职称英语(16-30).doc

解析第16课-第30课二OO七年二月第十六课、A World without Oil(假如世界没有石油)1. Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take a look at your day. The roof of your home is probably made waterproof by an oil product, bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside your home. Before you leave to go to work or school, just examine your surroundings. Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil, or electricity from oil-fed generators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate, your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fed generators.1、你曾想过没有，如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样变化呢？请看一看你的日常生活。你家的屋顶可能是用一种叫沥青的石油产品做成防水的。沥青同样可用来铺你家外面的路面。在你离家去上班或上学之前，请观察一下你周围的环境。房间里会比外面冷空气暖和吗？这是石油或由燃油发电机发出来的电使你感到舒适温暖。如果你在炎热的气候里感到舒适凉爽，那么你家的空调器可能也是靠燃油发电机工作的。stopped to think =停下来去想； run out of =用完；take a look注视；roof屋顶； probably大概；waterproof防水；bitumen沥青；the same一样；is used for用来做.； road道路；surface表面；outside外面；leave离开；examine调查；surroundings环境；warm暖和；electricity电；oil-fed 喂油的，fedfeed过去分词；generator发电机；comfortably 舒适；cool凉爽；tropical热带；climate气候；air conditioning空调； unit 装置；depend on 依靠.how your life would change if the world ran out of oil?这是虚拟语句，“would”和“ran ”不是表示过去时，而是表示现在时间的虚拟语气，这是if引起的虚拟条件。如果上面的句子还原了应该是：if the world run out of oil（现在时），how will your life change（一般将来时）？如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样变化呢？虚拟语句的技巧：一、注意：在虚拟语句话中不用was，所有人称都用were二、在时态上的变化遵守如下5条规则：1、现在时-退-过去时2、现在完成时-退-过去完成时3、过去时-退-过去完成时4、一般将来时-退-过去将来时5、过去将来时-退-过去将来完成时.how your life would change(一般将来时-退-过去将来时) if the world ran out of oil（现在时-退-过去时）?这个虚拟语句在时态上的变化符合了第1条和第4条规则。2. In the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings such as tiles and working surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials; disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known as petroleum (Latin/Greek petra, rock, and Latin oleum, oil), found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboard for more petroleum products, medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmetics such as face creams, lipsticks and hair preparations are often based on petroleum.2、在厨房和浴室里你可能看到一些塑料器具，如塑料地板和塑料操作台面、聚苯乙烯杯子、合成材料的浴帘、消毒剂和去污剂。所有这些都是来自称为“Petroleum”的石油。“Petroleum”(石油)是(由拉丁或希腊文petro(岩石)和拉丁文oleum(油)组成)，深埋在地下。向药厨里看看，你可以找到更多的石油产品，如药用石蜡和凡士林。化妆品如雪花膏、唇膏、洗发剂等，常用石油作为基本原料。kitchen厨房；bathroom浴室；probably可能；plastic塑料；fitting装置；such as 例如. tile瓷砖；working surface工作台；polystyrene聚苯乙烯；cup杯子; curtain窗帘；made from由.制造 ；synthetic 合成；material原料; disinfectant消毒剂； detergent清洁剂；owe to应该把归功于；origin起源；petroleum石油 (Latin拉丁语/Greek希腊语 petra, rock岩石, and Latin oleum, oil)； found find发现的过去分词；deep深；inside内部；medicine医药；cupboard橱；product产品；medical医； paraffin 石蜡；jelly凡士林；cosmetic化妆品；face cream面霜；lipstick唇膏，lip唇，stick棍；hair发；preparation制剂；based on基于；3. When youre out, notice the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides made from petroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals have been developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock. As you head for your bus, train or car, all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuel to move them and lubricants to keep them in working order, take a look in the mirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress, nylon socks or stockings, and acrylic sweater-a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? All of these are based on petroleum products.3、当外出时你会看到农田和花园。化肥和杀虫剂是由石油制取的，可以使农作物增产。最近已经研制出一种动物食用的蛋白质饲料，它是用石油作为基本原料加上酵母而制成的。公共汽车、货车或小轿车，都是靠石油产品作燃料开动的，用润滑油保持这些车辆正常工作。当你去乘车之前要照一照镜子。看看今天穿什么衣服好？是化纤服装（衬衫还是外套），是尼龙袜（短袜还是长袜），晴纶毛衣还是塑料雨衣？而所有这些都是用石油产品作原料的。notice注意；field农田；garden花园；fertilizer化肥；insecticide杀虫剂；made from由.制造；improve改善；crop农作物；production产品. recently最近；protein 蛋白质；feed饲料；animal动物；develop开发；grow in在方面成长；yeast酵母；based stock基本原料；as当；head for出发；train火车；in the form of以形式；fuel燃料；move开动；lubricant润滑剂keep保持；in working order处于正常运转状态；take a look注视； mirror镜子；wear穿；polyester聚酯（俗称化纤） shirt衬衫 ，dress外套； nylon尼龙sock袜子stocking长袜；acrylic 丙烯酸的（晴纶）sweater毛衣；raincoat雨衣，PVC（聚氯乙烯） (polyvinyl chloride)俗称塑料；based on基于all of which use petroleum products .引导一个定语从句，”which”的先行词是bus，train or car4. Scientists predict that the worlds known oil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then the world will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much of our limited petroleum supplies for private motoring? Should airlines compete on similar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passenger seats? What alternative energy resources can be developed?4、科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。但远在那时候以前，世界就必须确定石油是优先考虑控制使用的物资。石油储量既然有限，我们还能把那么多的石油用于私人汽车吗？难道航空公司还应该为了在类似的航线上竞争而允许他们的客机有空座的长途飞行吗？能开发出什么样的替代能源呢？predict预言；resource=资源；run out被用完；next下一个；century世纪；long before 很早以前；have to不得不；decide决定；priority优先权；afford to支付的起.； so much和.一样多； supply for为供给；private私人的；motor汽车；airline航线；compete竞争；similar类似的；route路线；allow允许；plane飞机；distance距离；empty空的；passenger seat旅客席；alternative可供选择的；energy能源； resource资源；develop开发long before很早以前，before long不久以后allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passenger seats，是现在分词短语作状语5. There is an old English saying, Necessity is the mother of invention, which means that when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of fulfilling it. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is one suggestion that the wheeled traffic and the footsteps of crowds walking the streets in major cities could generate energy. One company has presented an idea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate fly wheels by means of a piston action using hydraulic fluid. They say the human and wheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light the streets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or school. Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill. Engines can run on alcohol, so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy. An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such sun ship would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous number of solar cells necessary to move any appreciable load. Such sun ship might travel at over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances, of course, the tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race to find new energy sources.5、英国有一句古话“需要是发明之母”。这意味着当你面对一种需要时，你将发现一种方法满足它。科学家们已经在提出一些迷人的解决方案。有一个建议提出，在大城市街道上，拥挤的人群走的脚步和路面上往来行使的车辆可以用来生产能量。一个公司提出这样想法：嵌在人行道和路面上的金属条用液压活塞的作用使飞轮转动。他们说，在繁华大城市的中心，人群和过往车辆可提供足够的能量为整个城镇的街道照明或者为一个医院或学校提供供暖系统的动力。某些人正在研制高级的风车技术。发动机可用乙醇作燃料开动，因此，过剩的甘蔗可用来产生能量。还有人建议用太阳能作动力来驱使飞艇。这种“太阳能飞艇”必须要很大的面积以携带大量的太阳能电池，这样才有可能运载可观的载荷。这种“太阳能飞艇”也许每小时能航行100多公里。当然倘若这样，世界的热带地区在寻找新能源的竞赛中将会领先一步。saying谚语；necessity需要；invention发明；mean意味；are face with面对；need需要；discover发现；fulfill实现；propose建议；fascinating迷人的；solution解决方案；suggestion提议； wheeled有轮的；traffic交通；footsteps 脚步；crowd人群；walk步行；street街道；major主要 city城市；generate产生；energy能源； company公司；present提出；idea想法；metal金属；strip条；insert嵌入； pavement人行道；road公路；operate运转；wheel车轮；by means of依靠；piston活塞；action作用；hydraulic fluid液压；human人；busy忙的；center中心；provide to提供；enough足够的；light照明；street街道；entire 全部的；town城镇；power动力；heating加热；system系统；hospital医院；school学校；develop研发sophisticated完备；version版本；windmill风车；engine发动机；run开动；alcohol酒精；surplus剩余；sugar cane甘蔗，cane细长的茎；use用；produce生产； air ship飞艇；suggest建议；large大的；surface area表面积；carry携带；enormous巨大的；number书solar cell太阳能电池，cell电池；move移动；appreciable可观的；load负荷；travel行进；kilometers公里；In such circumstances这样情况下；of course当然；tropical热带；head start领先；race赛跑 Necessity is the mother of invention, which means.which修饰Necessity is the mother of invention这个句子you will discover some way of fulfilling it：fulfilling是因为前面的介词of，介词后面一般跟名词，动词fulfilling就成了动名词第十七课.如果林肯使用过计算机1. The ad for a software program caught my eye. It said, Write better in 30 days or your money back.1有一则计算机软件的广告引起了我的注意。它说：“要是30天之内不能提高你的写作能力，就将原款退还。”ad =广告； software=软件；catch ones eye=引起某人的注意， caught = catch的过去时；program= 程序；money =钱；back=退还2. Im familiar with computer programs that correct spelling through the use of built-in dictionaries. But the ad for this program said that it would correct stylistic errors.2我熟悉那些通过使用内建字典来纠正拼写错误的计算机程序。但是，这则软件广告却说，它能纠正“文体错误”。am familiar with =熟悉；correct= 纠正；spelling=拼写；through 通过；built-in dictionaries=内建字典；stylistic=文体的；error =错误3. Style. Thats a big part of what writing is about. So I stopped by the computer store to give it a test run. I wanted to see what the program would say about one of my favorite pieces of writing.3文体对于写作关系可是很重大的。因此，我在那家计算机商店停下来，准备试一试这个程序。我想看一看它会对我所喜爱的一篇文章说些什么。style=文体；big =重要的, 重大的；a part of部分；computer 计算机；store=商店, 店铺；test =测试；run 运转；favorite=喜爱的；writing=作品名词从句:在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句，根据它在句中不同的作用，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。选择名词性从句的引导词可采用从句中“缺什么成分补什么成分”的原则，效果非常好。I wanted to see what the program would say about one of my favorite pieces of writing.就本句来看，宾语从句中不缺少主语和状语，可排除where和who，根据语境“我想看一看它会对我所喜爱的一篇文章说些什么”显然选what更符合逻辑。4. I typed it into the computer. Then the computer printed out a critique. Here it is:4我把文章输进了计算机。接着，计算机屏幕上显示出了一段评语。下文便是：type=v.打字；print out 印出；critique =批评；倒装句的主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如这段中的：Here it is最简单的倒装句式如果将本句it还原为a critique（名词），换成A critique is here，则可以完全倒装为 Here is a critique。5. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Long sentences can be difficult to read and understand. Consider revising so that no more than one complete thought is expressed in each sentence. Passive voice: are created. Consider using active. Usually a paragraph should have more than one sentence.587年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上缔造了一个新国家。她以自由为立国之本，坚决奉行所有的人生来平等的原则。斜体翻译：长的句子可能难以阅读和理解。考虑修正以便每个句子只是表达一个完整想法。are created.是被动语态。考虑使用主动语态。通常每段应该超过一个句子。four score=80，four四，score二十；father=前辈；bring forth产生；continent=大陆；nation=国家；conceive =孕育；liberty=自由；dedicate =奉行；proposition=主张；create=创造；equal =平等；斜体句子中的词：so that以便；no more than只是；6. Now we are engaged Passive voice: are engaged. Consider using active.See Help key for more information. in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met Passive voice: are met. Consider using active. on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicated a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that Delete doubled word. nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.6目前我们正在进行一场伟大的内战，这场战争正考验我国，或者任何在自由中诞生并奉行上述原则的国家能否永存。我们在这场伟大战争的战场上聚会。把这战场之一角奉献给那些为国家生存而捐躯的人们，作为他们的最后安息之地。我们完全应该这样做。斜体翻译：被动语态：are engaged.考虑用主动语态。看“help”能得到更多信息。被动语态: are met.考虑用主动语态.Delete doubled word.删除重复的单词。engage=从事；civil war 内战；test考验；whether.or 是.还是；conceive =孕育；dedicated =奉行；endure =耐久；metmeet聚会；battle field 战场，battle= 战争；dedicated= 奉献；portion = 一部分；final 最终；resting place 休息处；lives life的复数，生命；nation国家；altogether完全；fit =适合；proper=正确的.who here gave their lives that that这里出现两个that，第一个是连词，第二个是代词7. But, Use But sparingly to start a sentence. in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember An adjective long is usually not followed by a verb remember. You may need to use an adverbial form of long or a comma before remember. what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather This word usually adds little and should be omitted. to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which That is almost always preferred in this situation, lf you really mean which, then it usually needs to be preceded by a comma, See Help key for more information. they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather This word usually adds little and should be omitted. for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us: that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly revolve【应该是resolve 】that these dead Usually these should be followed by a plural noun. shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Problems detected: 13.7但是从更广泛的意义上来说，我们无权把这块土地奉献给他们，也无力神圣化这片土地。那些活着的和死去的，曾在这里战斗过的英雄，才使这片土地成为神圣之地，而非我们的微薄之力所能增减。世人不会注意也不会长久记得我们今天在这里说了些什么，但是勇士们在这里做过的事将永远不会被忘记。倒是我们这些活着的人，应该继续英雄们为之战斗并使之前进的未竟事业。我们应该要更加忠诚于先烈为之牺牲的事业，为摆在我们面前的伟大任务继续献身；我们在这里下定决心不能让他们的鲜血白流；这个国家，在上帝的保佑下，将获得自由的新生。这个民有、民治、民享的政府将与世长存。斜体翻译：Use But sparingly to start a sentence.句子的开头应少用butAn adjective long is usually not followed by a verb remember. You may need to use an adverbial form of long or a comma before remember. long是一个形容词不能来修饰动词remember，应该用一个副词替换long或者在remember前面加一个逗号This word usually adds little and should be omitted. 这个词应该少用或省略That is almost always preferred in this situation, lf you really mean which, then it usually needs to be preceded by a comma, See Help key for more information.这种情况下最恰当的词应该是“that”，如果你一定要用“which”要在其前面加个逗号，查看“help”可以得到个多的信息Usually these should be followed by a plural noun.通常“these”这个词修饰复数名词Problems detected: 13.发现了13处问题in a sense=在某种意义上；dedicate=奉献；consecrate使神圣； hallow 视为神圣；ground土地；brave勇敢；living and dead活着的和死去的；struggle战斗； far above 远非；poor power微薄之力；add or detract加或减； little 完全不；note注意；nor也不 ；remember 记得；never forget决不忘记；rather 当然；dedicate致力；unfinished未完成的；work事业；foughtfight的过去时，战斗；thus far 迄今；nobly高贵的；advanced先进的；rather当然； dedicate致力；task任务；remaining继续；honor光荣； dead死；increased增加；devotion投入；cause 原因；measure测量；highly非常；revolve旋转，这是书上印错的一个地方，这里应该用（resolve 决心）；died死亡； in vain徒然; under God在上帝的保佑下；birth出生；freedom自由; government政府perish毁灭；the earth地球8. Thats something. As often as Ive read this speech, getting a lump in my throat every time. Ive never detected one stylistic problem, much less 13. Shows how little I know.8真是奇迹!每当我阅读这篇演讲词的时候，总感觉心情激动，如鲠在喉。我却从未发现过它有一处文体错误，更不用说它有13处错误了。这表明我的知识何等贫乏啊！is something了不起； as often as 每当；speech =演说；a lump in my throat（我）哽咽欲泣，lump =块（尤指小块），throat =喉咙；every time每次. detected= detect的过去分词，察觉；stylistic文体；problem问题, much less 13. Shows how little I know.show =表明；little =很少；9. But I suppose we really shouldnt expect anything better from someone who grew up in a log cabin, hoofed to a one room school house and never made it to college.9.但是，我们不应该苛求个在小木屋里长大，徒步到那所只有一间屋子的学校上学，后来也没有上成大学的人，他也不可能把话讲得再好了。suppose 推想；expect=指望； grow up=长大；log=原木；cabin=小屋；hoof =步行；made it 达到预定目标；college=大学10. We might remember, though, that Abe Lincoln was at a stylistic disadvantage when he wrote his Gettysburg Address. The poor guy didnt have a Help key to push.10然而，我们也许应当记住：亚伯林肯写葛底斯堡演讲稿时，他实在没有很好的条件来讲求文体修辞。可怜的家伙那时并没有计算机上的“求助”键可使用。remember =记得；though =然而；stylistic =文体；disadvantage =不利条件；Gettysburg 葛底斯堡；address =演讲；poor =可怜的；guy =家伙；key=键；push=推，这里含：敲键盘的意思。 林肯葛底斯堡演讲 The Gettysburg Address Gettysburg, Pennsylvania November 19, 1863 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we can not hallow - this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 主讲：亚伯拉罕林肯 时间：1863年11月19日 地点：美国，宾夕法尼亚，葛底斯堡 八十七年前，我们先辈在这个大陆上创立了一个新国家，它孕育于自由之中，奉行一切人生来平等的原则。 我们正从事一场伟大的内战，以考验这个国家，或者任何一个孕育于自由和奉行上述原则的国家是否能够长久存在下去。我们在这场战争中的一个伟大 战场上集会。烈士们为使这个国家能够生存下去而献出了自己的生命，我们来到这里，是要把这个战场的一部分奉献给他们作为最后安息之所。我们这样做是完全应 该而且非常恰当的。 但是，从更广泛的意义上说，这块土地我们不能够奉献，不能够圣化，不能够神化。那些曾在这里战斗过的勇士们，活着的和去世的，已经把这块土地 圣化了，这远不是我们微薄的力量所能增减的。我们今天在这里所说的话，全世界不大会注意，也不会长久地记住，但勇士们在这里所做过的事，全世界却永远不会 忘记。毋宁说，倒是我们这些还活着的人，应该在这里把自己奉献于勇士们已经如此崇高地向前推进但尚未完成的事业。倒是我们应该在这里把自已奉献于仍然留在 我们面前的伟大任务我们要从这些光荣的死者身上吸取更多的献身精神，来完成他们已经完全彻底为之献身的事业；我们要在这里下定最大的决心，不让这些死 者白白牺牲；我们要使国家在上帝福佑下自由的新生，要使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。 (这些中学生用语一般质朴无华的字句，铸成了英语演讲史上的一篇珍品。演讲词的手稿被珍藏于美国国会图书馆，演讲词的内容被铸成金文放在牛津大学，作为英语演讲的最高典范。平民出身的林肯，靠的是他超人的勤奋，才结出了伟大的传播力的果实)Abraham Lincoln 亚伯拉罕林肯（1809 1865），美国第十六任总统（18611865）。他自修法律，以反对奴隶制的纲领当选为总统，导致南方诸州