英语九大时态.doc

九大时态一、 一般现在时1 表客观真理、科学事实、格言或不受时间限制的客观存在2 表现在的习惯动作（通常用动作动词，与频度副词连用）3 表示现时刻存在的状态，有一定的持续性（用状态动词）e.g. I agree with you. (心理状态的状态动词)4表示瞬间动作（通常用于新闻报导、现场直播） e.g. Li passes the ball to Wu. Wu heads it to Chen. Chen shoots, and the goalkeeper leaps for it. Oh, its a goal.5. 表示过去时间：tell, say, learnAShe tells me that youre entering college next year. (表过去，前后时态一致) The seven oclock news says that I learn by experience thatB. Last Sunday Im in the sitting room with my friend when this chap next door staggers past and throws a brick through my window. (把过去的时间发生的事生动、突出、栩栩如生地放在读者面前，使读者感觉到这件事正在发生，更真实历史现在时)6表示将来时间A. 根据时间表或规定预计要发生的事 What time does the train leave? Tomorrow is Saturday. I retire next year.B. I hope that (现实/将来) Make sure / certain that (you dont get lost). See to it thatC. if/when/while/as soon as Ill tell her when she comes back. (在条件或时间状语从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句可用现在时态表示将来的时态)二、 一般过去时1. 过去所发生的动作、状态，与现在没有联系c.f. He was a teacher all his life. (人已经死了) He has been a teacher all his life. (人还活着)2. 表示过去习惯的动作: e.g. used to do sth., would do sth.The boy sold newspaper for a living.3在特定句型中，表现在时间和将来时间A. 日常用语、客气的语气 Did you want to see me? I wondered ifB. Its (high) time that (很客气的一种建议) I wish I were young as you. Id rather you went now. If only as if. c.f. (虚拟) He looks as if he were ill. (假病) (陈述) He looks as if he is ill. (真的病了) I feel as if my head were on fire. Suppose we spent next Sunday in the country. 三、 一般将来时（一） 表示一般将来时的动词形式及用法1 用情态助动词shall/will + 动词原形表示A. 表示“预见”时间B. 表示“意图（愿）”，没有将来的意思，有个人感情成分No, I wont lend it to you.Exception: Ill give him some advice if hell listen to me. (表意愿) 为了表纯粹的将来时间，用“will be doing” I will be writing to you soon.2用“be going to do sth.”表示A. 表示“预见”有迹象表明，将来某个时刻，将发生某事 Be careful! The pile of boxes is going to fall.B. 表示“意图”经过考虑的，打算在近期做的Im going to Beijing.How long are you going to stay here?3用“be doing”表示按即或安排将发生的动作The plane is taking off at twelve.特点：a. 用时间状语以区别于现在进行时 b. 意思靠上下文来理解：Hurry up! The train is starting.4用“be to do sth.”A. 表示按计划安排 We are to learn Chapter Six next week.B. 报纸或电视台宣布官方正规的消息 Premier Li is to visit Japan next week. The highway is to open to traffic next Sunday.C. 表命令、禁止，没有将来的意思You are to stay here!No one is to leave the classroom without my permission.5用一般现在时的动词形式表示将来时间（二）各种表示一般将来时的动词形式的用法比较1Will/shall + 动词原形和be going to结构的比较A. 都表示意图，可互换B预先经过考虑的，用“be going to” She has bought some cloth. She is going to make herself a dress.C事先没有考虑的，用“will”表意愿 I will go. I will help you.2be + V.-ing和be going to结构的比较A表将来，现在已觉得做时，两者可互换Bbe + V.-ing: 肯定，不容改变的安排，比较正式 be going to： 有迹象表面将发生某事3will/shall+动词原形和将来时表示将来时间的比较 If you will (will表意愿，不能略写) kindly wait for a moment, Ill ask the manager to speak to you.四、 现在进行时(一) 用法1 表示说话时正在进行的动作2 表示现阶段正在进行的动作（讲话时不一定在做）（暂时性）3 表计划安排中近期将发生的动作（有时间状语）4 表示刚过去的动作：talk, tell, say5 表示婉转的语气：Im hoping/wanting/wondering if (在口语中)6 与always等频度副词连用，表示感情色彩的现阶段发生的动作Hes always finding our faults. (表厌烦)Hes always borrowing money from me and forgetting to pay it back.（二） 一般现在时与现在进行时的用法比较1 相对而言，一般现在时表示经常性动作，现在进行时表示暂时性动作I live in Guangzhou. (长期)Shes living in Guangzhou. (读书期间，暂时)2 在报道中，一般现在时表示短暂动作，现在进行时表示持续动作He shoots, and its a goal. The crowd is cheering and the other players are running to him toThe bus stops. (一下子停下)The bus is stopping. (慢慢停下)3 一般现在时用来叙述事实，现在进行时含有某种感情色彩（不加频率副词时有赞扬的语气）You are doing fine in school.五、 过去进行时1 表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作2 表示过去某段时间的暂时性动作At that time I was teaching in Shaoguang.3 表示按计划安排过去某时将发生的动作（有时间状语）He was leaving a few days later. (表示过去将来时)4 表示婉转口气：want, hope, wonderI was wondering if5在某些结构中做想象的用法，表示对现在或将来的设想（虚拟语气） I wish he werent speaking so loudly. (与现在事实相反) If they were leaving tonight, Id like to go with them. (与将来事实相反)6与频度状语连用，表示感情色彩He was always changing his mind.7 作为铺叙故事情节的背景A man was ferrying across the river when his sword fell into the river.六、 现在完成时：have/has + 过去分词（一） 不能用的情况：有瞬间动词，有具体的过去时间状语（二） 用法1 过去某时发生的动作，其结果和影响现在依然存在Ive traveled by plane. (有此经历，不确切的过去时间)Do you understand what I have said? (动作的先后)与时间状语连用的情况：A 可以与不确切的过去时间状语连用：already, yet, before, recently, lately.B 可以与频度状语连用：sometimes, ever, never, once, oftenC 可以与包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用：this month/morning,但暗示着另外一个问题The rain has stopped now (=at last). 2（现在）未完成用法：过去发生的动作持续到现在，也许还会持续下去A与since引导的时间状语连用：since + 名词词组/从句 Ive been here since last July. She has taught us since I came to this school.B由for引导的时间状语，表一段时间C可以和其他表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间的时间状语连用：until now, in the past few years, all morning七、 现在完成进行时：have/has + been + V.-ing(一) 用法1 表示某一动作从过去某个时刻开始，一直延续到讲话这个时候还在进行2 表示某一动作从过去某个时刻开始，一直延续到讲话这个时候刚刚结束Sorry Ive kept you waiting.Thats all right. Ive been reading newspapers.(二) 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的用法比较1 意义一致，可互用（有时间状语时）2 句子里没有时间状语时：How long have you learned English? (已完成)How long have you been learning English? (未完成)八、 过去完成时：had + 过去分词1 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生（过去的过去）He flew home, but his father had died.2 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间还没结束(用段时间的时间状语)By six oclock, they had worked for 24 hours.She said she had made great progress since she came here.3 想象性用法（虚拟语气）I wish I had gone with you yesterday.4表示过去未曾实现的希望、愿望、打算：hope, want, think, expect, intend, suppose We had hoped you would (be able to) go with us. We had wanted to help but couldnt get