10下双语物理复习题.doc

2010.12.大学物理B（下，双语）复习范围Ch.12 P.317: 9, 12, 26, 45, 77, 87Ch.13 P.348: 11, 21, 22 , 23, 26, 47Ch.15 p.382-: 13, 22, 23, 25 Ch.16 p.400: 8. 11. 14. 58 Ch.17 p.424: 11,12, 21,27, 29, 37, 29, 41, 48Ch.18 p.451: 6, 15, 30; 67, 68; Ch.30 p.689: 5, 7,8,11, 22, 23, 25, 31, 32, 37, 41, 43, 45Ch.31 P.727: 3, 6, 7; 13, 16, 20, 25, 29, 34, 65,45,47,49,51Ch32 P.758: 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 21, 26, 62, 35, 39, 43, 65Ch33 P.787: 2,3,6,13,15,19, 29, 37, 39考试时间：2011年1月 日， 答疑时间 ：考试前3天答疑地点：物理楼314，207， Ch12 Oscillations； I-Ex. P.317: 9, 12,26, 45 ,77,8787I-Ch.13 Waves Motion , p348:11,21,22,23,26,47 11. (II) S and P waves from an earthquake travel at different speeds and this difference helps in the determination of the earthquake epicenter (where the disturbance took place), (a) Assuming typical speeds of 9.0km/s and 5.5km/s for P and S waves, respectively, how far away did the earthquake occur if a particular seismic station detects the arrival of these two types of waves exactly 94 s apart? (b) Is one seismic station sufficient to determine the position of the focus? Explain.21. (II) Consider a point on the string of Example 13-3 that is 1.00 m from the left-hand end. Determine (a) the maximum velocity of this point, and (b) its maximum acceleration, (c) What is its velocity and acceleration at t = 2.0 s?22. (II) Show, for a sinusoidal transverse wave traveling on a string, that the slope of the string at any point x is equal to the ratio of the transverse speed of the particle to the speed of the wave at that point.23. (II) A transverse wave pulse travels to the right along a string with a speed = 2.0 m/s. At t = 0 the shape of the pulse is given by the function D = 0.45cos(3.0x + 1.2). (a) Plot D versus x at t= 0. (b) Determine a formula for the wave pulse at any time t assuming there are no frictional losses, (c) Plot D(x, t) versus x at t = 1.0 s. (d) Repeat parts (b) and (c) assuming the pulse is traveling to the left.Ch15 Temperature and the Ideal Gas Law; Ex. p.382-: 13,22, 23, 25 13. (II) A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 m3 and the required lift is 2700N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0o and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? Solution:Solution:22(II) A cubic box of volume 5.1 X 10 2 m3 is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20C. The box is closed and heated to 180C. What is the net force on each side of the box?Solution:23. Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.25Write the ideal gas law in terms of the density of the gas.Solution:I-Ch16 Kinetic Theory of Gases; Ex. p.400: 8. 11. 14. 58 8. Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given by vrms=, where P is the pressure in the gas, andis the gas density.11.(II) Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen molecule at 0C and (b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.14. (I) A group of 25 particles have the following speeds: two have speed 10 m/s, seven have 15 m/s, four have 20 m/s, three have 25 m/s, six have 30 m/s, one has 35 m/s, and two have 40 m/s. Determine (a) the average speed, (b) the rms speed, and (c) the most probable speed.58. At room temperature, it takes approximately 2.45103J to evaporate 1.00g of water. Estimate the average speed of evaporating molecules. What multiple of vrms (at 20oC) for water molecules is this? (Assume Eq.16-4 holds.) Ch.17 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics; Ex. P.424: 11, 12, 21, 27,29,37, 41, 48 (e-p.384)11. The 1.20-kg head of a hammer has a speed of 6.5m/s just before it strikes a nail (Fig. 17-23) and is brought to rest. Estimate the temperature rise of a 14-g iron nail generated by ten such hammer blows done in quick succession. Assume the nail absorbs all the energy.12. (II) (a) Show that if the specific heat varies as a function of temperature, c(T), the heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance from T1 to T2 is given by . (b) Suppose c(T) = co(l + aT) for some substance, where a = 2.0 103C0-1 and T is the Celsius temperature. Determine the heat required to raise the temperature from T1 to T2. (c) What is the mean value of c over the range T1 to T2 for part (b), expressed in terms of c0, the specific heat at 0C?21. Consider the following two-step process. Heat is allowed to flow out of an ideal gas at constant volume so that its pressure drops from 2.2atm to 1.5atm. Then the gas expands at constant pressure, from a volume of 6.8L to 10.0L, where the temperature reaches its original value. See Fig. 17-24. Calculate (a) the total work done by the gas in the process, (b) the change in internal energy of the gas in the process, and (c) the total heat flow into or out of the gas.27.When a gas is taken from a to c along the curved path in Fig. 17-26, the work done by the gas is W=-35J and the heat added to the gas is Q= -63J. Along path abc, the work done is W=-48J. (a) What is Q for path abc? (b) If Pc = Pb/2, what is W for path cda? (c) What is Q for path cda? (d) What is UA-UC (e) If Ud-Uc=5J, what is Q for path da?29. 37.The specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas is 0.182kcal/kg.K at room temperature, and its molecular mass is 34. (a) What is its specific heat at constant pressure? (b) What do you think is the molecular structure of the gas?41. A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal diatomic gas at a pressure of 1.00atm and temperature of 490K undergoes a process in which its pressure increases linearly with temperature. The final temperature and pressure are 720 K and 1.60atm. Determine (a) the change in internal energy, (b) the work done by the gas, and (c) the heat added to the gas. (Assume 5 active degrees of freedom.)48. A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal monatomic gas, originally at a pressure of 1.00atm, undergoes a three-step process: (1) it is expanded adiabatically from T1= 550K to T2= 389K; (2) it is compressed at constant pressure until its temperature reaches T3 ; (3) it then returns to its original pressure and temperature by a constant-volume process, (a) Plot these processes on a PV diagram, (b) Determine T3 . (c) Calculate the change in internal energy, the work done by the gas, and the heat added to the gas for each process, and (d) for the complete cycle.I-Ch.18 The Second Law of Thermodynamics; Ex. P.451(e-p405): 6, 15, 30; Ch17- 29, 67, 68*6. Figure 18-15 is a PV diagram for a reversible heat engine in which 1.0mol of argon, a nearly ideal monatomic gas, is initially at STP( point a). Points b and c are on an isotherm at T =423K. Process ab is at constant volume. Process ac at constant pressure. (a) Is the path of the cycle carried out clockwise or counterclockwise? (b) What is the efficiency of engine?15. Assume that a hiker needs 4000kcal of energy to supply a days worth of metabolism. Estimate the maximum height the person can climb in one day. using only this amount of energy. As a rough prediction, treat the person as an isolated heat engine, operating between the internal temperature of 37 (98.6) and the ambient air temperature of 20.30. (a) Given that the coefficient of performance of a refrigerators defined as show that for an ideal (Carnot)refrigerator, (b) write the CP in term of the efficiency e of the reversible heat engine obtained by running the refrigerator backward. (c) What is the coefficient of performance for an ideal refrigerator that maintains a freezer compartment at-16 when the condensers temperature is 22?67. The Stirling cycle, shown in Fig.18-17, is useful to describe external combustion engines as well as solar-power systems. Find the efficiency of the cycle in terms of the parameters shown, assuming a monatomic gas as the working substance. The processes ab and cd are isothermal whereas bc and da are at constant volume. How does it compare to the Carnot efficiency?68. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas at STP first undergoes an isothermal expansion so that the volume at b is 2.5 times the volume at a (Fig, 18-18). Next, heat is extracted at a constant volume so that the pressure drops. The gas is then compressed adiabatically back to the original state, (a) Calculate the pressures at b and c. (b) Determine the temperature at c. (c) Determine the work done, heat input or extracted, and the change in entropy for each process, (d) What is the efficiency of this cycle?Figure 18-15Ch30 The Wave Nature of Light; Interference, 5, 7,8,11, 22, 23, 25, 31,32, 37, 41, 43, 45Ch31 Diffraction and Polarization, I-p.727：3,6,7,13,16, 20,25,31,32,37,41,43,453.Light of wavelength 550nm falls on slit that is 3.510-3mm wide. Estimate how far from the central maximum the first diffraction maximum fringe is if the screen 10.0m away?6.(a) For a given wavelength , what is maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?(b) What is the maximum slit width so that no visible light exhibits a diffraction minimum?13.If a double-slit pattern contain exactly seven fringes in the central diffraction peak, what can you say about the slit width and separation?16 How many fringes are contained in the central diffraction peak for a double-slit pattern if (a) d=2.00a,(b) d=12.0a, (c) d=4.50a,(d) d=7.20a20.Two stars 10light-years away are barely resolved by a 90cm (mirror diameter) telescope.How far apart are the star? Assume =550nm and the resolution is limited by diffraction 65. (a)How far away can a human eye distinguish two car headlights 2.0m apart? Consider only diffraction effects and assume an eye diameter of 5.0mm and a wavelength of 550nm. (b)What is minimum angular separation an eye could resolve when viewing two stsrs, considering only diffraction effects? In reality, it is 1 of arc. Why is it not equal to your answer in (b)? 25.A grating has 6600lines/cm. How many spectral orders can be seen when it is illuminated by white light?47.At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light to (a) 1/3, (b) 1/10?29. Show that the second-and third-order spectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What is wavelengths overlap?34. Missing orders occur for a diffraction grating when a diffraction minimum coincides with an interference maximum. Let a be the width of each slit and d the separation of slits and show (a) that if d=2a, all even orders (m=2,4,6,) are missing. (b) Show that there will be missing orders whenever d/a=m1/m2 ,where m1 and m2 are integer. (c) Discuss the case d=a, the limit in which the space between slits becomes negligible.45. What is the Brewsters angle for an air-glass(n=1.56) surface?49.What would Brewsters angle be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewsters angle from above the surface.51.Unpolarized light passed through five successive Polaroid sheets each of whose axis makes a 450 angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam? Ch32.Special Theory of RelativityP758:3,4,8,9,10,21,26,62,35,39,43,65 10. A friend of your travels by you in her fast sports car at a speed of 0.660c. It is measured in your frame to be 4.80m long and 1.25m high. (a) What will be its length and height at rest? (b) How many seconds would you say elapsed on your friends watch when 20.0s passed on you? (c) How fast did you appear to be traveling according to your friend? (d) How many seconds would she say elapsed on your watch when she saw 20.0s pass on her? 21. A stick of length Lo, at rest in reference frame S, makes an angle with the x axis. In reference frame S. which moves to the right with velocity v = vi with respect to S, determine (a) the length L of the stick, and (b) the angle it makes with the x axis. 26.A particle of rest mass m travels at a speed v=0.20c. At what speed will its momentum be doubled?62.The nearest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri, 4.3 light-years away, (a) At what constant velocity must a spacecraft travel from Earth if it is to reach the star in 4.0 years, as measured by travelers on the spacecraft? (b) How long does the trip take according to Earth observers?35. Show that when the kinetic energy of a particle equals its rest energy, the speed of the particle is about 0.866c39. What is the momentum of a 750-MeV proton (that is, its kinetic energy is 750MeV)? 43.Two identical particles of rest mass m approach each other at equal and opposite speeds , v. The collision is completely inelastic and results in a single particle at rest. What is the rest mass of the new particle? How much energy was lost in the collision? How much kinetic energy i