湖南省株洲市高考英语阅读理解、短文改错训练（13）.doc

株洲市2014高考英语阅读理解、短文改错训练（13）及答案a(2013年高考英语专题训练）（此篇是科学知识类，题目有细节理解题，推断判断类，以及猜测词义，形式多样，能够很好地训练学生阅读理解能力） “old wives tales” are beliefs passed down from one generation to another. for example，most of us remember our parents telling us to eat more of certain foods or not to do certain things. is there any truth in these teachings? some of them agree with present medical thinking，but others have not passed the test of time.did your mother ever tell you to eat your carrots because they are good for your eyes? scientists now report that eating carrots can help prevent a serious eye disease called macular degeneration. eating just one carrot a day can reduce the possibility of getting this disease by 40%. garlic(蒜)is good for you，too. it can kill the type of virus that causes colds.unfortunately, not all of moms advice passed the test of medical studies. for example, generations of children have been told not to go swimming within an hour after eating. but research suggests that there is no danger in doing so. do sweets cause tooth problems？well, yes and no. sticky sweets made with grains tend to cause more problems than sweets made with simple sugars.even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs dont hold_water,_there is still a lot of truth in the old wives tales. after all, much of this knowledge has been accumulated (积累) from thousands of years of experience in family health care. we should respect this body of knowledge even as we search for clear scientific support to prove it true or false.语篇解读我们大多数人都记得父母告诉我们要吃某些食物或者不要去做某些事情。这些告诫是对的吗？实际上，其中一些是与现在的医学思想相符合的，而另外一些却经不起考验。文章举了例子，并指出即便当我们寻找明确的科学证据来证明它的对错时，我们也应该尊重这类知识。1which of the following is true according to the text?a. eating garlic is good for our eyes.b. sticky sweets are damaging to our teeth.c. swimming after a meal is dangerous.d. carrots prevent people from catching colds.解析事实细节题。从第三段最后一句sticky sweels made with grains tend to cause more problems than sweets made with simple sugars.可以看出，sticky sweets的确可以对牙齿造成危害。答案b2the author develops the third paragraph mainly_.a. by cause and effectb. by order in spacec. by order in time d. by examples解析推理判断题。第三段第一句是主题句。随后，举了饭后一小时内游泳和吃糖这两个例子来证明主题句。因此，这一段是通过举例来构成段落的。答案d3the phrase“ hold water” in the last paragraph most probably means“_”a. to be believable b. to be valuablec. to be admirable d. to be suitable解析猜测词义题。从最后一段第一句可知，虽然科学告诉我们有一些传统观念不可信，但是这些老妈妈们的说法还是有一些正确的地方。hold water指“可信的”。答案a4what is the authors attitude toward“old wives tales”in the text?a. subjective. b. objective.c. dissatisfied. d. curious.解析推理判断题。纵观全文，作者既指出了一些传统说法的正确性，又说明了一些传统观念没有科学依据。尤其是文中最后一段作者表明了对这些观念的尊重，因此可以看出作者的态度是客观的。答案b*结束bonus（奖金） culture has become the subject of many studies nowadays. many people have been angered by the way some bankers and high officials seem to have been rewarded for failure. others find the idea of offering many-million-dollar bonuses morally disgusting. but few have asked whether performance-related bonuses really do improve performance. the answer seems so obvious that even to ask the question can appear ridiculous. indeed, in spite of all the complaints about them, financial encouragements continue to be introduced in more and more areas, from healthcare and public services to teaching and universities.so it may come as a shock to many to learn that paying for results can actually make people perform badly in many circumstances, and that the more you pay, the worse they perform.no one is arguing that bonuses can help companies and institutions attract and keep the best staff. nor does anyone argue against the idea that you can encourage people to do specific tasks by linking payments to those tasks. rather, the point is about how to get the best out of people. do employees really perform better if you promise to pay them more for getting results?there are some obvious reasons why such payments can fail. it has been argued, for instance, that cash bonuses contributed to the financial crash, because traders had little enthusiasm to make sure that their companies enjoyed long-term survival.most bonus projects are poorly designed, says professor malcolm higgs. he thinks the reason is that organisations try to keep bonus arrangements simple. nevertheless, he thinks bonus projects can work as long as they link the interests of individual employees with the long-term goals of a business.bonuses can also encourage cheating. “once you start making peoples rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviours, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes,” says professor edward deci. “in many cases the high officials simply lied and cheated to make the stock (股票) price go up so they got huge bonuses.”but the work of deci and others suggests the problem with bonuses runs far deeper than poor design or cheating. in 1971, he asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing. deci found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid.these studies suggest that offering rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it. this was the basis for a series of books by kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes” (贿赂) leads to low-quality work in the long run.those who believe in the power of bonuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressure wanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, kohn says. “its not just that these two are different, its often that the more you reward people for doing something, the more their inner drive tends to decline.”a “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, kohn says. people who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds. whats more, the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility.10. the effect of performance-related bonuses has not been well studied because people _a. take the function of bonuses for grantedb. see that bonus offering is done everywherec. think financial encouragement is disgustingd. are shocked by the practice of rewarding for failures11. according to malcolm higgs, designs that _ are the good ones. a. drive people to finish short-term tasks b. help to attract and keep good employeesc. link financial rewards with the quality of the outcomesd. connect individual interests with long-term business goals 12. if a person plays safe to get a bonus, he is probably being _. a. more enthusiastic b. more risk-taking c. less daring d. less responsible13. which of the following do you think the author would most probably agree with? a. companies should make their bonus projects simple.b. the benefit of bonus helps to get the best out of people.c. the biggest problem with bonus is it creates cheating.d. bonus offering can stop people doing things for pure joy.14. which do you think is the best title of the passage?a. what is bonus?b. does bonus work?c.why bonus offered?d. how bonus works?参考答案10. a 11. d 12. c13. d14. b*结束passage 7dear ralph, im a senior student. i have be in love with a boy 1_for three years.but he is a shy boy, so i wrote him a letter firstly 2._to express my feeling. and he wrote back. in his letter 3_he said, “we are students. our task is study. let us wait 4_to see until we have any chance after graduation.” so 5. _after graduation i called to him, asking him about 6._go out. but he said he didnt want to. he just 7. _wanted to sleep and watched tv. 8. _what do you think i should do? do you think 9._i should continue to love him and give up? 10_sheila【参考答案】key 7dear ralph,im a senior student. i have be in love with a boy 1 been for three years.but he is a shy boy, so i wrote him a letter firstly 2. first to express my feeling. and he wrote back. in his letter 3. feelings he said, “we are students. our task is study. let us wait4. to/studyingto see until we have any chance after graduation.” so 5. if / whether after graduation i called to him, asking him about 6. to go out. but he said he didnt want to. he just 7. going wanted to sleep and watched tv. 8. watch what do you think i should do? do you think 9. i should continue to love him and give up? 10 . or sheila*结束链接3 （2012安徽卷）welcome to your future life!you get up in the morning and look into the mirror. your face is firm and young-looking. in 2035, medical technology is better than ever. many people your age could live to be 150,so at 40, youre not old at all. and your parents just had an anti-aging(抗衰老的) treatment. now, all three of look the same age !you say to your shirt , ”turn red.” it changes from blue to red. in 2035, “smart clothes” contain particles(粒子) much smaller than the cells in your body. the particles can be programmed to change clothes color or pattern.you walk into the kitchen . you pick up the milk ,but a voice says ,” you shouldnt drink that!” your fridge has read the chip (芯片) that contains information about the milk , and it knows the milk is old . in 2035, every article of food in the grocery store has such a chip .its time to go to work . in 2035, cars drive themselves. just tell your “smart car” where to go. on the way , you can call a friend using your jacket sleeve . such “smart technology” is all around you.75.what is the text mainly about?a. food and clothing in 2035.b. future technology in everyday life.c. medical treatments of the future.d. the reason for the success of new technology.【考点】科幻类说明文【文章大意】。本文讲的是对未来的生活吃，穿，住，工作等的描述。72.【答案】d【试题解析】文章的第二段“the particles can be programmed to change clothes color or pattern.”可知答案。【难度】一般73.【答案】c【试题解析】段落大意题。根据文章第四段所讲的，当到厨房的时候，牛奶过期了，会有电子信息告诉你不能吃了。故选c项。【难度】一般74.【答案】d【试题解析】根据“its time to go to work . in 2035, cars drive themselves. just tell your “smart car” where to go.”可知d项正确。