分词在英语中是非常活跃的语言现象在学习分词的过程中....doc

LESSON 22分词(2)导言分词在英语中是非常活跃的语言现象。在学习分词的过程中应该明确，在大多数情况下分词只是从句的一种省略形式，目的在于使语言更为简练，尤其在笔头上。所以无论是现在分词，还是过去分词都与从句的主动被动，时态有着密切的关系。注意将分词短语与从句加以比较，对于理解分词有很大的帮助。因此我们在设计练习时，为同学准备相应的练习，请多加注意。 分词的构成现在分词动词原形+ing 过去分词动词原形+ed（部分分词有不规则变化）分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。注意 ！现在分词-通常含有主动和进行两个概念。过去分词-通常含有被动和完成两个概念。 分词做表语 The film we saw yesterday was really moving. 我们昨天看的那场电影确实感人。 （电影使人感动，所以用现在分词） They were excited on hearing the news. 听到这个消息，他们很激动。 （他们为消息而激动，用过去分词） The story is very interesting. 这个故事很有意思。 （故事使人感兴趣，用现在分词） They are interested in the story. 他们对这故事很感兴趣。 （故事使他们感兴趣，他们是承受者，用过去分词） 注：现在分词和过去分词做表语时，因为它们很像形容词，很多词典已经把它们例为形容词或某种习惯，用法如to be interested in, to be excited on. 分词做定语1. 单独一个分词做定语通常放在所修饰的名词前面。 an understanding man =a man who understands others.一个能理解别人的人。 （现在分词表示主动） misuderstood a developing country =a country which is developing 发展中国家。 （现在分词表示进行） smoked fish =fish which has been smoked 熏鱼。 （过去分词表示被动和完成） a developed country =a country which has been developed 发达国家。 （过去分词表示完成）I like to watch falling snow. Fallen snowRuling ruled2. 分词短语做定语往往放在所修饰的名词之后，实际上是一个定语从句的省略，但要注意不是所有的定语从句都能用分词代替。关键在于定语从句的时态。下面举例说明。 The girl sitting in that corner is a good singer. 分词短语做定语 =The girl who is sitting in that corner is a good singer.坐在角落的那个姑娘是个好歌手。（现在分词短语做定语时表示的是进行） Do you know the way leading into the mountain ? 现在分词短语做定语 =Do you know the way that leads into the mountain? 你知道进山的那条路吗？（将which省略，将leads改为现在分词。从上面句子可以看出，现在分词短语做定语也可以表示与谓语动作同时发生）。 Do you know the teacher to teach us English? =Do you know the teacher who will teach us English?你认识要教我们英语的那位教师吗？注：上面的句子只能用不定式做定语因为从句所表达的意思是将来时。因此，现在分词短语做定语时，动作必须同谓语动作同时发生。否则不能用现在分词做定语。The proposal made by him will be discussed. =The proposal that was made by him, will be discussed. 他提出的提议将被讨论。上句所定名词proposal是make动作的承受者，所以用过去分词。我们可以从定语从句中看出。过去分词含有被动含有完成也就是该分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前。 The goods ordered from abroad will soon be delivered. =The goods, which were ordered from abroad, will soon be delivered. 从国外定的货很快就会被送来。注：过去分词做定语含有被动和完成的概念，即分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，因此，不是所有被动语态的定语从句都可省略成过去分词。请看例句。Do you know the name of the book which will be written by our teacher. 你知道我们老师要写的书的名字吗？Do you know the name of the book to be written by our teacher.该句的written发生在谓语动词know之后，所以不能省掉which will be。如果省略意思就变了。请看例句。 Do you know the name of the book written by our teacher? =Do you know the name of the book that was written by our teacher? 你知道我们老师写的那本书的书名吗？ （意思是该书已写出来了）1The computer center, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened2The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written3Dont you see the policeman _ towards us. A. to run B. run C. running D. ran4The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing5European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make5A=European football is played in 80 countries, which makes it most popular sport in the world. 该句是非限定性定语从句的省略。Which 定的是前面整个一句话。 分词做状语注意 ！分词做状语实际上就是一个并列句或状语从句的省略，并对句子稍做改动。She stood there and hesitated because she didnt know what to do. =She stood there and hesitated, not knowing what to do. As he is a clever boy， he studies very well. =Being a clever boy, he studies very well. 因为他是个聪明孩子，所以他学习很好。When she was asked about it, she said she knew nothing.=(When) asked about it, she said she knew nothing. 当问起她这件事时，她说她不知道。注：上句用过去分词，因其是一个从被动语态的从句省略而来，有时我们可以保留一些连词，像when, while等。 If they are applied in agriculture, the machines will save farmers much labor. =If applied in agriculture, the machines will save farmers much labor. 如果将这些机器用于农业，就可以省去农民很多劳动。注：如果连词是if，我们通常保留。1. He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 从句省略He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information. 省略and 将 hoped 改为hoping.2_ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding 从(Harvard was) founded in 1636 and it is one of the most famous universities in the United States.省略而来，也是从口语用并列句或从句变为分词。以达到书面句子简练的目的。 现在分词做宾语补语 可以用于这种结构的动词有hear, see, notice, watch等感官动词。 I saw the boy climbing the tree. 我看到那个孩子在爬树。注：在这种结构中我们也可以用省略to的不定式，I saw the boy climb the tree.现在分词表示进行，而不定式表示有这么一回事。 I heard someone knocking at the door. I heard someone knock at the door. 第一句我听到有人正在敲门。（强调进行） 第二句我听到有人敲门。（强调有这么一回事）注意 ！1. Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _ with all kinds of goods.(2000年)= The children stood on the bank and watched the ship_ with all kinds of goods.(2000年)A. loading B. being loaded C. to be loaded D. having loadedWatch somebody ( to ) do sthWatch somebody doing sthWatch sth ( to) be done Watch sth being done 过去分词做宾语补语have sth. done或get sth. done表示让别人做某事。 you should have your TV set repaired. 你应该把你的电视送去修一下。 I will go to get my hair cut. 我要去理个发。注意 ！7. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _. (2003年)A. taking B. taken C. took D. take-1The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to playsee 是感观动词。习惯用法为see sb do sth、see sb doing sth 用省略to 的不定式是叙述一件事，用现在分词更为生动，有画面感，当变为被动时，用不定式时就应加上to。该句的意思是最后一次看见孩子。他在河边玩。此句有较强的语气，所以用A最好。用D也是对的。但不如A生动。2The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the next year.A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry outsee the plan carried out 看到这个计划被执行。用过去分词做补语，plan 用 that 代替被前置。 现在分词的时态一般时doing完成时having done注意 ！现在分词的完成时主要用于状语从句，强调分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，简单地说，当状语从句的时态是完成时，我们在省略时，也用分词的完成时。 After he had waited for long time, he was asked into the office. =Having waited for long time, he was asked into the office. 在等了很长时间之后，他被叫进了办公室。 Since I have never been to China I know little about the country. =Never having been to China, I know little about the country. 因为没去过中国，我对那个国家知道的很少。5_ a reply, he decided to write again. A. not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received该句是分词短语做状语，是从句的省略。Because he hadnt received a reply, he decided to write again. 在书面语时，我们通常将从句省略，省略because he 将 had 改为having 否定not 通常要置于句首。由于该句强调从句的动作发生在主句前，所以用完成时。语法书上通常称作现在分词的完成时。同学们可以把它看作是一个完成时的从句省略。 现在分词的被动语态现在分词的被动being done现在分词完成时的被动having been done现在分词的被动语态和完成时的被动语态，主要用于做状语和定语。注意下列每对句子中分词与从句的时态和语态。 Having been kept indoor for the whole morning , the children became impatient. =As they had been kept indoor for the whole morning the children became impatient. 孩子们在室内呆了一上午，开始坐不住了。 I heard the noise of furniture being moved upstairs. =I heard the noise of furniture that was being moved upstairs. 我听到楼上正在搬家具的声音。 Who is the man being operated on? =Who is the man that is being operated on? 正在被做手术的人是谁？（正在进行）注：试比较下列句子的不同。 Who is the man to operate on a patient tomorrow?=Who is the man that will operate on a patient tomorrow? 明天要给病人做手术的人是谁？（不定式表将来） Who is the man to be operated on tomorrow? =Who is the man that will be operated on tomorrow? 明天要被做手术的那个人是谁？ （不定式的被动表示将来的被动）Who is the man operated on yesterday?=Who is the man that was operated on yesterday? 谁是昨天被做手术的人？（过去分词表示完成被动）Who is the man operating on a patient now?=Who is the man that is operating on a patient now? 正在给病人做手术的人是谁？（现在分词表示进行的主动） Who is the man being operated on now?=Who is the man that is being operated on now? 正在被做手术的人是谁？ （现在分词的被动表示进行的被动）注：从上面几个例句中可以看出，现在分词以及它的主动和被动，过去分词以及不定式的主动与被动，所表示的意思完全不同。如果把它们看作从句的省略就好理解多了。请同学们认真比较，在以后的学习中多加注意。=3._ anything about the accident, he went to work as well. (2000)= Because he did not know anything about the accident, he went to work as well. A. Not know B. Know not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing解析：答案选D。由于know和主语he是主动关系，所以要用know的现在分词形式。分词的否定是将否定词not置于分词之间。2. With the old man _ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (2000年)A. leading B. led C. lead D. to be led= With the old man who led the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (2000年)解析：答案选A。本句包含一个with引导的独立主格结构。在分词独立主格结构中，分词的形式的选择与逻辑主语和谓语动作有关。句中作分词的动词lead和其逻辑主语the old man是主动关系，所以用现在分词。 独立主格结构注意 ！独立主格结构看起来很乱，实际上我们只要把它看成一个从句的省略，就容易明白了。 Because he is ill, he will not go to school. =Being ill, he will not go to school. 因为他病了，他不能去上学。 Because his mother is ill, he will not go to school. =His mother being ill, he will not go to school. 因为他母亲病了，他不能上学。注：第一句主从句的主语相同，省略主语后，不会产生混乱。第二句主从句主语不同，因此应保留从句的主语，只将is变为being,这就是独立主格结构的意义所在。请看下面例句： Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.=The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 因为最后一班车已经去了，我们只有走着回家了。 The dark clouds had disappeared and the sun shone again. =The dark clouds having disappeared, the sun shone again. 乌云散去，太阳又照耀着大地。二、 将下列句子中划线的部分改用分词短语。1. The stewardesses女乘务员 make frequent经常的 cabin客舱 checks检查 throughout the flight and offer any serves that may be needed by the passengers乘客.The stewardesses make frequent cabin checks throughout the flight, offering any serves that may be needed by the passengers。2. Aviation航空 has its tradition传统, 惯例. In the early years, for it was influenced影响 by the keep right（右行）rules规则, 惯例 of the road and at sea, aircraft also kept right on the airway.Aviation has its tradition. In the early years, influenced by the keep right（右行）rules of the road and at sea, aircraft also kept right on the airway.The sky around an airport is full of different kinds of aircraft which fly at different speeds in different directions规则, 惯例 when they cross over each other at different heights.3. The sky around an airport is full of different kinds of aircraft flying at different speeds in different directions when crossing over each other at different heights.4. There are long lines of people who are waiting to buy the tickets.5. As soon as the meal was over, we began to work again.6. After his homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.7. There are nine planets that are running around the sun and the earth is one of them.8. I hate to see the letter that were written in pencil.9. If everything was taken into consideration, the plan, which Tom put forward, seems to be more workable.10. Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.11. A little girl walked past and her hair blew in the air.12. After I talk to you I always feel better.(After) Talking to you ,I always feel better.二1. The stewardesses make frequent cabin checks throughout the flight, offering any serves that may be needed by the passengers。2. Aviation has its tradition. In the early years, influenced by the keep right（右行）rules of the road and at sea, aircraft also kept right on the airway.3. The sky around an airport is full of different kinds of aircraft flying at different speeds in different directions when crossing over each other at different heights.4. There are long lines of people waiting to buy the tickets.5. The meal (being) over, we began to work again.6. His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.7. There are nine planets running around the sun and the earth is one of them.8. I hate to see the letter written in pencil.9. If taken into consideration, the plan which Tom put forward seems to be more workable.10. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.11. A little girl walked past, her hair blowing in the air.12. (After) Talking to you ,I always feel better.英译汉:1*A living dog is better than a dead lion.死狮不如活狗。2*We should never remember the benefits we have offered nor forget the favor received. 不要老想着我们给别人的好处，但要牢记别人对我们的帮助。3The bridge is both simple and elegant (优雅), fulfilling its designers dream to create an enormous object drawn as (faintly 简捷地) as possible. 这座大桥既简洁又优雅，实现了设计者用尽量简练的方法创造一个庞然大物的梦想。重要提示通过本课的学习和课堂练习，应该得出一个结论，分词短语，不过是从句的省略，从句多用于口语，而当写成文章时，应尽量的简练，在对从句进行省略以后，就变成分词短语。有时为了避免与谓语动词发生混淆，略做小小改动。如果我们懂得这一点，写文章时，在不影响文章的理解，尽可能地将从句省略成非谓语动词，以达到简洁的目的，也更复合英国人的习惯。分词典型试题1. Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _ with all kinds of goods.(2000年)A. loading B. being loaded C. to be loaded D. having loaded2. With the old man _ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (2000年)A. leading B. led C. lead D. to be led3. _ anything about the accident, he went to work as well. (2000年)A. Not know B. Know not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing4. The fisherman, _ poor, could not buy another boat. (2001年)A. is B. was C. being D. been5. _ mostly in small town, Id only recently fallen in love with cities. (2003年)A. Grown up B. Being grown up C. Growing up D. Having grown up6. _ under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. (2003年)A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D. To be seen7. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _. (2003年)A. taking B. taken C. took D. take8. Classes _, the students left for home without delay. (2004年)A. were over B. being over C. are over D. over9. Pierre often makes himself _ by gesturing with his hands. (2004年)A. to understand B. understanding C. to be understood D. understood10. Having no money but _ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner. (2005年)A. not to want anyone B. wanted no oneC. not wanting anyone D. to want no one分词典型试题1. Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _ with all kinds of goods.(2000年)= The children stood on the bank and watched the ship_ with all kinds of goods.(2000年)A. loading B. being loaded C. to be loaded D. having loadedWatch somebody do sthWatch somebody doing sthWatch sth be done Watch sth being done 解析：答案选B。感官动词后可以跟不定式或分词作宾语补足语。区别在于用不定式表示动作已结束；用分词表示动作正在进行。本句中动词load 和宾语the ship 是动宾关系，且表示动作正在进行，所以用现在分词的被动式。2. With the old man _ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (2000年)A. leading B. led C. lead D. to be led= With the old man who led the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave. (2000年)解析：答案选A。本句包含一个with引导的独立主格结构。在分词独立主格结构中，分词的形式的选择与逻辑主语和谓语动作有关。句中作分词的动词lead和其逻辑主语the old man是主动关系，所以用现在分词。3._ anything about the accident, he went to work as well. (2000)= Because he did not know anything about the accident, he went to work as well. A. Not know B. Know not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing解析：答案选D。由于know和主语he是主动关系，所以要用know的现在分词形式。分词的否定是将否定词not置于分词之间。4. The fisherman, _ poor, could not buy another boat. (2001年)= Because he was poor, the fisherman could not buy another boat. (2001年)= The fisherman ,who was poor, could not buy another boat. (2001年)A. is B. was C. being D. been解析：答案选C。句中分词作原因状语。Be和主语the fisherman是主动关系所以用现在分词形式。5. _ mostly in small town, Id only recently fallen in love with cities. (2003年)= Because I had grown up mostly in small town, Id only recently fallen in love with cities. A. Grown up B. Being grown up C. Growing up D. Having grown up解析：答案选D。由于动词grow up (成长)与主语I是主动关系且此动作发生在谓语fall in love之前，所以使用了现在分词的完成式。6. _ under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate精致的six-pointed shape. (2003年)= If it is seen under a microscope显微镜, a fresh snowflake has a delicate精致的six-pointed shape. (2003年)A. Seeing B. Seen C. To see D. To be seen解析：答案选B。由于动词see和句子主语a fresh snowflake (一片新落下的雪花)是动宾关系，所以用动词see的过去分词作状语。7. Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature _. (2003年)A. taking B. taken C. took D. take解析：答案选B。本题考察动词have的用法。have表示“让、使”时，其后宾语的补足语可以是省to的不定式或分词。当have的宾语是物，它与其后作宾语补足语的动词是动宾关系时用动词的过去分词。本题中temperature 与动词take是动宾关系，所以用taken。8. Classes _, the students left for home without delay. (2004年)= Classes was over and the students left for home without delay. (2004年)A. were over B. being over C. are over D. over解析：答案选B。本题考察分词独立主格结构。句中逗号表示本题是隔不开一个简单句，所以A、C都不对。A、C都是将逗号前的部分做成了一个句子。由于动词be与主语classes是主动关系，因此用动词的现在分词形式。9. Pierre often makes himself _ by gesturing with his hands. (2004年)A. to understand B. understanding C. to be understood D. understood解析：答案D。make myself understood 表示 “让别人理解（明白）自己”。10. Havi