虚拟语气-较齐全.doc

The subjunctive mood英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词的不同形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。一、虚拟语气在条件句中虚拟条件句主句与现在相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式（动词be用were)主语+should, would, might, could动词原形与过去相反的假设If+主语+had +过去分词主语should, would, might, couldhave done与将来相反的假设1、If+主语+动词过去式2、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形3、If+主语+should +动词原形1.主语should, would might, could动词原形2. 祈使句e. g: If I had time, I would attend the meeting. If he had hurried, he could have caught the train. If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. More practice:如果我是你，我就会努力学习If I were you, I would work harder at my lessons.如果我知道他的电话号码，我就给他打电话了If I had known his telephone number, I would have called him.如果明天下雨的话，我们会取消比赛If it should were to rain, we would call off the match.使用虚拟条件句要注意的几点：1. 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句“，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.如果你听我的建议，你现在就会痊愈了If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now.如果你努力学习的话，你现在就会是大学生了2. 省略句在条件句中，可省略 if，把were, had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式If I were at school again, I would study harder.Were I at school again, I would study harder.If you had come earlier, you would have met him.Had you come earlier, you would have met him.If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 二、虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用（1）用于宾语从句、wish 后面的宾语从句中。 一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词形式为：表现在过去时表过去过去完成时表将来would, might, could动词原形I wish (that) I were a bird.I wish (that) I had seen the film last night.I wish (that) I wouldcould go.2.用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。insist, order, command, recommend, suggest, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire etc.We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist 表示”坚持认为, 固执地声称（尤指别人反对或不信时“之意时，应用陈述语气。The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.那个人坚持说他没有偷钱在从句中的should 可以省略，只留下动词原形。如果从句带有否定结构，否定词仍然保留在动词原形之前。I suggested that you should not go now. = I suggested that you not go now.3. had hoped ,had thought, had assumed , had planned 后通常接宾语从句，表示未能实现的愿望或计划，或想当然、以为，从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。 Would + 动词原形Eg : We had thought we would be invited to dinner.我本以为我们会被邀请去吃饭的。4. would rather had rather, would as soon , would sooner + 从句，四种形式的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，表示一种愿望，表示 情愿，但愿，宁愿，与将来或现在愿望相反用动词用过去式或与过去愿望相反用过去完成时I would rather you told me the truth.I would rather you had gone there last Sunday.（2）用于表语从句和同位语从句 在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should动词原形”should可以省略My idea is that we (should) think it over before accepting it. My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others.We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.（3）虚拟语气在在主语从句中A.在句型 “It is adj. that. ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 Adj可以用的词: advisable(可取的), better, desirable , essential , good, insistent, important, impossible , natural , proper, vital , strange and so on.1. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 2 她这样做是很自然的。 Its natural that she should do so. 3 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。 Its important that we should take good care of the patient. B. 在It is V-ed that-clause句型中从句用 (should )+动词原型V-ed动词可选：advised(考虑过的) , decided (确定的), recommended(被推荐的) , required(必需的), requested(被要求的), suggested (被提议的) , urged(被要求的)It is demanded that we should work out a plan.C. 在 It is n. that.句型中从句也常用(should )+动词原型n.可选：pity (憾事), no wonder, shame, honour, etc. Its a pity that you (should) miss a good chance.三、虚拟语气在其他从句中1. It is (high / about ) time that从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should动词原形，should不能省略It is high time that you went / should go to school. 但是注意：1. It is the first time S(主语)+ have +done2. It was the first time S (主语)+had+done2. If only（要是该有多好啊)，would that (但愿，要是) 引导的从句中要用虚拟语气表示现在的情况,应用过去式; 如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态 If only I knew the answer!If only I had seen the film yesterday!3. as if ( as though) 看起来常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done), 与将来事实相反用Would (should,could, might)+ 动词原形 as if + had done (过去) + did (现在) 注：be动词转换用were + wouldcould do (将来)He treats /treated the boy as if he were his own son.He speaks/ spoke as if he had known about it4. 以 lest (以免，唯恐), for fear that(唯恐，害怕), in case(以防万一) 引导的目的状语从句要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用 “should +动词原形”Eg : Take your umbrella with you in case it should rain.5. even if ( even though)即使Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.Even if I had been busy then, I would have helped you.四 情态动词+ have donecould have done 本来可以- - -might have done 本来可能 - - -should / ought to have done 本来应该做 - - -shouldnt / ought not to have done 本不该做 - - 你本不应该告诉她真相。You shouldnt have told her the truth .neednt have done 本不必做 - - - 比较：didnt need to do 没必要做也没有做 - - - 我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了I didnt need to clean the windows . My brother did it.would have done 本来会去做-我没有足够的钱否则我会买那本书的I didnt have enough money, otherwise I would have bought that book.五含蓄条件句：一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示，而用其他方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。If 从句可由不定式，分词，名词，短语，连词或定语从句代替。分词：To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination.如果当时你能更用功些，你就已经通过考试了。(不定时完成时表示与过去事实相反的假设。)介词：with , without ,but for, underEg : with some help, we would have finished the work earlier.=If we had had some help, we would have finished the work earlier.Without air, there would be no life on earth.=If there were no air, there would be no life on the earth.Under a better condition, we would have done much better.=If we had had a better condition, we would have done much better.But forBut for the money from my parents, I would not have bought such a beautiful car.=If my parents had not given me the money, I would not have bought such a beautiful car.连词： and, otherwise(否则), otherwise, unless(除非), as long as (只要), in case(假如), on condition(条件是), supposing that /suppose(假如), provided/providing(假如).Tell me the truth, and you wouldnt have to fear. =If you told me the truth, you wouldnt have to fear.It is too cold outside, otherwise, I would certainly go with you.=If it were not too cold outside, I would certainly go with you. But that 引导的从句中的谓语动词要用过去时，主句才用虚拟语气。Eg: But for Tom saved my life ,I would have died.要不是汤姆救我的命，我早就死了。八特殊用法：1.表示祝福、祈祷和诅咒主语+动词原形God bless you！(上帝保佑你)God damn you！(上帝诅咒你)2. May +主语+动词原形May you succeed!(祝你成功)May god bless you ！3long live +主语Long live the people！Choose the best answer:1. It is strange that the little boy _ speak two foreign languages. A. could b. can C. should D. would2. He gave orders that the experi