科技英语(经管)综合复习资料.doc

科技英语（经管）综合复习资料I. Reading ComprehensionPassage 1Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl,” the Lays potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker. Frito-Lay. Thinks otherwise.” Potato chips are a snack food for the world,” said Salman Amin, the companys head of global marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip.Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America. owned by PepsiCo. And accounts for over half of the parent companys $3 billion annual profits. But the U.S. snack food market is largely saturated, and to grow. the company has to look overseas.Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete. And second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “global” as a concept. ”Global” does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones than consumes-especially young people-see as part of a modem, innovative(创新的)world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not know than Frito-Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey, the companys research and development head, would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.With brand perception a crucial factor, Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo(标识).The logo, along with the companys long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility” of its chips would help facilitate the companys global expansion.The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Rater, they see Frito-Lay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world. “Were making products in those countries, were adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives,” said Steve Reinemund, PepsiCos chief executive.1.It is the belief of Frito-Lays head of global marking that_.A. Potato chips can hardly be used as a weapon to dominate the world marketB. Their company must find new ways to promote domestic sales.C. The light golden color enhances the charm of their companys potato chipsD. People the world over enjoy eating their companys potato chips2.What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2?A. Its products use to be popular among overseas consumers.B. Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack marker.C. It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company.D. It needs to turn to the word market for development.3.One of the assumptions on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that_.A. consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brandsB. local brands cannot compete successfully with American brands C. products suiting Chinese consumers needs bring more profitsD. products identified as American will have promising market value 4.Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned?A. To suit changing tastes of young consumers. B. To promote the companys strategy of globalization. C. To change the companys long-held marketing image.D. To compete with other American chip producers.5.Frito-Lays executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market_.A. wont affect the eating habits of the local people B. will lead to economic imperialismC. will be in the interest of the local peopleD. wont spoil the taste of their chips Passage 2As a participant in the forest-product industry, have you ever reflected on how your efforts help to improve the global environment?Almost all scientists agree that we are experiencing global warming due to increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the air. We in the forest-product industry have a significant impact on reducing that carbon dioxide. Consider how trees grow: they grow by absorbing carbon dioxide. When wood is burned as fuel, that carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere.We in the timber industry are carbon steward; we convert trees into building materials and other products that last a very, very long time. Have you ever considered the fact that by producing buildings of furniture we are actually keeping carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? When we convert a seventy-year old tree into a building product we are extending the carbon-preservation time frame significantly. The resulting buildings could be with us for centuries: in Europe there are a number of well-preserved wooden structures that are more than 800 years old, and in new England there are houses and commercial buildings that are more than 400 years old. In U.S. and Canada we have built over 110 million housing units, amounting to an estimated 800 million tons of trapped carbon.Moreover, without proper management, forests are consumed by forest fires, which release significant volumes of carbon dioxide back into the air. Only by trapping carbon dioxide in a wood product can we as a society prevent the release of the carbon dioxide.We in the forest-product industry should be very proud of our mission: planting trees and converting mature timber into products for relatively permanent use by consumers around the world. In your conversation with people outside our industry, try to incorporate these issues in order to show how important our industry is to the global environmental picture.6. The writer of this article is probably _.A. a member of a timber companyB. a writer of a magazine for timber industryC. a member of the Green Peace OrganizationD. a worker of a construction company7. The work in the forest-product industry can do good to the global environment by way of _.E. increasing the amounts of carbon dioxideF. keeping carbon dioxide out of the atmosphereG. burning wood as fuelH. growing more trees8. According to the author, people working in the timber industry should feel proud of themselves because _.I. their efforts help the global temperature changeJ. they can converse with people outside their industryK. wood structure buildings could be preserved for centuriesL. they know the importance of timber industry to the global environment9. The release of carbon dioxide can be prevented if _.M. we try to show the importance of timber industryN. forests are properly managedO. consumers pay attention to the use of wooden productsP. trees are converted into products instead of being consumed by fires10The purpose of writing this article is to _.Q. cheer up the people who are working in the forest-product industryR. call on the public to pay attention to the forest reservesS. tell people how to improve the global environmentT. let the public know the ways of controlling carbon dioxidePassage TwoTo understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on persuasive salesmanship to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye - on - the - consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善的)or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction - the firm and the customer -and each must be satisfied before trade occurs Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid - 1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non - acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled! 46.The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,_. A) the practice of turning goods into money B) making goods available for purchase C) the customer - centred approach D) a form of persuasive salesmanship 47.What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted? A) The needs of the market. B) The efficiency of production. C) The satisfaction of the user. D) The preferences of the dealer.48.According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Line3 -4 ), Para. I) means “_”. A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities D) to redesign these goods for large - scale production 49.What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate? A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people. B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public. C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please. D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer. 50.In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on_. A) its main characteristic B) its social impact C) its possible consequence D) its theoretical basisPassage 3What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of the “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that man will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of, perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion. But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the worlds rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, building towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally million of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease. 11. What is the writers opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph? A.They may be completely solved some time in the future.B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.D. They have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future.12. The writer is certain that in the distant future _.A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building materialB. a new building material will have been inventedC. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionableD. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered13. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century _.A. is difficult to foreseeB. will be how to feed the growing populationC. will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the worldD. is the question of finding enough ground space14. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts _.A. standards of building are lowB. only minimum shelter will be possible C. there is not enough ground spaceD. the population growth will be the greatest15. Which of the following sentences best summarizes paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong Kongs crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them.Passage 5Experiments have shown that in selecting personnel for a job, interviewing is at best a hindrance and may even cause harm. These studies have disclosed that the judgments of interviewers differ markedly and bear little or no relationship to the adequacy of job applicants. Of the many reasons why this should be the case, three in particular stand out. The first reason is related to an error of judgment known as the halo effect. If a person has one noticeable good trait, their other characteristics will be judged as better than they really are. Thus, an individual who dresses smartly and shows self-confidence is likely to be judged capable of doing a job well regardless of his or her real ability.Interviewers are also prejudiced by an effect called the primacy effect. This error occurs when interpretation of later information is distorted by earlier connected information. Hence, in an interview situation, the interviewer spends most of the interview trying to confirm the impression given by the candidate in the first few moments. Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that such an impression is unrelated to the aptitude of the applicant.The phenomenon known as the contrast effect also skews the judgment interviewers. A suitable candidate may be underestimated because he or she contrasts with a previous one who appears exceptionally intelligent. Likewise, an average candidate who is preceded by one who gives a weak showing may be judged as more suitable than he or she really is.Since interviews as a form of personnel selection have been shown to be inadequate, other selection procedures have been devised which more accurately predict candidate suitability. Of the various tests devised, the predictor which appears to do this most successfully is cognitive ability as measured by a variety of verbal and spatial tests.21.This passage mainly discusses the _.A. effects of interviewing on job applicantsB. inadequacy of interviewing job applicantsC. judgments of interviewers concerning job applicantsD. techniques that interviewers use for judging job applicants22.The word “hindrance” in para. 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. encouragementB. assistanceC. procedureD. interference23. According to the passage, the halo effect _.A. stands out as the worst judgmental errorB. takes effect only when a candidate is well dressedC. exemplifies how one good characteristic colors perceptionsD. helps the interviewers capability to judge real ability24. According to the passage, the first impression _.A. can easily be alteredB. is the one that stays with the interviewerC. is unrelated to the interviewers prejudicesD. has been repeatedly demonstrated to applicant25. The author mentions all of the following reasons why interviewing is not an accurate way to predict candidate suitability except the _.A. halo effectB. primacy effectC. contrast effectD. cognitive effectPassage 6Throughout the past few centuries there have been recorded reports of space vehicles which have visited our Earth from another planet. In more recent years, these reports of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) have attracted a great deal of public interest.The reports of UFOs, seem to increase over periods of a year or two, and then die down again. Many of the people who claim to have seen them are skilled observers of air, such as airline pilots. The number of reports runs into thousands, and they come from many parts of the world. There are also a number of supposedly authentic photographs of these space