直接引语和宾语从句.doc

直接引语和间接引语 直接引语 直接引用别人的原话叫做直接引语，直接引语通常置于引号内（“引用原话”）。 “What is it all about?” “究竟是什么事呢？” “Nothing serious, just a storm in a teacup.” “没有什么，大惊小怪而已。” 间接引语 用自己的话转述别人的意思，或引用自己说过的话， 都叫做间接引语。间接引语多数用宾语从句来表达。 Mary said that she received a sugar report this morning. 玛莉说她今天早上收到了一封情书。 He said that his hands were quite full at that moment. 他说那时他忙得不可开交。直接引语间接引语的区别 直接引语：直接引述别人的话（句子中有“”）。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫“间接引语”（句子中一般无“”） 二直接引语变间接引语 A.一般不表示请求或祈使的句子改为一个宾语从句 1.连词 若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句，那么改为间接时，要用连词 that (可以省略) .一般疑问句，.，要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略) .特殊疑问句，.，要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身（不可省） 2.变化 （1）主句动词的变化 一般说来，主句谓语动词常为said或said to，变为间接引语时，当直接引语是陈述句时，said不变。当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时，则要把said或said to变为asked / asked sb. （2）从句人称的变化 由直接引语变间接引语时，从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。例如： They said, “We will go there by bus.” They said they would go there by bus. She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” She asked me if I was interested in science. His mother said to me, “He cant go to school.” His mother told me that he couldnt go to school. （3）、从句动词时态的变化 a. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。一般现在时一般过去时；一般过去时过去完成时；现在进行时过去进行时；现在完成时过去完成时；过去完成时过去完成时（不变）；一般将来时过去将来时。例如： The girl said, “Im sorry for being late for class.” The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class. b. 直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如： He says, “I have finished my homework.” He says that he has finished his homework. She will say, “Ill do it tomorrow.” She will say that shell do it the next day. c. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。例如： The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. （4）、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化 直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词的变化为thisthat， thesethose等；时间状语的变化为nowthen， todaythat day， yesterdaythe day before, tomorrowthe next day等；地点状语的变化为herethere；动词的变化为comego（go 不要变come）。例如： 1. She said, “I will come this evening.” She said that she would go that evening. 2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then. B.表示请求或祈使的句子改为句型tell/ask/order sb (not) to do sth 当直接引语引号里的内容表示要求时用tell sb (not) to do sth 当直接引语引号里的内容表示请求时用ask sb (not) to do sth 当直接引语引号里的内容表示强制要求时用order sb (not) to do sth宾语从句的点点滴滴宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：一，引导词A,由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong.l在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。例：I dont think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)B,由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not.l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.C,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)二，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.They wanted to know what they can do for us.二，宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，既：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:1)She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.4)She says that she can sing a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.l如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.He told me that Japan is an island country.lCould you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?注意事项：u由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: “Do you like maths?”She asked me if I liked maths.u宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。例：I dont know what I should do next.I cont know what to do next.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know where to live.DO SOME EXERCISES:1.Can you see_?A. what hes reading B. what is he readingC. what does he read D. he reads what2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)Do you know_Jack _from Japan?3._What did your son say in the letter?_He told me that he_ the Disney would the next dayA.will visit B. has visitedC. is going to visit D. would visit4.He didnt know_A.whats the matter B.what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what the matter was5.Somebody called you just now,but I didnt know_A.who were they B. who they wereC. who was it D. who it was6.I want to know_A.what is his name B. whats his nameC. that his name is D. what his name is 7.-Could you tell me _she is looking for?-Her cousin,susan.A.that B.whose C .who D.which8.-What are you searching the Internet for?-Im trying to find out_.A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLUB.How many persons h