第3章代词(2).doc

第3章 代词（二）六、不定代词不定代词是指那些比较笼统地表示人或事物的代词。1.不定代词的种类和用途不定代词有两类：肯定性和否定性。肯定性不定代词有：both, all, many, much, one, other, every, each, other, another , a few, a little, either, some(someone, somebody, something), any(anyone, anybo dy, anything), every(everyone, everybody, everything)。否定性不定代词有：no, neither, none; nobody, nothing。注意：不定代词的肯定和否定的形式相互都有对应的关系。all, everybody-no, nobody, none;both, either-neither;everything-nothing; some-none, no;somebody, someone-no one, nobody, none.something-nothing不定代词可以在句子中作主语、表语、宾语和定语。作主语：Does anybody want to go swimming with me?有人愿意跟我一块去游泳吗?In this class some like English, others like science.在这个班，有些人喜欢英语，其他人喜欢理科课程。作表语：Is that all you can do for me?那就是你全部能为我所做的事情吗?Thats all for today.今天(的课)就上到这儿。作宾语：I have nothing to do today.我今天没事儿。We know little about the ocean.我们对海洋一无所知。作定语：Do you have any difficulties to work on the problem?解这道题你有什么困难吗?Theres too much noise outside in the street.外面的街上太吵了。2.all, both, none, neither, eitherall表示三者或三者以上的人或物，或不可数的事物。它在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾 语、同位语和定语。all表示全部的肯定。All are here at the meeting.出席会议的人全到了。(作主语)We all like hiking in the mountain.我们大家都喜欢爬山。(作同位语)Its all she told me about herself.这就是她告诉我的有关她自己的全部情况。(作表语)You havent finished all (of) the exercises.你还没有做完所有的题。(作宾语)He has already collected all the money for the film tickets.他已经收齐了全部的电影票钱。(作定语)both的用法both表示“两者都”，表示肯定。在句中可作主语、宾语、同位语和定语。both必须与 可数名词连用，谓语动词用复数。Both of them are good at swimming.他们两个人都善于游泳。(作主语)These two shirts look nice. I want both.这两件衬衣看起来都挺好，我都要了。(作宾语)It can be done both ways.它可以用两种方法来做。(作定语)注意：all和both的位置要放在be动词，情态动词及助动词之后；放 在实义动词之前。neither, none, eitherneither指两者之中没有一个，表示全否定；none表示三者或三者以上的全部否定；either 指两者中的任意一个，表示肯定。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。(none不能作定语)Neither of the answers is right.这两个答案没有一个是对的。(作主语)Either of the answers is right.这两个答案中有一个是正确的。(作主语)either 和neither后面的名词要用单数，谓语动词也用单数。I know neither of them.这两个人我都不认识。(作宾语)She likes none of the programmes on TV.这些电视节目她都不喜欢。(作宾语)Neither film is interesting.两个电影没有一个有趣。(作定语)They none of them said anything.他们谁也没说什么。(同位语)比较：both和all与not连用时，表示部分否定，请比较下面的句子：All of them are in the school.他们都在这个学校里。(肯定)None of them are/is in the school.他们都不在这个学校里。(否定)All of them are not in the school.他们不是都在学校里。(不完全否定)Both of us were there.我们两人都在那儿。(肯定)Neither of us was there.我们两人都不在那儿。(否定)Both of us were not there.3.one 表示一个，可指人或物。它的所有格是 ones；反身代词是 oneself在句子中可以作主语、宾语和定语。One should always be ready to help others.一个人总是应该乐于助人的。(作主语)One should be strict with oneself.一个人应该严格要求自己。(分别作主语和宾语)One must find ones own way to make a living. (分别作主语和定语)一个人一定要有自己谋生的手段。one 和 ones(复数形式)可用于代替上文出现过的名词，以避免重复。Which do you like better, the big one or the small one ? 你喜欢哪一个，大的还是小的。I dont like blue shirts. I like white ones.我不喜欢蓝色的衬衣。我喜欢白色的衬衣。“a+形容词+one”是经常被使用的形式。She has a new computer, but I have an old one.她有一台新电脑，但我只有一台旧的。比较：it 和 oneit 用于表示特定的事物，(相当于the+名词)；而 one 则表示代替不特定的事物(相当于 a, an+名词)。You have a dictionary. May I use it(=the dictionary)?你有一本词典，我可以用用它(词典)吗?(特指)Do you have a bike? Yes, I have one(=a bike).你有自行车吗?是的，我有一辆。(泛指)4. little, a little 和 few, a few 的用法a little 和 a few 表示“有一些”，含有肯定的意思。Little 和 few 表示“很少”或“几乎没 有”，为否定含意。Little 和 a little 后接不可数名词；而few和a few后接可数名词的复数 。(如图所示)它们在句子中可以作主语、宾语和定语。There are few students in the school during the summer holidays.暑假期间，学校里几乎没有学生了。(作定语)There area few students on the playground.操场上有一些学生。(作定语)Is there any rice left? No, theres little left.还有米饭吗? 没剩多少了。(作主语)-Can you speak Japanese?你会说日语吗?-Yes, I can speak a little.是的，只会讲一点儿。(作宾语)注意：only 之后，只能接用 a few 或 a little; only a few 相当于very few(几乎没有几个)；only a little 相当于 very little(几乎没有)。如：John can speak only a little Chinese.约翰仅会说一点点汉语。(几乎不会)a little=a bit，意思是“一些儿，一点儿”，后面要接形容词。例如：This bowl of porridge is a little/a bit hot.这碗粥有点儿烫。Do you feel a bit/a little tired?你是觉得有点儿累吗?注意：not a little 与 not a bit 意思根本不同。前者含有“很，非 常”的意思，而后者意为“一点都不”，相当于 not at all。She is not a little hungry.她感到非常饿。After taking two hours walk, he was not a bit tired.走了两个小时以后，他一点都不觉得累。5. each 和 every 的用法each 含意为“单个，一个”，侧重于个体。可以在句子中作主语、定语、宾语和同位语。Every 的含意是“每一个”，侧重于全体、整体和共性。它在句中只能够作定语(接名词)。Every child has got a present.（=All the children have got their presents.）所有的孩子们都得到了礼物。(强调整体)Each of the students has a computer.每一个学生都有一台电脑。(强调个体，each 作主语)On each side of the road are the high poplars.路的两边有高大的杨树。(each 作定语)The teacher gave a film ticket to each of the students in class. (作宾语)老师发给班里的同学们每人一张电影票。注意：each 作同位语时的位置：The children have a new schoolbag each.每个孩子都有一个新书包。(作同位语)（=Each of the children has a new schoolbag）.每个孩子都有一个新书包。(作主语)We each have to go there foran exam.我们每一个人都得去那儿检查(身体)。(作同位语)（=Each of us has to go there for an exam.）我们每一个人都得去那儿检查(身体)。(作主语)记住这种用法：every+基数词+复数名词every+序数词+单数名词表示“每”或“每隔”。She went to see her grandma every two weeks.她每两周去看望她的奶奶一次。(或：每隔一周去看望她的奶奶一次。)The World Cup is held every fourth year.世界杯足球赛每四年举行一次。6.no 和 not any 的用法no作不定代词使用时，只能作定语。这时no=not any。例如：I have no money. (=I dont have any money.)我没有钱。(no=not any)Theres no food left in the fridge.(=There isnt any food left in the fridge.)冰箱里没有吃的东西了。(no=not any)Im no player.(=Im not a player at all.)(no=not a.at all)我不是一个运动员。no还常用作副词，用于“no+比较级+than”结构的句子中，意思是“as+反义词原级+as” 。例如：He is no stronger than I.(=He is as weak as I.)他决不比我身体更好。(意为“我和他身体都不太好”)Her physics is no better than mine.(=Her physics is as poor as mine.)她的物理决不比我的物理更好。(暗示都较差)7.another, other 的用法other 意思是指其余的人或物，复数是 others，其所有格形式分别为 others(单数)和 others(复数)。当other 之前加定冠词 the 时，后面可以接单数或复数名词；当 other 的前面没有定冠词时 ，其后必须接复数名词。例如：This bus is crowded, the other one is empty.这辆车太挤了，那辆车空着呢。These students are from Europe, and the other ones are from Ameri ca.这些学生来自欧洲，而其余的学生都来自美国。Doctor Bethune always thought of other people and never thought of himself.白求恩大夫总是想到别人而从不考虑自己。another 的含义是“另外一个”，“不同的一个”。它的前面不能用定冠词 the作定语，其后可接单数名词，当与基数词连用时，后面必须用复数名词。例如：May I have another cup of tea?我可以再来一杯茶吗?(作定语)I dont like this shirt. Show me another.我不喜欢这件衬衣。给我拿另一件看看好吗?(作宾语)They need another two weeks to finish building the bridge.他们需要另外两个星期把桥建成。(作定语)注意：当需要分别叙述两种事物或人时，经常使用句型：“one. ，the other.”。短语the other day(前几天)只能与一般过去时连用。例如：They have two children. One is a daughter, the other is a son.他们有两个孩子。一个是女儿，另一个是儿子。The other day she met Mrs. Li, her teacher in the primary school.几天前她遇见了小学时教她的李老师。当需要分别叙述三个或三个以上的事物或人时，需要使用句型“one.，another.，th e third.，the fourth.”例如：There were only three umbrellas left on the