定语从句实例.doc

定语从句(Attributive Clause)在复合句中修饰名词或代词充当定语的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有：which, that, who, whom, whose和as；引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when, why。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一、 关系代词的用法： 关系代词指代所作成分是否可以省略 that人，物主语，宾语，表语作宾语可省 which物主语，宾语作宾语可省 who人主语，宾语作宾语可省 whom人宾语可省whose人，物定语不可省关系代词which还可引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句，不能放在句首；而as用作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容时可放在句首，句中或者句末。as还可引导限制性定语从句。The road conditions there turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. 那里的道路情况结果很好，这出乎我们的意料之外。1、作主语用who, which和that, 如：He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2、作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week?注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 作宾语时通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中作宾语时也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。3、作定语用whose, 如：(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“定冠词+名词+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten. (= whose name)4、作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，可以省略。He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be.5、 总结:只能用that 做关系代词的情况：1) 当先行词是指物的不定代词时,如:all, few, little, much, any, one, everything, something, anything, nothing等时；There is nothing that does not contain contradiction. 没有什么事物是不包含矛盾的。Nearly all the wine had been drunk, but we finished the little that was left.酒差不多喝光了，不过我们还是把剩下的那点儿干了。His proposal contains much that is reasonable. 他的建议包含不少合理的因素。2) 当指物的先行词被the only, the very, the same, little, few, no, any, all, every, each, some等修饰时；This is the very book that I have been looking for. 这是我一直在寻找的那本书。It is the same song that I heard yesterday afternoon. 这就是我昨天下午听的那首歌。They pushed open all the windows that remained closed for a whole month.他们把整整关了一个月的窗子都推开了。All the presents that your friends give you on your birthday should be put away.你生日那天你的朋友送给你的礼物都必须收好。I have some things that I must do today. 我有一些今天必须做的事情。3) 当先行词既有人又有物时；He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car.他望着塞满车的孩子和包裹。We talked about the persons and things that we remembered in school. 我们谈到了我们还记得的学校中的人和事。4) 当指物的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；The first thing that I want to do now is to have a drink.我现在想做的第一件事就是喝点酒。This is the last thing that I want to do. 这是我最不想做的事。The third tree that I planted was cut down again. 我种的第三棵树又被砍倒了。The worst matter that I am afraid of happened in the end.我担心的最糟糕的事情终于发生了。5) 在疑问词who，which，what开头的句子中Which of the books that you bought yesterday was written by Bacon?你昨天买的哪本书是培根写的？6、不能用关系代词that的两种情况1) 引导非限制性定语从句不能用that, 指人时用 who, whom; 指物时用which；指时间时用when；指地点时用where；which还可指代主句He proudly pointed out the biggest sheep, which already weighed 150 kilograms.他骄傲地把最大的羊指给我们看，它已经有150公斤重了。This could be the winning game for the challenger, who only needs two more points for the championship. 这场比赛可能是挑战者获胜，他只要再得两分就得冠军了。I said nothing, which made him unhappy. 我什么都没说，这让他不高兴。2) 介词之后不能用关系代词that, 指人时用whom；指物时用whichI dislike the school to which he belongs. 我不喜欢他所在的那所学校。If you run back over the season, you cant pick out a game in which he played badly.如果你回顾一下那个赛季，你找不出他哪一场打得不好。This is the guy with whom I worked several years ago. 这就是几年前和我共事的那个人。难点一: whoseThe teacher praised the student whose English is the best in our class.whose =the students关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格The house whose window is broken is mine.whose = the window of which = of which the window 难点二: as1、 as 引导限制性定语从句用在固定搭配suchas, the sameas, asas, soas中，指代被such, the same, as, so 等修饰的名词。如：He is not the same man as he was. 他和以前不一样了。You may take as many books as you want. 你想拿多少书就拿多少。The world has been changing at such a high speed as no one has expected.世界变化速度之快没有预料得到。Dont talk about such things as you dont understand.Were facing the same problems as we did years ago.It is as pleasant a film as I have ever seen.Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.比较：Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）2、 as 引导非限制性定语从句as用作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语。如：As I have pointed out, it is important to include vegetables in our diet.正如我指出的，在日常饮食中包含蔬菜很重要。3、 as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别1） as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于句首，句中或句末，而which引导非限制 性定语从句通常只能放在主句后(句末)。As you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically.你知道，如果你反复做同样的事，你就会自动地去做了。The earth is round, as everybody knows. 众所周知，地球是圆的。The earth, as everybody knows, is round. 众所周知，地球是圆的。As everybody knows, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。And our porters carry your luggage, which means that you can simply enjoy the experience. 有搬运工为你搬运行李，这意味着你能尽情地享受这次经历。2） as引导的非限制性定语从句时有“正如”之意，而 which没有此意。3） as在从句中作主语时，谓语中一般有系动词be,否则用关系代词which。试比 较：Smoking is harmful to ones health, as is known to us all. 正如我们大家所知道的，吸烟有害健康。It was raining heavily last night, which prevented me from going to the party.昨夜雨下得很大，使得我无法参加晚会。二、关系副词的用法：关系副词 指代可作成分可否省略 when 时间 状语 否 where 地点 状语 否 why 原因 状语 否1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?2where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等，如：This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.3. why指原因或理由,在从句中作原因状语，它的先行词只有reason如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1、这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.2、当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3. when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 几种易混的情况1. Ill never forget the days when /in which we worked together.2. Ill never forget the days which we spent together.3. I went to the place where/ in which I worked ten years ago.4. I went to the place which/that I visited ten years ago.5. This is the reason why/ for which he was late.6. This is the reason that/which he gave.几个名词后的引导词1. situation 后常用where/in which 引导定语从句 Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use this word?2. way（方式，方法）后常用in which, that 或把that 省略Do you know the way (that)/in which he worked out the problem?三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与主句关系是否密切，定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1、 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的修饰成分，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，与主句之间不能用逗号分开。We have worked out a scheme which should save the company several thousand pounds a year. 我们设计出一个一年可为公司节省几千英磅的计划。The custom dates from the times when men wore swords.该习俗始于人类佩带刀剑的时代。2、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句与主句关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。非限制性定语从句和主句往往有逗号隔开，一般不用that引导。非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词一般也不能省略。Watch for our new improved product, which will be on the market next week!等着看我们新改进的产品吧，它们将于下星期开始在市场上出售。The journey, which I remember well, was very pleasant.我清楚地记得那次旅行很愉快。She was shown into a small room, where there was a dying man.一、 多项选择1. The hard-working peasants and their happy life _ we saw in the countryside gave a wonderful impression on us.A. 不填 B. who C. which D. whom2. I shall never forget those days _ I lived in the army with the soldiers, _ has a great effect on my life. A. that, which B. when, which C. when, that D. which, that3. Helen is much more kind to her youngest child than to the others, _ of course, makes the others unhappy. A. who B. which C. she D. that4. It is near the place _ there is a tomb _ we found the dead man. A. where, where B. where, that C. that, where D. that, that 5. Is this hotel _ offered you a job _ you stayed the first time you arrived here? A. which, where B. the one, in which C. where, that D. the one that, where6. We came to a place _ they had never paid a visit before. A. which B. that C. to which D. to where7. I am afraid I am not fit for the job, because it is one _ needs a lot of patience. A. which B. that C. what D. where8. Is this factory _ you once carried out the scientific research together with the workers? A. which B. the one C. at which D. where9. Mr Green drove his car slowly until it came to the freeway _ the speed limit was 60 miles an hour. A. which B. where C. that D. when10. The general at last got a chance to visit the village, _ he used to fight, _ he had been dreaming of for years. A. that, which B. where, that C. in which, what D. where, which11. Is this the restaurant _? A. which you work B. in which you work C. you work D. where you work in12. The small mountain village _ we spent our holiday last month lies at the side of the river. A. when B. which C. where D. what13. _ is quite natural, a beginner cant read books written in English very quickly. A. what B. As C. Which D. It14. The Great Wall is the last place _ Mr Smith is going to visit before he leaves Beijing. A. where B. which C. 不填 D. what15. There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which16. Id like a car _ front lights are big and round. A. which B. who C. whose D. of which17. _ I had expected, the number of the audience was well over two thousand. A. As B. Which C. Whom D. That18. It is the very place _ the anti-Japanese soldiers fought over sixty years ago. A. that B. which C. where D. there19. You can use a large plastic bottle, _ cut off, as a pot to grow young plants in. A. the top is B. the top of which C. whose top D. with its top20. A war is so cruel that it always causes great losses, _ has happened in Libyan. A. what B. as C. which D. one21. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure. A. that B. one C. it D. what22. Mr Blare will move into his new house next month, _ it will be completely finished. A. by that time B. by which time C. by then D. by the time23. - Are you familiar with the music? - Yes, there was a time _ this kind of music was quite popular. A. that B. when C. with which D. about which24. The reason _ he was late this morning was _he missed the early bus. A. that, why B. which, that C. why, which D. why, that25. The reason _ he gave us sounded reasonable. A. why B. what C. which D. when26. _ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. That C. It D. As二、完成句子1. -Do you have anything to say for yourself? -Yes, there is one point_. (insist) -你有什么要说的吗？ -是的，有一点我们必须坚持。2. There were about 50 foreign students studying in China, _. (most) 大约有50名外国学生在中国学习，其中大多数是德国人。3. If often think of many cases _, but cant speak English well. (familiar)我常会想到在许多情况学生对英语单词熟悉，但不能很好地说英语。4. Do you want a friend _? (tell) 你不是想有一位能无话不谈的朋友吗？5. Halloween is now a childrens festival, _ and ask for sweets. (dress) 万圣节如今成了孩子们的节日，这天他们可以穿盛装找人要糖吃。6. Have you ever had a case _ getting the wrong end of the stick? (accuse) 你有没有过这样的情况：有人控告你的记者，说他的报道失实？7. There are various reasons _. (write) 人们写诗有各种各样的理由。8. This is the best film _ in the past few years. (see) 这是我近几年看过的最好的电影。9. There was a time _. (hate) 曾经有一段时间我不愿上学。10. The film brought the hours back to me _ in the remote village. (take) 这部电影使我想起我在偏远的村庄受到很好的照看的日子。11. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _ _. (make)陶乐西总是高度评价自己在剧中的角色，这使别人不高兴。12. The man _ is my teacher. (talk) 我父亲正与之交谈的那个人是我的老师。13.The library, _, has now turned into a exhibition hall. (complete) 这个八年前竣工的图书馆现在变成了一个展览厅。14. The flat _ is quite modern and comfortable. (belong) 这间属于她的套房相当现代、舒适。15. Recently I have bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. (price) 最近我买了一个古瓷瓶，价格非常合理。16. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ _ than hearing. (matter)那些成功的失聪的舞蹈者认为，舞蹈是一种视觉更重于听觉的活动。17. Everything depends on the way _ . (treat) 每件事情都取决于我们看待它的方式。18. He stood at the window, _. (happen) 他站在窗口，从那儿他能看见正在发生的事。19. There are two thousand students in our school, _. (be) 我们学校有2000名学生，其中三分之二是女孩。20. On the third floor there are two rooms, _. (serve) 三楼上有两个房间，其中较大的一间当作会议室用。21. Titanic is the only one of the most wonderful movies _in Hollywood. (produce) 泰坦尼克号是唯一一部好莱坞已制作的最佳影片。22.We should do something to help those _ in the terribl