考前知识清理2.doc

考前知识清理2考前知识清理12I. 语法复习： 主谓语一致 04） 一些只有复数形式的词作主语时( clothes , trousers , shoes , .)，谓语动词应用复数形式；但前面有a pair of 修饰时，则用单数。）分数或百分数名词构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词则依据短语后面的名词的数来决定。）代词 none, neither 作主语时，主要根据说话人的意思来决定。）在四则运算中，谓语动词用单、复数均可。 16) a great deal of ( a large amount of , a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。）a number of , ( a large quantity of , a lot of ) + 可数名词的复数，谓语动词用复数。但the number of +主语，其谓语动词用单数。 ）主语中有连词 and 时，要注意： （）and连接的几个不同事物，谓语动词用复数。（） and 连接的不同事物，如果它们前面都有定冠词或物主代词修饰，表示不同的对象，谓语动词用复数；如果定冠词只出现在第一个成分之前，则指的是同一个事物，谓语动词用单数。（）通常用两个部件配成的物品，或并列的主语指一种东西或事物、概念时，谓语动词用单数。（）在each. and each.,each . and . , every . and. , every . and evry . , no . and no. 后面的谓语动词用单数形式。（）one and a half 后面应接复数名词，但其谓语动词应用单数。II. 句型复习：17. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth.句型中的不定式如果须要逻辑主语，则须要前置介词 of而句型中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词，常见的有： bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good （好心的）, honest , horrible , kind , lazy , modest , naughty , nice（有教养的）, polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong（错误的） 这个句型可以改写为： sb. is kind to do sth.III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (12)pay pay sth. 偿还；交付 pay sb. sth. I paid him $5000 yesterday. pay sb. I havent paid the doctor.pay back 偿还 vt.pay for vt. 赔偿，为付出代价 pay off vt. 还清 pay a visit to sb. = pay a call on ab. 访问，拜望 pay attention to 注意B. 短语记忆： argument of sth/to sth赞成/反对.的理由 for /against attack on 对.的进攻,评击arrangement for 对.的安排 complaint of /about 报怨,控告 concern about/for/over 担心attention to 对.的注意 attraction for 对.的吸引力 balance between .之间的平衡 belief in 对.的信仰,相信 check on 检查,阻止 attempt at 尝试,企图考前知识清理13I. 语法复习： 数词1. 数词作定语，表语2. 顺序编号中的数词 事物名词基数词 序数词事物名词3. 年，月，日的表达顺序 时间小的在前，大的在后要注意标点符号4. 时间与地点同时出现的问题 在同一句中，如果时间状语和地点状语都在谓语动词后，按习惯，地点在前，时间在后5. “一个半”的表达法 one pound and a half one and a half years6. 带数词的成语 twos and threes 三三两两at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟7. 数词的修饰语问题形容数目很大，常用full, solid 于名词前； good, all of, no less than, asas , 用于数词前. 形容数目小常用barely, scarcely, no more than等于数词前形容“恰好”，“不多不少”，常用clear (名词前) sharp (后置定语) more or less (数词前)表示“大约”，“大致”常用nearly, almost, close to, some, about等于数词前，or so(句末),more or less(句末)小数，分数，百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题分数和百分数引导的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定如果是可数名词的复数，其谓语动词用复数形式；如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式II. 句型复习：18. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth.句型中的真正主语是不定式短语，不定式的逻辑主语前必须 用介词 for，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词，常见的形容词有： important, necessary, natural easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant在中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，如： It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the party19. It looks ( seems ) as if .句型中的 as if 引导一个状语从句，常译为，看起来好象如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气 It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）It looks as if he were ill. （没有生病）It seemed as if he were dying.III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (13)prove 证明 prove sth. prove that rove sb. + adj. prove sb. + 名词 prove sb. to be link-v. 证明是，后来事实证明是prove sth. prove + adj. prove to be B. 短语记忆： confidence in 对.的信任,相信 connection between; 关系,连接contest for sth 争夺,竞争 contrast to/with sth 对比,对照 contribution to 贡献,捐献,促成damage to sth 损坏 danger to sb/sth 危险 defence against 防御,保卫考前知识清理14I. 语法复习： 首选原则1.在宾语补足语或表语中，如有形容词，及物动词的过去分词表示状态应该首选形容词 2.在选择动名词或名词做宾语时，应该首选名词3.在名词性从句中，当主句中差宾语而从句中又差主语时，whomever, whoever, whom, who 应首选whoever 或who引导从句II. 句型复习：20. We think it important to learn a foreign language. 该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“6123结构”。 6 指主句中常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel； 1 指的是形式宾语 it； 2 指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词； 3 指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (14)get get sth. 得到，收到；买；找link.v. 变得 get + adj. get + p.p.get to do 逐渐（常和know ,realize, understand等连用） get sb. to do sth. 使做 get sth. + p.p. 请别人做某事；使某事完成 get sth. + adj. get to do sth. = have to do sth.get about vi. = get around （消息）传开，传出去；四处走动 get along (well) with get on (well) with 进展（顺利）；情况（好）；相处（好） get away from 离开，走开；逃走，跑掉，躲开 get back 回来；放回去；要回来；恢复 get by （走）过去，通过，过下去get close to 接近 get down 下来；去下来，吃下去；跪下来；写下来get down to sth. 开始认真干 get hold of 抓住，找到 get in 收庄稼 get in touch with 和联系get into the habit (hobby) of 养成的习惯（爱好） get into 进入，陷入 get off 下车；离开，动身，起飞；脱下来；下班；寄走 get married 结婚get on 上车（船等）穿上；继续干 get out 出来；传出去；出版，拟出来 get out of 从得到，逃避，避免；改掉（习惯） get over 克服，摆脱；痊愈； get rid of 摆脱，除掉，处理掉 get together 聚首，欢聚，碰头，聚会get through 做完，办完，看完；通过（考试）；通过（议案）；接通的电话；度过（时间）；穿过 get to 到（某一时刻，某一年龄，某一地方）； 开始（做某事）； get up 起床，举办，组织；打扮，装饰，化妆；记熟B. 短语记忆： delegate to 参加.的代表 demand for 对.的需求 departure from 离开 desire for sth 渴望 difference between.in. 不同,差异下 difference between.over. 分歧doubt about/as to 怀疑 effect on 对.的作用 emphasis on 对.的强调,注重考前知识清理15I. 语法复习： 代词one, some any 的用法each, every 的用法区别none, no, no one 的用法区别many , much 的用法区别other, another 的用法区别onethe other 一个(两个中)另一个 onethe other two 一个(三个中)另两个oneanother 一个(不定的)另一个 onethe others 一个(除一个外的)其它的oneothers 一个 (不定的)另几个all, both, none, neither, not all, all not 的用法区别7. by oneself, of oneself , for oneself的用法区别II. 句型复习：21. It is (just) like sb. to do sth.该句型为“某人（恰恰）是。这个样子”。用来表示赞扬或不满，若用否定式，则表示怀疑。 Its like him to leave the work to others. 他就是这样的一个人，把工作推给别人。It isnt like him to have said anything like that. 他可不是说出那种话的人。22. It is up to sb. to do sth. 该句型为“该由某人做。”。该句型中up后的to是介词。It is up to him to clean our classroom today. 今天应由他做教室清洁。It is up to parents to teach their children manners. 该由父母教孩子礼貌。III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (15)put put sth. 放，搁 put sth. +介词短语 使处于某种状态 put sb. to do sth. 使做 put aside 放下，放在一边 put away 收起来 put back 放回原处；推迟 put down 放下，写下；镇压，取缔 put . in prison 把投进监狱put off put off + n. ut off + doing sth. 推迟，延期 put on 穿上，戴上，上演，表演，装出 put on weight 发福、 增加体重put out 扑灭使熄灭；出版；广播 put though 接通电话 put sb. to the trouble of 麻烦某人（做） put up with 忍受，容忍put up 举起手来；延伸；搭建；张贴；挂上；住宿，过夜B. 短语记忆： encounter with 遭遇,遇到 enthusiasm about/for 热情 entrance to .的入口,入场 envy of sb 嫉妒 exception to .的例外 of /at sth exposure to sth 暴露 fancy for sth 喜爱 faith in 对.的信任,信仰 glance at 扫视gratitude to sb 感激 guess at sth 猜测 for sth hatred for/of 仇恨考前知识清理16I. 语法复习： 反意疑问句 01附加疑问句的主要形式：肯定的陈述句+否定的附加疑问句 否定的陈述句+肯定的附加疑问句一、反意疑问句的一般情况当陈述部分的主语是：等everyone, everybody, someone, no one, nobody, somebody合成代词时，附加疑问句的主语非正式文体中往往they用。（也可以按语法一致原则用单数。）当陈述部分以one定代词做主语时，附加疑问句的主语在正式常合用one，非正式常合you用。当陈述部分的主语是不定式、动名词、从句、this或that，附加疑问句的主语用。（是those,these则用they）当陈述部分的主语是表示物的不定代词everything, anything, nothing等，附加疑问句的主语用it。陈述部分带有否定词或半否定词，例如：seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing，附加疑问句的动词， 要用肯定形式。6. 如果陈述部分中的否定词仅带有否定的前缀或后缀，那么该陈述句应作肯定句处理，附加疑问句应用否定形式。II. 句型复习：do nothing but do sth. could not choose but do sth.There is nothing to do but do sth. Sb. has nothing to do but do sth.desire(care for) nothing but to do sth. have no choice but to do sth.He is dead. He has died. He has been dead for three years.He left home two weeks ago. It is two weeks since he left home.He has been away from home for two weeks.Do you mind if I smoke here ? Do you mind my(me) smoking here ?Would you mind if I smoked here ?After she had worked for four hours, she stopped to have a rest.= Having worked for four hours, she stopped to have a rest.We caught sight of a wolf while we ere climbing the mountain.= While climbing the mountain, we caught sight of a wolf.III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (16)refer vi. refer to The speaker often referred to his notes. 查阅 When I said some people were foolish, I wasnt referring to you. 指而言，指的是This rule refers to everybody here. 适用于He referred to it once or twice. 提到，谈到refer to as 把称作（与as连用） We refer to him as fellow. referto 让处理；归功于，归咎于 The doctor referred the patient to a specialist. He refers his success to his hard-working. B. 短语记忆： hunger for 渴望 improvement on/in 对.的改进,提高 increase in sth 增加,增长 independence from 独立,自主 influence on 对.的影响 invitation to 邀请 investment in sth 投资 loyalty to sb/sth 忠诚 memorial to sb/sth 纪念碑objection to sth 反对 pity for sb/sth 可怜,怜悯 in favour of .赞成,支持考前知识清理17I. 语法复习： 反意疑问句 02二、常见句型的反意疑问句7. 当陈述部分是there be 存在句型时，附加疑问句的主语也用there。8. 感叹句的附加疑问句，其谓语要求用否定句。9. 祈使句后面的附加疑问句问题A) 祈使句是否定形式，附加疑问句只能用will you。B) 祈使句是肯定形式，附加疑问句用肯定、否定均可。C) Let开头的祈使句要注意：Lets 在意义上包含谈话的对方在内，表示提出建议或征求对方意见，其反意疑问句往往用shall we。2. Let us 在意义上一般不包含谈话的对方在内，表示请求对方允许做某事的含义，let 有allow的意思。附加疑问部分用will you。3. Let me 开头表示请求，附加疑问句用will you，或用may I。II. 句型复习：6. When summer comes on, the weather is getting hotter and hotter.= Summer going on, the weather is getting hotter and hotter.As there was nothing to do, they sat there talking. =There being nothing to do, they sat there talking.If more time is given, we can do it better. = More time given, we an do it better.As he was poor, he doesnt send his child to school. = Being poor, he doesnt send his child to school.7. She sat in the corner and her tears were streaming down her cheeks.= She sat in the corner, with tears streaming down her cheeks.The daughter sat quite still, and her eyes were fixed on the ground.=The daughter sat quite still, with her eyes fixed on the ground.Having so many essays to write, I doubt if I shall have time to visit you.= With so many essays to write, I doubt if I shall have time to visit you.III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (17)trouble trouble sb. 麻烦, 打扰 trouble sb. to do sth. trouble sb. + 时间sb. (not) trouble to do sth. 费事,烦心 be troubled with 受(某种病痛)之苦fish in troubled water 浑水摸鱼 trouble about (doing) sth. 为费事trouble for sth. 麻烦(某人)递给 trouble ones heart about 为烦心asking (looking) for trouble 自寻烦恼 (be) in trouble 有烦事,有困难get into trouble 遇到麻烦, 出事 get sb. into trouble 给人找麻烦;使人陷入困境have trouble (in) doing sth. 有困难, 费事 have trouble with sth. (应付时)有困难make trouble 制造麻烦 put sb. to trouble 给某人制造麻烦save (spare) trouble 省事,避免麻烦 take trouble to do sth. 费事做某事take trouble over sth. (在方面)下功夫 troublemaker 捣乱分子troublesome 伤脑筋的, 使人头痛的B. 短语记忆： protest against sth 抗议 against sth provision for/against 准备 pull at/on sth 拉,拖 reaction to 对.的反应 reason for 原因,理由 regard for 对.的注意,尊重reply to sb/sth 对.的回答 request for sth 要求 research on/into 对.的研究,调查 response to 对.的回答,反应 responsibility for 责任,负责 search for 对.的搜寻考前知识清理18I. 语法复习： 不定式1. 不定式的基本特征： 主动的，表将来的，表目的2. 不定式做主语时，谓语动词怎样在人称与数方面保持一致3. 可以用不定式做宾语的动词：want , like , wish, hate, prefer, hope, continue, manage, try, ask, offer, start, forget, promise, mean, pretend,begin, decide, learn, agree, expect等4. 可以用wh-不定式做宾语的动词ask, decide, explain, forget, know, learn, remember, see, tell, show, teach, discuss, wonder, advise 等5. 不定式做宾补的注意事项： A) 使役动词后的宾补 B)感官动词后的宾补6. 不定式作定语时应注意的事项： A)不定式的主动式或被动式的选择 B)与被修饰词的逻辑关系7. 不定式作状语 A) in order to so as to (表目的)B) be glad to do sth. (表原因，注意该句型的形容词) C)only to do sth. (表结果，多数有only在前)8. too to 与 enough to do sth. 的转换问题9. 是不是凡是too to 结构都能译成“太而不能”？10. 省略不定式符号的几种情况： A) 感官动词，使役动词后的宾补中 B)help后作宾语或宾补中C) had better , would rather, would sooner, rather than 后 D) but, except 位于do + anything(nothing, everything)后 E) 由and , or 连接两个不定式，第二个不定式前可省略II. 句型复习：Fish sleep when their eyes are open. = Fish sleep , with their eyes open.The teacher felt sad because so many pupils had gone away.= with so many pupils away, the teacher felt sad.The mayor of New York stood and he had a hat on his head. = The mayor of New York stood , with a hat on his head.III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (18)call sb. 叫(喊)某人, 给某人打电话call sb. + 名词 sb. + adj. 说是， 认为 call attention to 引起对的注意 call away 叫走了 call back 回电话；叫回去 call for 要求、号召、约请call in 招集、招来,找来；请来；收回 call names 骂（人） call on (upon) sb. = call at sbs house 拜望，去会（某人） call on (upon) sb. to do sth. 叫（请）某人作某事；号召；要求；呼吁call at ( a place ) 访问（某地） call on 拜访、访问call out to sb. = shout at sb. 向某人吼（叫喊） call up 给某人打电话； 叫起床n pay (make) a call on sb. 访问某人 =pay a visit to sb.give sb. a call = male a calltosb. 给打电话 on call 随叫随到， 随时可用B. 短语记忆： service to 服务,贡献 skill at 技巧,熟练 solution to .的解决办法 sorrow at/for/over 悲哀,悲痛 sympathy for 对.的同情 sympathy with 对.的赞同 taste for 对.的爱好,喜爱 taste in 对.的审美能力 trust in 对.的信赖,信任 wish for 欲望,愿望 hungry for 渴望 invisible to 不可见的考前知识清理19I. 语法复习： 分词分词的基本特征A) 现在分词 主动的，表进行的，表特征的；B) 过去分词 被动的，表完成的，表状态的2. 不是任何动词都可以用于过去分词(只有及物动词才可以用作过去分词.)3. 如何使用分词作定语，状语，宾补 4. 现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别5. have sb. (sth.) do (doing , done )的使用区别 6. make ab. doing sth. 怎么回事？7. 独立主格结构的用法 8. 如何使用分词短语化简复合句9. 分词作定语时应该注意的问题(missing , lost ; remaining ,left等)II. 句型复习： 1. I wish to do sth. I wish for sth. I wish sb. to do sth.I wish that sb. did/ had done/ could do sth.2. How long have you been here ? How soon will you be back ?How often do you see him ?3. What is the weight (distance, number, population, price ) of ?4. How will you deal with? What will you do with?5. You are (have, can, will), so am (have, can, shall) I.You arent (havent, cant, wont) , neither (nor) am (have, can, shall) I.You are not, I am not either. So it is with (It is the same with)He is a student. So he is.6. Child as he is , Much as I like it, Try as you may (will), III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (19)break break away 突然逃掉或离开；断绝往来；改掉（习惯）；破除（旧做法） break away from 脱离break down （身体）垮了；（谈话）中断；（机器）坏了；压倒，克服 break forth 突然（迸出） break in 突然进入，非法进入；插嘴，打岔 break into 破门而入；突然，一下子；打扰，打断 break out 爆发； 突然（大声地）vt. break off vt. 打断,折断； 中断，断绝（关系） break through 突破，打通break up 分散,折散；分解；腐蚀break the rule 违反规定B. 短语记忆： in honour of 为祝贺 from then on 从那时起 above all 首先 ground floor 底楼at sea 在海上 in charge of 负责 in search of 寻找 rather than 宁愿hot dog 热狗 now and then 有时 day by day 一天天 in a word 总之in debt 欠债 cash crop 经济作物 hand in hand手挽手 heart and soul 全心全意地考前知识清理20I. 语法复习： 反意疑问句 03三、复合句的反意疑问句10. 当陈述部分是一个（带that引导宾语从句的）主从复合句时，附加疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持对应关系。但是， 当陈述部分的主语是：I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect等结构时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语要和从句的主语，谓语保持一致关系。而且要注意到否定的转移问题。11.当陈述部分是Im sure that,；we are sure；Im afraid that；We are sure that；I feel sure that 等后面跟宾语从句时，反意疑问句与后面的宾语从句一致。12.当陈述部分是并列句时，附加疑问句的主谓语要合离它最近的句子的主谓保持对应关系。四、关于情态动词的反意疑问句13陈述部分中有have一词，且表示“所有”含义时，附加疑问句部分既可用have也可用do。14. 陈述部分中有have to，附加疑问句部分用do。15. 陈述部分带有情态动词ought to，附加疑问句部分，英国人用ought to形式；但在美国人中常用should。16. 陈述部分有used to，附加疑问句部分可用used 也可以用did 。17. 陈述部分有neednt时，附加疑问句部分用need但有时也可用must。18. 陈述部分有must，且表示“必须”时，附加疑问句部分用mustnt，如果表示“必要”则用neednt。19. 陈述部分中是mustnt表示“禁止”时，附加疑问句部分用must。陈述部分中的must表示“一定”、“想必”等推测意义时，附加疑问句部分而是根据陈述部分的谓语动词或其助动词来定。II. 句型复习：1. It must be him / her 2. What do you feel like doing sth. ?3. Id rather (not) do sth. 4. Id like to do sth. 5. Id like sb. to do sth.6. I want / intent / wish / plan to do sth. 7. I havent decided what / where to8.It is time that did sth. = It is time for sb. to do sth. = It is time to do sth.9. Please remember me to sb. 10. It is a pity that 11. have (something, nothing, little, much )in common withIII.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (20)mind 当心，注意 mind + 名词 mind + that 介意，在乎（主要用于疑问句和否定句） mind + if mind doing sth.mind that mind + 名词never mind 没关系，不要紧 Would you mind doing sth ? 劳驾，可否请你？ Would you mind if I did sth. ? 我可以（做）吗？ = Do you mind if I do sth. ? =Can /May I do sth. ?change ones mi 改变主意 keep in mind 记住 keep ones mind on 聚精会神干 make up ones mind to do sth. 决定做 make up ones mind thatB. 短语记忆： masses of 许多 in battle 在战斗中 once in a while 偶尔 on board 在(船，机)上 on the point of 正要 in a flash 瞬间，立即the moment 此刻 reception desk 接待处 at the mercy of 受支配department store 百货公司 in search of 寻找 far below 远远低于考前知识清理21I. 语法复习： 动名词能用动名词作宾语的的动词： consider cant help cant stand enjoy excuse escapepractise put off miss mind avoid risk give up finish imagine keep suggest2. 用动名词作宾语而用不定式作宾补的动词： advise allow permit encourage八大金刚 remember forget stop mean try regret agree go on4. need , demand, want, require 表示“需要”的用法 5. 动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别6. 状语中的动名词7. 动名词的复合结构II. 句型复习： three times as large (long, wide, high, deep) asthree times lager (longer, eider, higher, deeper) thanthree times the size (length, width, height, depth) of .The more, the more.more than ; morethan; not more than; not more than; no more than; no morethanmore and more ; more or lessHe must be at home. He must be having breakfast.He must have met her yesterday. He cant have come yesterday.Both of us can do it. Either of us can do it. Neither of us can do it. Both of us cannot do it.All of us can do it. Any of us can do it. None of us can do it.All of us cannot do it. = Not all of us can do it. = Some of us cannot do it. = Not everyone of us can do it.III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (21)turn turn down 关小、调低 sth. turn 转动，转身，拐弯；翻身 link-v. turn +adj. turn + 名词 He turned traitor. 变