科技英语翻译 7a.pdf

科技英语翻译的基本方法和技巧 减译法 所谓减词法 就是指在把英语译成汉语时 把英语原文中 的某些词或某些成分减去不译 一般说来 减译的原因有 以下几个方面 1 有些词在英语中用得非常普遍 但在汉语中却很少使 用 甚至根本不用 2 由于英汉两种语言用词造句的方式以及句法结构上的不 同 有些在英语里看来是必不可少的词 译成汉语时就不 一定非译出不可 3 原文里某些词或成分如一一译出 会使译文显得生硬 累赘 甚至可能造成译文在逻辑上或修辞上不符合汉语习 惯 第一节 虚词的减译 一 冠词的减译 A mixture differs from a chemical compound 混合物不同于化合物 The former type is known as a journal bearing轴颈轴 承 and the latter type as a thrust bearing推力轴承 前一种称为轴颈轴承 后一种称为推力轴承 Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid a liquid or a gas 任何物质 无论它是固体 液体或气体 都是由原子构 成的 Because the body s defence system is damaged the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases 由于人体的免疫系统遭到破坏 病人几乎没有什么能力 来抵抗许许多多其他疾病的侵袭 The atom is the smallest particle of an element 原子是元素的最小粒子 Human beings and the great apes had a common ancestor about 5 million years ago 大约500万年以前 人类和类人猿拥有共同的祖先 Other scientists however are afraid that the world may become too hot for human life 而有些科学家则担心地球会升温 使人类无法生存 With the development of electrical engineering power can be transmitted over long distance The PC has given the average American the kind of computing power that 10 years ago was found only in large corporations While the Chinese are eager to import modern medical technology from the West increasing members of Westerners are equally interested in adopting the traditional medical remedies of China Although the world is large man is able to live in only a small part of it The total land area that contributes surface runoff to a river or lake is called a watershed river basin or catchment area 随着电气工程学的发展 电力能被输送到非常遥远的地方去 个人计算机使普通美国人具有的计算能力要是在10年前只有一些大公司才能 具有 现在中国人热衷于从西方国家进口现代化医疗技术 而越来越多的西方人则 热衷于接受中医疗法 尽管地球很大 可人类只能在其中很小的一部分地方生活 为某一江河或湖泊提供地表径流的整个陆地面积称作流域 河流盆地或汇水 面积 用在固定词组和固定搭配的冠词一般都应 减去不译 例如 As a consequence In a few words On an average By the way In the end 冠词如果具有明显的数词概念 或与单数可数名词 连用 标识单位数量时 一般必须译出 定冠词在 起着特指某具体事物的作用时 相当于this that 通常必须译出 Many millions of the fragments from a shooting star enter our atmosphere in the course of a a a a day 一天之内有数以百万计的流星碎片进入地球大气层 The day will come when man can discover more secrets of the universe 人类发现更多的宇宙奥秘的那一天就要来临 二 介词的减译 In 1980 weapons transfers amounted to perhaps 120 billion in the world 在1980年 全世界的武器交易额约达一千二百亿 美元之多 There are many kinds of bacteria which vary in shape and in size 细菌有多种 形状和大小各不相同 介词也有不减译的情况 From freezing to boiling is 180 degrees on the Fahrenheit 在华氏表上 从冰点到沸点是180度 介词的省略介词的省略 In the transmission of electric power a high voltage is necessary Most substance expand on heating and contract on cooling We consider isotopes of great use for our research work A body in motion remains in motion unless acted on by an external force It is necessary to develop our computer science at high speed 远距离输电必须用高压 大多数物体热胀冷缩 我们认为同位素对研究工作很有用 如果没有外力的作用 运动的物体仍然保持运动状态 必须高速发展我国的计算机科学 There is no easy answer with meningitis 脑膜炎不易治疗 Acupuncture appears most promising for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain 针灸最适合用于治疗慢性肌与骨骼疼痛 The instrument has worked well for six hours 这台仪器已经正常工作6小时 The density of air varies directly as pressure with temperature being constant 温度不变 空气的密度和压力成正比 The temperature of the liquid is raised by the application of heat 加热可以提高液体温度 连词的减译连词的减译 并列连词并列连词 This system is totally enclosed and prevents air pollution from dust particles or gases 此系统为全封闭式 能防止尘粒或烟气污染大气 Some methods of measurement are direct but others are indirect 有些测量方法是直接的 有些是间接的 从属连词 从属连词 When the temperature is maintained constant the volume of a given sample of gas varies inversely with the pressure 在温度保持不变的情况下 一定气体的体积与压力成反比 Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract 同性电荷相斥 异性电荷相吸 If water is cold enough it changes to ice 水冷却到一定程度便成 冰 There are some metal which are lighter than water 有些金属比水轻 Men have known that smallpox is caused by a virus As has been found there are more than a hundred elements The patient has a fracture so he was admitted to the hospital this morning The salts of carbonic acid or the carbonates can be prepared by adding alkali to such aqueous solutions 人们知道天花是由病毒引起的 已经发现 元素有一百多种 病人患上骨折 今天上午获准入院 碳酸盐能通过往这种水溶液中添加强碱而制得 第二节 实词的减译 一 代词的减译 一 代词的减译 1 1 1 1 人称代词的减译人称代词的减译 If you know the frequency you can find the wave length 如果知道频率 就能求出波长 Before you begin to work the instrument fist read the instruction carefully 使用本机前 请仔细阅读一下说明书 Liquids are like solids in that they have definite volume 液体像固体一样 都有一定的体积 When the signal we pick up has increased by 10 times as the gain may have been reduced by 8 times 信号增大到10倍 增益降低到1 8 If we use electronic computers in hospitals diagnosis will become quicker and more accurate 医院里如果使用计算机 就会使诊断更加快速 更加准确 His left arm is paralyzed He has no sensation in it 他的左臂瘫痪了 没有知觉 2 2 2 2 物主代词的减译 物主代词的减译 Different metals differ in their conductivity 不同的金属具有不同的导电性能 The process of separating a metal from its ore is called smelting 从矿石中分离金属的过程称为冶炼 Newton wasted much time on the theological studies toward the end of his life 牛顿晚年在神学研究上浪费了很多时间 3 指示代词的减译 The volume of the sun is about 1 300 000 times that of the earth 太阳的体积约为地球的130万倍 The chemical properties of helium differ from those of hydrogen 氦的化学特性不同于氢 4 反身代词的减译 A gas distributed itself uniformly through a container 气体均匀地分布在整个容器中 The desert animals can hide themselves from the heat during the daytime 沙漠中兽类能躲避白天的炎热天气 二 动词的省略二 动词的省略 Friction always oppose the motion whatever its direction may be 不管运动方向怎样 摩擦总是同运动方向相反 The wire gets hot for the current becomes too great 电线发热 因为电流太大 A square has four equal sides 正方形四边相等 Steels possess good hardness and high strength 钢的硬度大 强度高 The nuclear reactions give the sun its constant supply 太阳中核反应不断向太阳提供能量 Then came the development of the microcomputer 后来 微型计算机发展起来了 Aluminum alloy has low specific electrical resistance and high thermal conductivity In the case of a possible accident the machine comes to a halt immediately upon the operator s direction The Pacific alone covers an area larger than that of all the continents put together Evidently semiconductors have a lesser conducting capacity than metals 铝合金的电阻很低 而导热性很强 一旦发生事故 只要操作人员一发指令 机器就立刻停下来 仅仅太平洋的面积就比所有的大陆面积的总和还要大 显然 半导体的导电能力比金属差 三 引导词的三 引导词的减译减译 1 1 1 1 引导词引导词there there there there 的减译 的减译 There are many kinds of atoms differing in both mass and properties 原子种类很多 质量与性质都不相同 There is a rapidly increasing range of uses for electronic computers 电子计算机的应用范围正在迅速扩大 There are serious philosophical problems created by the Big Bang which can not be explained 创世大爆炸 引起一些严重的哲学问题 我们对这些问题很 难做出解释 There are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless 有些化学燃料洁净无烟 There are many methods by which gastric resection may be accomplished 胃切除可以用许多方法 2 2 2 2 引导词引导词it it it it 的减译的减译 It takes a year for the earth to go around the sun 地球绕太阳一周需用一年的时间 It is the gravitation which makes the satellites move round the earth 地球引力使卫星绕地球运行 It is demonstrated that it takes a year for the earth to go around the sun 已经证实 地球绕太阳转一周需要一年的时间 Perhaps it was the isolation of the remote field of animal husbandry that fostered his originality 也许是因为他远离尘嚣从事饲养业使他具有独创能力 Heat from the sun makes it possible for plants to grow 来自太阳的热使植物生长成为可能 第三节 逻辑减译 由于英汉两种语言的使用习惯不同 词语的含义范 围和表现能力也不同 在加上英美人和中国人的思 维习惯也不尽一致 所以有的英语句子虽然本身逻 辑上是通的 但若一字不漏的译成汉语 译文在逻 辑上会重复和多余 甚至有悖于事理 This treatment did not produce any harmful side effect 这种治疗方法并没有产生任何副作用 The fresh nectar蜜poured out of the body of the bee contains 80 per cent of water 蜜蜂吐出的新鲜花蜜含有80 的水分 A jet plane rushes through the sky so fast that the noise its engine makes is left behind 喷气式飞机飞得很快 其引擎发出的声响被留在 后面 The present process of making steel from iron is only about 100 years old 目前的炼钢法只有约100年的历史 Patients with flu must be separated from the well lest the disease should spread from person to from person to from person to from person to person person person person 流感病人必须与健康人隔离 以免疾病传播 第四节 修辞减译 一 同义词或近义词的减译一 同义词或近义词的减译 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo 利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能 Insulators in reality conduct electricity but nevertheless their resistance is very high 绝缘体实际上也导电 但其电阻很高 Explosiv