英语二 UNIT1 课件.doc

一、目的：1词汇量的提高。即数量与质量的双提高。英语（二）15个单元共有生词915个（A课文有490个；B课文有425个），英语（一）25个单元有1428个（A课文有793个；B课文有635个），加上中学学过的1600个，共计：3943个英语单词。这些单词，特别是常用的，不是很生僻的单词，都要求认真掌握。不但要掌握每个单词的词义，还要掌握它的词性，因为不知道词性就无法确定它在句式中的次序，换言之，不知词性就不知道如何使用它。这一点对于初中级学习者至关重要。2语法学习的进一步深入。 英语（一）用前20个单元系统地讲解了英语的基本语法知识。英语（二）只是对几个语法难点做补充讲解，安排在1，3，5，7，9五个单元。所以说，学好英语（一）是学习英语（二）的前提和保证。语法的三个阶段性标志：初级时态的灵活及正确运用。包括16种时态，应熟练掌握常见的12种时态的用法和构成，其中过去将来进行时，过去将来完成时，过去将来完成进行时，以及将来完成进行时很少使用，可做一般了解；中级非谓语动词、从句的运用。 非谓语动词形式有：不定式，动名词，分词（现在分词和过去分词）。从句包括：名词从句，定语从句，状语从句。名词从句又包括：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。高级介词的运用。介词短语的灵活、准确地运用能起到分词或从句所起的作用。从而使表达言简意赅，富有表现力。It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 民生、民主、民享。（林肯-葛底斯堡演讲 The Gettysburg Address）The students who are from America study Chinese hard in the classroom in Peking University every day.3阅读能力的提高。能读懂指定教材后期课文难易程度相当的一般性英文材料，生词不超过所读材料词数的3%，速度达每分钟30个单词，理解基本正确。要学会用英语思维阅读，体会作者的意图。培养良好的阅读习惯，由逐词阅读向逐句逐段阅读转变。4具备一定的翻译能力。 1）能将阅读的材料译成汉语，译文基本正确，文字通顺，笔译速度达每小时300个英语单词。 2）能把结构不太复杂、由常用词构成的汉语句子译成英语，译文基本正确。5听、说和写能力。 暂不做考试要求。二、方法：1充分利用课堂时间，在理解中强化记忆并灵活运用所学的知识点。2保证完成书本上的练习，同时做一定量的课外练习。3保持一定的阅读量。英文网站，“21st Century”, “China Daily”, 历年试题。4重视学习的持续性。习惯很重要5正视老师的作用。老师主要角色是传道、授业、解惑。老师可以帮助学生理解课文，梳理知识点，使复杂的、难记的东西变的简单一些，直接一些，好记一些，但老师无法替代学生记住知识点和熟练运用所学的知识。所以，请学生们一定要相信自己(Believe in yourself)，积极地、有目的地、独立地学习英语。正如英语（一）第一单元-Text A中所讲：If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.大学英语自学教程（下）Unit 1-Text A What Is a Decision ?(1) A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.1. alternative：a. 供选择的；n. 两种或多种可能性之一；n. 选择。 There are alternative answers to the question. You have the alternative of working hard or not.I have no alternative but to go. 我别无选择只有去。2. courses of action：做事方案，行动步骤，办事程序。3. achieve: v.（1）完成；实现 The university has achieved all its goals this year. 这个大学今年已经实现了所有的奋斗目标。(2)达到；获得He hopes to achieve all his aims soon. 他希望尽快达到所有目标。4. goal:(1)目标；目的；目的地 His goal is a place at University. 他的目标是在大学任教。 (2)（足球等的）球门5. objective 目标、目的Our objectives were won. 6. accomplish: accomplish 常接 task, aim, journey, voyage 等名词, 有时兼有“达成(效果)”之意。与finish, complete 的区别：都含“完成”的意思。(1) accomplish 通常接 task, aim, journey, voyage 等名词, 有时兼有“达成(效果)” 之意, The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks. 探险队在五周内完成了航程。(2) complete 比 accomplish 具体, 可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词, 指“按预期目的把未完成的工作经过进一步的努力使之完成”, 主要涵义是“补足缺少的部分”, The building will be completed by the end of this month. 这座楼于本月底建成。(3) finish 在许多情况下可与 complete 换用, 但不及 complete 正式,常含有“认真仔细地完成工作的最后阶段的精工修饰, 使之完美”的意思。 I have finished the book. 我已读完了这本书。7. in the way of: 妨碍，阻碍。Im afraid your car is in the way. 恐怕你的车挡了我的道。(2) Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything （that）a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they (should) consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, hut since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious. 1. fundamental: a. 基础的, 基本的; n. 基本原则, 基本原理a fundamental change 根本变化a fundamental law 根本法则, 基本定律; 基本法the fundamental rules of grammar 语法的基本规则the fundamentals of mathematics 数学的基本法则be fundamental to + n. 对十分重要This is fundamental to the true understanding of this book. 2. accompany :(1) + n. + to + n . 伴随、陪同 The guide accompanied the foreign visitors to the airport. 导游陪同游客到机场。(2) + n. + with + n. 与同时发生或做出He accompanied his speech with gestures. 他演讲时做着手势。3. to make a guess at: 对进行猜测Make a guess at an answer, please! 请猜一下答案！If I might make a guess at her age, Id say she was about 30. 要让我猜的话，我看她大概三十岁。(3) Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.1. a broad range of: 很宽范围的2. constraint: n 强制，强制因素，制约条件，拘束He soon tired of the constraint of military life. 他很快厌倦了军事生活的约束。All constraint had vanished between the two, and they began to talk. 两人之间的拘束感都消失了，他们开始交谈起来。3. precedent: n. 先例，前例，总统The president followed historical precedent in forming the Cabinet. 总统遵循历史惯例来组成内阁。4. and the like: 类似的东西, 等等. He loves music, painting and the like. 他喜爱音乐，绘画等诸如此类的东西。 (4) Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made (from). If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.1. therefore: ad. 因此，表递进。2. in an either / or fashion: 以非此即彼的方式 (5) At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited. (6) Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs (that) the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. It doesnt work1. contribute to + n：促成，导致; 有助于; 捐赠，贡献; 撰稿，投稿 Does smoking contribute to lung cancer? 吸烟会导致肺癌吗？ We hope your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem. 我们希望你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。 Many people contributed aid to refugees when the earthquake occurred in Sichuan province in China. 当中国四川省发生地震时，许多人向难民提供援助。 Everyone should contribute what he can afford to it. 人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。 She has contributed to literary magazines. 她给几家文学刊物投了稿。2. a state of affairs：事态，局面3. seek to + v：追求，争取, 设法做某事 They are seeking to mislead. 他们竭力进行误导。 They sought to bring their conflict to an end. 他们试图结束冲突。4. attain: v. 到达,经过不懈的努力或一段时间后达到如: The picture has attained to perfection. 5. optimal: a. 最适宜的，最理想的 suboptimiza-tion构词法 （optimum：n. 最适宜 adj. 最适宜的。 复数：optima）6. trade-off：n. 权衡，物物交换7. argue: v. (1) argue+with+sb+about/over+n. 与某人争辩/争论某事 如：He is always arguing with her about the cases. 他总是和她争论这些事。 (2) argue+for/against+n. 为赞成/反对.而辩论 如：They argue for an increase in salary.他们主张增加工资。(3) argue+某人+into/out of+doing+n. 说服某人做/不做某事如：I argued him out of doing such a foolish thing.我说服他不做这种愚蠢的事。派生词：argument, arguable 近义词：debate, dispute8. the scheme of the things: 事物的规律，安排In the scheme of things，it is hard for small businesses to success. 一般来说（按事物的规律），小本生意男做。 (7) These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in different terms. When (they are) presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.1simultaneously：ad. 同时, （at the same time） simultaneous: a. This event was almost simultaneous with that one. 这件事几乎是与那件事同时发生的。 2. vary from to: 从变为; 在与之间变化 Her mood varied from optimism to extreme depression. 她的情绪一下子由乐观变为极度消沉。 The prices of the bikes vary from 300 yuan to 1000 yuan. 自行车的价格从三百元到一千元不等。 (8) The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different peoples values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.1. in part: 部分地， 在某种程度上 His success was due in part to luck. 在某种程度上，他成功靠的是运气。 We are losing mone _ in part because, with our old computers, we cant stay competitive. 我们在赔钱在某种程度上是因为我们仍用旧的计算机，缺乏竞争力。2. profitability:n. 赚钱，获利, 收益性，获利能力。profit：n. 利润, 益处, 得益; vi. 得益, 利用; vt. 有益于, 有利于. (9) People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions. 1. assume: v. (1) 认为，假定：He is not so foolish as you assume him to be. 他不象你认为的那么愚蠢。(2) 承担，担任：He assumes a leading position in that company. 他在那家公司担任领导。(3) 呈现的形式/面貌：The factory assumes a new aspect. 工厂呈现一派新气象。(4) 假装：He assumes a look of innocence. 他装出一副无辜的样子。2. point of view 观点3. entity: n. 实体，统一体；存在(物)；组织, 机构, 团体。The whole country is a single entity.全国一盘棋子。语法部分：as 的用法提示：1.化繁为简 2.背诵典型例句 3.先练习后理解 as一词在英语中用法比较复杂（好像越是简单的词越是不好学，比如do,it,be动词等等，很是让人头疼）。从词类上讲，as可以用作介词、副词、连词、关系代词（也就是说，as最主要的作用就是承上启下）。从语法功能上讲，as可以和它的宾语一起构成介词短语（也就是as出现在一些固定词组里面）; 可以引导状语从句、定语从句; 也可以修饰形容词或其它副词（起进一步的解释说明作用）。 另外，as还可以用在很多习语中（固定词组）。1as作为介词时，意思为“作为、担任”或“似、像”He worked as a teacher in that school.She behaved toward him as a mother.as做“似、像”意思时，与like通用。但当as用来表示“作为、担任”意思时，与like有区别（like仅指外表像） 由as引出的介词短语在句子中可以作状语、定语、宾语补语和表语。(见课本P21-22)2. as用作副词时，可以表示程度，主要用在asas结构中。 此时的as的意思是“如同，像”。另外，I guessed as much （我料到是这么回事）.句中，as也作为副词出现。（见课本P22）4as作为连词出现。这是as比较重要的用法。主要引导状语从句。大家可以参照状语从句的用法。其词义主要为“正当、如同、因为”等。（见课本P23-24）5as用作关系代词，可以引导定语从句。在引导限定性定语从句时，常与such或same连用,如：I feel just the same as you do. 我和你的感受一样。 Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. 你所描述的这种人现在已很少了。当as 引导非限制性定语从句时，常有插入语的性质，对主句做进一步说明，as指前面整个主句，如：Im working the night shift, as you know.如你所知，我在上夜班。as引导的非限制性定语从句，也可以放在主句之前，这时as指的是后面的整个主句，如：As can be judged from her eyes, she has no personal hostility to us. 从她的眼睛里可以看出，她个人对我们并无敌意。6.带as的一些习语:as long as只要，在的时候, so long as只要, as soon as一 就, as if好象,似乎,仿佛, as though好象,似乎,仿佛, as regards关于,至于, as to关于,至于, as for关于,至于(不够正式,用于句首常含贬义), as well(也,又), as well as(也,又), so as to(以便于,以致于), so as to(以便于,以至于)等，请大家参照教材P25-26上面所举的例子，尽量熟记！Unit 1-Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview第1段The subject of todays talk is interviews.Interview n.1) 接见；会见 I thank you very much indeed for this interview. 非常感谢你这次接见。2) 采访3) 面试to go for an interview 进行面试v.1) 接见，会见The premier interviewed the students last month 总理上个月接见了学生们。2）面试Mr. Li is interviewing the applicants. 李先生正在面试申请者3）采访The reporter is interviewing the witnesses of the accident.第2段The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. 关键词就是：准备和信心。准备和信心将使你受益匪浅。1）本句带有一个which引导的非限制性定语从句， 修饰前句中的preparation and confidence.2）carry you far 对你有益。第3段Do your homework first.Do your homework first. 首先做好准备工作。Homework指在家中所要完成的任务，并不单指家庭作业。 如：Before I went abroad, I did a lot of homework.第4段Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.第5段Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of furthering the companys prospects or of serving the community, but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”criticism n. 批评、评论I would appreciate your criticisms of what I have written.notion n. 概念、想法 习惯用法：have a good notion of 很懂得; have a notion that. 认为; have no notion of 1) 不明白; 完全不懂 2）没有.的意思prospect n.1) 景象 A fine prospect spreads out before us.2) 前程、前景 Theres not much prospect of Mr. Smiths being elected as Congressman. 史密斯先生被选为议员的希望不大。take the trouble 不辞劳苦、费力 He took the trouble to gather the materials for us.第6段Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.indifference n.1) +to+名词：不关心、不感兴趣 The government showed indifference to the education 政府对教育毫不关心2) a matter of indifference 无关紧要的事 Its a matter of indifference to me 这事对我无关紧要。Do not let this be said of you 不要让别人说你。This 指代上段的最后一句话。这是This的经常用法之一。第7段Take the time to put yourself into the interviewers place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.put oneself into sbs place 设身处地： Put yourself into my place. 第8段Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.第9段Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all.”第10段Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.Do not be afraid to ask forwhat was implied, but do be polite. 如果面试中你想弄明白对方所说的某些话有什么隐含意思，就请对方说明，不必畏缩，但一定要有礼帽。这是一个并列句，由连词but 引导两个并列祈使句。第一个分句是复合句，其中that 引导定语从句修饰something，这里不能用which替代that,因为它所修饰的先行词something为不定代词，“if you implied” 是条件状语从句。第11段Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered, any correspondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.第12段Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.第13段Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building (but not inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.make sure 确信 Make sure you get there by nine. 第14段Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic if you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late. 如果到达时十分慌张，而且迟到了十分钟，那么你一开始就处于不利的地位。句子中worried and ten minutes late为形容词及副词短语作主语补足语，说明主语you 所处的状态。 He lay in the snow dead (这里dead说明he 的状态)第15段Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts. Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are clean and neat.第16段Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.in case 如果，以防万一: He dared not leave the house in case he should be recognized. 他不敢出门，生怕被认出来。 第17段You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. 第18段The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.第19段If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse still, drop it, spilling everything.第20段Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.第21段Shake hands firmly - a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painfu