当于had intended/wanted, etc to do或intended/wanted, etc to do或was/were going to do或would have done。例如：they were to have been married in may but had to postpone the wedding until june.他们本来打算/本该在五月份结婚的，但是不得不把婚礼推迟到六月份。they intended to have gone (= had intended to go/intended to go/were going to go/would have gone) to arizona but the airport was closed because of kidnapping.他们本来打算去亚利桑那州，但由于绑架事件，机场关闭了。为了避免重复前面已经出现过的实义动词，常采用不定式的省略形式，用to代替to do (sth.)；用to be代替to be sb./sth./doing sth.；用to have代替to have done sth.；用to have been代替to have been sb./sth./doing sth./done。例如：would you like to see our baby?yes. id love to.(代替了to see your baby。)are you a doctor?no, but i used to be.（代替了to be a doctor）i didnt tell him the news.oh, you ought to have.(代替了to have told him the news)you should have thanked her before you left.i meant to , but when i was leaving i couldnt find her anywhere.（上海高考，2000春。i meant to.等于i had meant to./i meant to have./i was going to./i would have.。它们分别是i meant to thank her/i had meant to thanked h