新目标unit4 语法.doc

Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.直接引语和间接引语 直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语（Direct Speech）;用自己话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语(Reported Speech / Indirect Speech)。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放在引号内,间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时,除将引语部分变成宾语从句外,还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。 1、如何变人称： 口诀：一主，二宾，三不变；若无宾语定第一。一主：是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人 称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如： Shesaid to me.Mybrotherwantstogo shoppingwithme.”Shesaid to me thatherbrother wantedtogo shoppingwithher.二宾：是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二 人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的 主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如： HesaidtoKate.Howisyoursisternow?” HeaskedKatehowhersisterwasthen。 三不变：是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被 第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如： MrSmithsaid,Jackisagoodboy.“MrSmithsaidJackwasagoodboy. 若无宾语定第一:提指主句中没有宾语，宾语定为第一人称。Shesaid.Mybrotherwantstogo shoppingwithme.”Shesaid thatherbrother wantedtogo shoppingwithher.2、如何变时态：当主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变；当主句是一般过去时，直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。1) 一般现在时一般过去时态； She said:” I am a student. ” She said (that) she was a student.2)一般将来时过去将来时 Shesaid,Hewillgotoseehisfriend.”Shesaidhewouldgotoseehisfriend。 Tom said,” I am going to play basketball tomorrow.” Tom said he was going to play basketball tomorrow.3) 现在进行时过去进行时； She said,“I am reading a book.”She said she was reading a book.注意：以下几种情况时态不变直接引语是客观真理。 TheteachersaidTheearthmovesaroundthesun.”Theteachersaidmetheearthmovesaroundthesunearth.直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。 Jacksaid.“I was doing chores when Tom came to see me”Jacksaid he was doing chores when Tom came to see him.直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语， 变为间接引语时，时态不变。如： Jacksaid.IwasbornonApril2l,1980.直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如： Hesaid,“Igetupatsixeverymorning。”Hesaidhegetsupatsixeverymorning.如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式不再变（例：could,should,would,might） The doctor said, “You should stay in bed for 2 days.” The doctor said I should stay in bed for 2 days.” 和已经是过去时的形式时， 例： oughtto，hadbetter,usedtoPetersaid.Youhadbettercomeheretoday.PetersaidIhadbettergotherethatday. 3、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then,yesterday变为thedaybefore today变为 that day He said, ”I want to go swimming now. ” He said he wanted to go swimming then.地点状语，尤其表示方向性的， here 变 there The teacher said ,“ You should come here at 7:00.” The teacher said I should go there at 7:00.指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼” 例：this改为that Hesaid,Thisbooksismine.“Hesaidthatbook washis.Jack saidhewasbornonApril21,1980.4、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。 Shesaid,Ourbuswillarriveinfiveminutes.“ Shesaidthattheirbuswouldarriveinfiveminutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由 whether或if引导的宾语从句.Hesaid,Canyouswim,John?“HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim.Hesaid,Doyougotoschoolbybusorbybike?HeaskedmeifIwenttoschoolbybusorbybike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。 Sheaskedme,Whendotheyhavetheirdinner?”Sheaskedmewhentheyhadtheirdinner.Sheaskedme,Whatwas Jack doing when I come in?”Sheaskedme what Jack was doing when she came in.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“Tell (ask,order,beg等)sb(not)todosth.“句型。如： 1.Dontmakeanynoise,the teachersaidtothestudents.Shetold(ordered)thestudentsnottomakeanynoise. 2.“Open the door,please,saidshe.Sheaskedhimtoopen the door.直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动句词（或从句）”如： Hesaid,Letsgotothemovies.Hesuggestedgoingtothemovies.或Hesuggestedthattheyshouldgotoseethemovies.时态变化：一般现在时 一般过去时一般将来时 过去将来时现在进行时 过去进行时一般过去时 过去完成时时间状语在间接引语中的变化规则直接引语 间接引语today that day this morning/afternoon, etc. that morning/afternoon, etc.yesterday the day before, the previous day(the) day before yesterday two days beforetomorrow the next day, the following day(the) day after tomorrow two days after, in two days timenext week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc.last week/month the week/month beforenow then地点状语here there 将直接引语变成间接引语1.The man said, “I cant fix the car today because Im sick”_2.Grandma said, “Grandpa is feeling much better today.”_3.Mr. and Mrs. Davis said, “We wont be able to come to dinner this Saturday night.”_4.The teacher said, “Are you from the United States?”_5. Cousin Sue said, “The earth moves around the Sun.”_6. Uncle Harry asked, “When do you go to school every day?”_7.Jimmy said, “Im writing a letter to my cousin.”_8.Sally said, “Im at my friend Juliets house now.”_9.Mother said, “Is your sister having a party?”_10.Aunty said, “I will visit the Great Wall next week.”_宾语从句梳理：一、宾语从句的连接词1连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。eg. He knew （that） he should work hard.2连词if 、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。eg. Tom dont know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.He asked me whether or not I was coming.3连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how， 它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.I wonder where he got so much money.【注意】1由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。eg. I dont know how I should do with the presents. = I dont know how to do with the presents.2要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.二、宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。Can you tell me who（m） do we have to see?（）Can you tell me who（m） we have to see?（ ）The teacher asked the students what they were doing