英文学习资料-动词的时态和语态.doc

专题七 动词的时态和语态历年动词时态考点情况分析：1.出现频率最高, 每卷必考, 最高时3题(2000); 2.一题两空,主要考查时态混用,但考查进行时、完成时的概率更高；3.动词时态是英语中最重要的语法现象,只有平时认真学习,仔细推敲,大量操练,考试时才能准确选择.（一）动词时态1. 各种时态构成一般现在时do ; does现在进行时am ; is ; are / doing现在完成时has ; have / done现在完成进行时 has ; have / been doing一般过去时 did过去进行时 was ; were / doing过去完成时 had done过去完成进行时 had been doing一般将来时shall ; will / do将来进行时 will ; shall / be doing将来完成时 shall ; will / have done将来完成进行时will/ shall / have been doing 一般过去将来时should ; would / do 过去将来进行时should ; would / be doing过去将来完成时should /would / have done过去将来完成进行时should/would/have been doing2. 一般现在时的基本用法1) 经常性、习惯性的动作、状态、性能。2) 主语的特征、能力、性格。3) 客观事物或普遍真理。 4)只用一般时不用进行时的动词表状态的动词：be ; stay ; remain ; exist ; belong to表心理的动词：remember ; realize ; know ; agree ; believe ; want ; need ; understand ; forget ; please ; respect ; prefer ; mind ; like ; wish ; hope ; appreciate ; recognize ; mean ; care ; dislike ; love ; hate ; fear非延续性动词：accept ; allow ; complete ; decide ; end ; admit ; give ; receive ; refuse ; permit ; promise感官动词：see ; look ; hear ; notice ; smell ; taste ; sound ; feel5) 一般现在时表示将来的动作有些表起始的动词也可以表示按计划、规定要发生的动作。begin ; come ; sail ; leave ; go ; arrive ; set ; start ; open ; close ; stop ; return. 在make sure(certain)后面的从句中常用一般现在时表将来。在由连词if ; unless ; before ; as soon as ; when ; once ; however等引起的时间状语和条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替将来时。下列句型用一般现在时表现在进行时(here, there, in等引起的倒装句)Here / There动词主语(名词) Here comes the train! H ere / There + 主语代词动词 Here she comes!3.一般过去时的基本用法1)过去发生的动作和状态。2) 过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态(常用used to 或 would +V原形表示) He used to go there, didnt he?3)口语中,want，hope，wonder，wish，think等动词可用一般过去时表示现在的一种委婉语气或试探性态度。 I wondered if you could help me. 4)情态动词的过去时could, would, might, should可用于现在或将来,表委婉语气。4. 将来时常用的表达方式1)不含主观因素的单纯的将来用shall / will + 动原2)will表倾向或习惯动作。Plants will die without water.3)“be going to +动原”这种形式用于人时表示打算、意图，有时也表示说话者确信无疑；用于物时表示可能性或必然性。4)“be to do”表示吩咐、命令、安排、分工或征求意见。5)“be about to do”表示即刻就要发生的动作。6)现在进行时可以表将来。表运动的动词的进行时可以表示将来，be + coming / leaving / returning / going / starting / setting out / meeting / opening / dying / arriving.7)will与 be going to的用法比较a. 如果条件状语从句表示将来发生的动作或状态，主句中不能用be going to, 而用will / shall.If you accept that job, you will regret it.但是：如果条件状语从句表示的是现在的动作或状态，主句中可用be going to.If I have enough money, I am going to buy a beautiful watch.b. be going to可用在条件状语从句中表示将来时间，will 则不能。If you are going to write to Jenny this evening, youd better finish the work now.但如果不是表示将来时间，而表示意愿、坚持等，will就可以用条件从句。If you will kindly wait a moment, Ill ask the manager to speak to you.5. 现在进行时的基本用法1)此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作或状态。2)在时间、条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。 Dont mention it when you are talking with him.3)go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, take off, dine, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear等用现在进行时表将来、在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。4)现在进行时与always， all the time，forever，constantly等词连用，表感叹、惊讶、厌恶情绪。 He is always thinking of himself.5)look, smell, feel, taste系动词或表心理的want, like, prefer, have一般不用进行时,也无被动语态。 I feel worse today.6. 现在完成时的用法现在完成时表示过去开始的动作到说话时为止的结果或影响，常与already ; ever ; lately ; just ; recently ; today ; tonight ; yet ; this week ; this year ; for + 表时间段的词 ； in the last three years ; in the past three years ; so far ; up till now ; up to the present等包括现在在内的时间状语连用。7. 过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某个时间或动作之前，常用在下列句型中：1)过去完成时+ before / when / by the time + 一般过去时2)一般过去时 + after / until + 过去完成时3)主语 + 过去完成时 + by / up to / till + 过去时间4)No sooner / Hardly / Scarcely + had + 主语 +过去分词 + than / when + 主语 + 一般过去时5)It is two years since I left middle school. (以现在为依据)6)It was two years since I had left middle school. （以过去为依据）注：expect ; hope ; mean ; plan ; suppose ; think的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。 They had hoped to be able to get a ticket. I had thought to meet her there.8. 时态的呼应时态的呼应即时态的一致，是指在复合句中，某些从句谓语动词的时态常受到主句谓语动词时态的影响。 1) 主句谓语动词用现在或将来的时态时，从句谓语动词可以用任何所需时态。2) 主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句谓语动词一般须用过去的某种时态。a) 从句与主句谓语动词动作同时发生，从句须用一般过去时或过去进行时He told me her son was watching TV. I thought he studied hard.b) 从句谓语动词动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。They didnt know when they would go to the Great Wall.c) 从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。但是，从句如果与某一具体的过去时间状语连用，尽管谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，有时仍然用一般过去时。She told me her brother died in 1960.（二）动词语态1当句子主语是动作执行者时，谓语的形式用主动语态。主语是动作的承受者时，谓语用被动语态。构成为“助动词 be + 过去分词”，时态通过be表现出来。 时态 构成 一般现在时 am / is / are + done 一般过去时 was / were + done 一般将来时 shall / will + be + done 过去将来时 should / would + be + done 现在进行时 am / is / are + being + done 过去进行时 was / were + being + done 现在完成时 have / has + been + done 过去完成时 had + been + done 将来完成时 shall / will + have + been + done2. 被动语态的其它形式 1) get+过去分词 多用于非正式场合,强调动作,有时含有不愉快、不顺利的含义。否定句和疑问句要借助助动词do来构成。 Did you get scolded last night? 2) become+过去分词,强调动作的全过程。 He became seized with a deep sorrow.3.一些特殊的被动结构a) 带情态动词的被动结构： 情态动词 + be + doneb) 带不定式的被动结构为 to + be + done 。但主动形式表被动含义的情况很多：不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时。I have so much work to do tonight.在+形容词+不定式结构中。典型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, comfortable, heavy, safe, dangerous等。不定式与疑问代词连用某些动词的不定式（to blame, to seek, to let）与be连用c) 带复合宾语的动词在改被动时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。d) 有些动词形式是主动结构，但表示被动的意思。这时主语通常是物。 表主语内在“品质”或“性能”的不及物动词：look, shut, open, move, write, sell, wash, clean, burn, catch, draw, cut。This kind of cloth washes well. Your pen writes quite smoothly.某些表示“发生”happen，take place“爆发”break out“传播”spread的不及物动词。某些可用于“主+谓+主语补足语”结构中的不及物动词。wear，blow等。e) 下列情况主动句不能改被动句谓语是及物动词：leave ; reach ; enter ; suit ; benefit ; lack.谓语是不可以拆开的短语动词：take place ; lose heart ; belong to ; consist of宾语是反身代词、相互代词、不定式、动名词、抽象名词等。f) 汉语有一些句子不出现主语，在英语中一般用被动结构表示。 It is said that. / It is hoped that. / It is supposed that. / It must be pointed out that. / It is well known that. / It will be said that. / It is generally considered that. / It is believed that. g) 主动形式表被动含义：Something be worth/past/beyond/doing pare: It is worthwhile doing something.something want/need/require/demand/call for/bear/deserve/ revolve doing4. 应注意的几个问题1)否定被动句not一般放在第一个助动词或情态动词的后面2)被动语态中的by sb.与with sth. 被动语态中动作执行者一般不用表示。如果表示, 用by；如果是材料则用in；如果是工具则用with。 The picture is painted by Li Ming . He was killed with a rock.3)被动语态与系表结构形式相似，但含义不同。This book is well written. This book was written by Lu Xun能力训练1.It _this way.A. is had to do B. is had to be done C. has to be done D. has to do2.The driver of the red car _when a black one came up very quickly.A. was just starting B. has just started C. would just start out D. is just starting out3.My wife _me.A. has forever criticized B. forever criticize C. does forever criticize D. is forever criticizing4.(2000)The reporter said that the UFO _east to west when he saw it.A. was traveling B. travelled C. had been traveling D. was to travel5. (2002)The little girl _her heart out because she _her toy bear and believed she wasnt ever going to find it.A. had cried ; lost B. cried ; had lost C. has cried ; has lost D. cries ; has lost6. (NEMT2003)Shirley _a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing7. I have no idea what _while I was asleep.A. happened B. had happened C. was happened D. has happened8. -How are you today? -Oh, I _as ill as I do now for a very long time.A. didnt feel B. wasnt feeling C. dont feel D. havent felt9. When I got to the top of the mountain , the sun_.A. was shining B. shone C. has shone D. have shone10. Ill go with you as soon as I_ my work.A. will finish B. shall finish C. finish D. finished11. I need one more stamp before my collection_.A. is completed B. complete C. has been completed D. has completed12. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he_ office soon.A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left13. In some parts of the world, tea _with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served14. The pen I _I _is on my desk, right under my nose.A. think ; lost B. thought ; had lost C. think ; had lost D. thought ; have lost15. -How long _each other before they _married? -For about a year.A. have they known ; get B. did they know ; were going to getC. do they know ; are going to get D. had they known ; got16. My dictionary_. I have looked for it everywhere but still _it.A. has lost ; dont find B. is missing ; dont find C. has lost ; havent found D. is missing ; havent found17. Im sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, not at all, I _here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be18. Do you like the material? -Yes, it _very soft.A. is feeing B. felt C. feels D. is felt19. I dont really work here. I _until the new secretary arrives.A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out20. I _to watch the football match yesterday. But I couldnt get a ticket.A. would hope B. was hoping C. had hoped D. hoped21. -Your phone number again? I _quite catch it. -Its 9568442.A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant22. -_the sports meet might be put off. Yes it all depends on the weather.A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told23. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet24. I dont think Jim saw me, he _into space.A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared25. -_my glasses? -Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.A. Do you see B. Had you seen C. Would you see D. Have you seen26. Helen _her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _home.A. had left ; comes B. left ; had come C. had left ; came D. had left ; would come27. I first met Lisa three years ago. She _at a radio shop at the time.A. had worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked28. Who is Jerry Cooper? -_? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.A. Dont you meet him yet B. Hadnt you met him yetC. Didnt you meet him yet D. Havent you met him yet29. Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? -I_, but I had an unexpected visitor.A. had B. would C. was going to D. did30. Nancy is not coming tonight. But she_.A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised31. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to_.A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out32. They _the train until it disappeared in the distance.A. saw B. watched C. noticed D. observed33. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _by the hour.A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay34. Hi, Tracy, you look tired. I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted35. The price_, but I doubt whether it will remain so.A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down36. Hey, look where you are going! -Oh, Im terribly sorry. _.A. Im not noticing B. I wasnt noticing C. I havent noticed D. I dont notice37. Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls? -Yes. They have better players, so I _them to win.A. hope B. prefer C. expect D. want38. Robert is said_ _abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying39. _him and then try to copy what he does.A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch40. Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare-you must learn to_.A. support B. care C. spare D. share 41. Youve left the light on. Oh, so I have. _and turn it offA. Ill go B. Ive gone C. I go D. Im going42.He_to get full mark, but failed in the end.A. was trying B. tried C. was managing D. managed43. A new play _at the theatre tomorrow. Would you like to see it?A. has been put on B. has put on C. is being put on D. will put on44. I _ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year.A. will play B. have played C. played D. play45. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits.A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested46. As we joined the big crowd I got _from my friends.A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed47. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is not an easy task because technology _so rapidly.A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change48. We didnt plan our art exhibition like that but it _very well.A. worked out B. tried out C. went out D. carried on49. Great changes _in the city, and a lot of factories_.A. have been taken place ; have been set up B. have taken place ; have been set upC. have taken place ; have set up D. were taken place ; were set up50. The suits finished, _ it?A. doesnt B. isnt C. hasnt D. has51. I promise that the matter will_.A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of52. Have you moved into the new house? -Not yet, rooms_.A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting53. The surface of the table_ _smooth enough.A. hasnt felt B. doesnt feel C. isnt feeling D. isnt felt54. They _last week after they _several years.A. married ; had engaged B. got married ; had been engaged C. married with each other ; had been engaged D. were married ; had engaged55. Such plants never _in this part of the world.A. have grown B. are growing C. grow D. are grown56. That suit _over 60 dollars.A. had costed B. costed C. is cost D. cost57. _it to me and Ill see what I can do.A. When left B. leaving C. If you leave D. Leave58.It has been 4 years _. A. when I met him last B. than I met him last C. that I met him last D. since I met him last59. Paper money _ for over a thousand years. A. used B. has been used C. has used D. is using60. _ into the office _the telephone rang. A. He had hardly got; then B. He hardly got; then C. He hardly had got; then D. Hardly had he got; when61.-Are we about to have dinner? -Yes, it _in the dining room.A. is serving B. serves C. served D. is being served62.Gold _ in California in the nineteenth century.A. was discovered B. was discover C. has been discovered D. had been discovered63. All planes _checked before departure.A. will B. will be C. will have D. will been64.-Were still looking for Thomas. -Hasnt he _yet?A. found B. to found C. been found D. find65.The University of Michigan, which was _in 1817, is located in Ann Arbor, Michigan.A. found B. find C. founded D. being found66.Mail _ daily to all parts of the United States not 0nly by the government but also by private carriers. A. send B. sends C. is sent D. is sended67. Franklin D. Roosevelt became President of the States in 1933 and _three times before he died in 1945. A. has reelected B. had reelected C. has been reelected D. had been reelected68. Three ships _ built by last September.A. was B. were C. has been D. had been69. When water is heated, it _ into vapor. A. will be changed B. is changed C. will change D. is changing70.We _ warmly _as soon as we got there.A. were welcome B. were welcomed C. would be welcome D. are welcomed71.Both English and Japanese _ in our school.A. teach B. are teaching C. are taught D. have taught72.These dictionaries cant _ out of the library.A. take B. be take C. be taken D. to be taken73. -How often _your clothes_? -I think they ought _ twice a week at least.A. are, washed, to be washed B. are, wash, to wash C. are, washed, to have washed D. has, has been washed, to be washed74.My watch _ broken. It _ at the shop.A. is, is repaired B. is, is being repaired C. has, is being repaired D. has, has been repaired75.Great changes _place in my hometown since 1980. A. have been taken B. took C. have taken D. have had taken76.Today is Beryls wedding day. She _ to Harry.A. was just married B. has just married C. had just been married D. has just been married77.-How does Alma like her new work? -She _ with the hours.A. cant satisfy B. isnt satisfied C. doesnt satisfy D. hasnt satisfied78.The subject of these lectures _ by the lecture committee.A. announce B. announces C. has been announced D. have been announced79.The first zoological garden in the United States _ in Philadelphia in 1874.A. had established B. has established C. was established D. established80.Last week a rare stamp _at a price o