毕业论文全套系列二 法学专业 外文翻译 对重大环境污染事故罪的立法思考.doc

法学外文文献翻译题 目: 对重大环境污染事故罪的立法思考 姓 名: 学院（部）: 专 业: 法 学 班 级: 法学 学 号: 指导教师: 职称: 2008年12月15日外文文献翻译国家环境政策法库巴塞克，西尔弗曼环境法（第四版），清华大学出版社，2003国家环境政策法国家环境政策法（NEPA）于1970年1月1日签署生效，而且将被定性为一个规划章程。它包括了以下三个方面的内容：1、 建立了监管环境政策的环境质量委员会（CEQ）2、 这之前，因为考虑到当他们做出某些决定，会对环境造成一定的影响，而这种影响也很少为某些机构制定相关政策来扶持，所以NEPA不能要求联邦机构采取造成相应环境后果的措施政策3、 要求环境影响报告书（EIS）准备的每一个主要立法建议或其他联邦机构的行动，都产生于能产生重大影响质量的人文环境环境质量委员会（CEQ）NEPA的第一项任务是解决最有争议的问题：建立环境质量委员会（CEQ）。CEQ由三人组成，其中一人被指定主持会议。CEQ的作用是咨询，主要是提供总统关于环境问题的相关咨询。CEQ负责收集和分析数据，通知总统有关国家正在进行的环境清理的进展情况，并对需要注意和解决的问题通过立法的方式固定下来。每年CEQ使用其收集的数据向公众发布总统的年度环境质量报告。CEQ也有助于联邦机构根据NEPA的要求，通过审查这些报表的草案，制定相应的程序以满足其EIS的要求。环境质量报告书（EIS）远比设立CEQ更具有争议性的是环境影响报告书（EIS）的要求。这个要求对一些政府机构具有广泛的影响，同时，对于私营公司而言，也影响到其通过与政府机构间的合同和政府机构出具的许可证去寻求做生意的途径。尽管这一进程被许多受到影响的群体批评，大多数研究环境保护的效力已经结束，但它依然迫使政府在更多的机构中设置环境保护相关的工作以及制定更为细致的环境保护规划。从谁必须提交EIS，何时提交，一份声明中必须包含何种纠纷的解决方式，以及环境影响的测评进程等是否有效等等若干个重大问题的分析中，都充分贯彻了EIS的要求。阈值的思考每次一个联邦机构开展一项活动，它必须决定是否需要提交一份EIS。立卷一份不必要的EIS是在浪费时间和金钱。提交一份不必要的声明可能付出与缺乏EIS和寻求禁令同样的甚至于更加高昂的代价。然而，要知道一项EIS的提交是否完全有必要也并非一件容易的事情。NEPA指定了提交EIS的三个必要条件。首先，必须是联邦活动。联邦活动是相当广泛的定义。举例来说，如果一个私营公司的建筑部门要建造一个建筑物，这就需要政府的许可或者说如果该项目的部分资金是由政府贷款的，而发牌或者发贷的机构所进行的正是联邦的活动。一个联邦活动是否需要EIS取决于其他两个标准是否得到满足。联邦政府的活动必须是主要的。但是没有资源的保障是构不成一项重大活动的。理论上说，一般的活动需要大量的资源承诺，资源广泛的定义即包括财政和人力资源。对任何一种资源的大量承诺都是不可行的，资源总会出现短缺。第三项准则是拟议的活动必须有重大影响的人文环境。产生重大影响人类生存环境是如此含糊不清以至于产生了大量的诉讼。于是，在1979年，CEQ试图解决一些争议，通过了一系列执行环境保护的指导方针的程序性规定。在这些指导方针中，CEQ试图更清楚地界定“产生重大影响”的含义是什么。CEQ指出，确定这个影响的定义需要审查行动的范围和强度。需要考虑联邦活动对环境产生的短期或者长期的影响，以及其对局部地区、整个地区甚至整个社会的影响。EIS的要求的程序有关EIS的编制程序费时性的批评是其中的一个主要方面。最初，该机构要求提交的EIS将成立一个专家小组编写一份报告草案。在许多情况下，这个团队将包括外部顾问，他们中的许多人可能有既得利益，以至于他们会准备积极的评价。其次，草案文本将分发到各个机构内，接受几个政党的审查。有可能在谁亲的机构或有利行业和那些谁更环保的争端之间的审查是受到广泛关注的。而由于这些初步意见，该草案可能会修改。随着相关机构完成这一草案，CEQ对这份文件涉及到的问题进行审查并提出意见。然后，按照行政程序法的规则制定非正式规则的，草案需要刊登在联邦登记册上供公众提供意见。许多其他机构，包括环保局、公民团体以及涉及商业利益的群体，将在这个时候提交评论。在公众的意见被收集了以后，将继续遵循一个类似的程序以制定最后的草案。如果草案遭到严厉批评，该机构将在几个月内面临着选择是否尝试修复遭到严厉批评的草案。试图编写一份新的草案是费时和昂贵的，因为所有的步骤都必须通过新的声明加以重复。然而程序的不足，EIS可能导致各方反对该行动的人的法律挑战。一旦该机构制定并发布的草案是受到肯定的，那么该草案将作为最终草案发表在联邦登记册中。对于常规的程序而言，这个过程需要6到9个月。法院的挑战配合这一进程可能需要一年甚至更长的时间。最后出版的草案，草案是否能够充分通过，还可能需要经历法庭上的质疑。相对来说，那些未能提交的EIS在必要时也可能会受到质疑。EIS的这一司法审查过程，招致了环境保护主义者的批评。在审查EIS时，法院设立一个行政执法是一种较为普遍的传统形式，这意味着法院将不能运用其审判职能判断该机构的草案是否可行。只要该机构遵循适当的程序，包括必要的环境影响要素，法院将允许该机构的立场和活动。在任何情况下，当事人可以争取的，局限在该机构所列出任何不良后果的声明中。法院将永远禁止活动的理由是，后果太严重。外文文献翻译原文National Environmental Policy ActNancy K. Kubasek, Gary S. SilvermanEnvironmental Law, Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press，2003National Environmental Policy ActNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970, and may be characterized as a planning statute. It does three things directly:1. Establishes the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), the federal watchdog of environmental policy2. Requires federal agencies to take environmental consequences into account when they make certain decisions, which prior to NEPA, they could not do because consideration of such effects was rarely listed in agencies enabling acts as a factor to be taken into account in agency decision making3. Requires that an environmental impact statement (EIS) be prepared for every major legislative proposal or other federal agency action having a significant impact on the quality of the human environmentCouncil on Environmental QualityThe least controversial aspect of NEPA was its first mandate: the creation of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), The CEQ is made up of three persons, one of whom is designated the chair. The role of the council is primarily advisory, mainly advising the president about environmental matters. The CEQ gathers and analyzes data, informs the president about the progress the nation is making toward cleaning up the environment, and recommends legislation that needs to be passed and issues that needs attention. Every year the CEQ uses the data it gathers to publish the Presidents Annual Report on Environmental Quality, which is available to the public.The CEQ also helps federal agencies to meet their EIS requirements under NEPA by reviewing drafts of these statements. The CEQ establishes regulations pertaining to NEPA procedures.Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)Far more controversial than the creation of the CEQ was the requirement of the environmental impact statement (EIS). This requirement has a widespread impact on several government agencies, as well as on private firms seeking to do business under governmental agency contracts or licenses. Although the process has been criticized by many of the groups affected, most studies of NEPAs effectiveness have concluded that it has forced greater governmental awareness and more careful planning in many agencies. Several major issues pervade an analysis of the EIS requirement, ranging from who must file the EIS, and when, to disputes over what must be included in the statement, to whether the process is effective.Threshold ConsiderationsEvery time a federal agency undertakes an activity, it must decide whether to file an EIS. Filing an unnecessary EIS is a waste of time and money. Failure to file a necessary statement can be equally or more expensive if someone challenges the lack of an EIS and seeks an injunction. However, it is not always easy to know when an EIS is required. NEPA specifies three conditions that must be met for an EIS to be required. First, the activity must be federal. A federal activity is fairly broadly defined. If, for example, a private sector construction firm wants to construct a building that requires a government license or if the project is going to be partly financed by a government loan, the licensing or lending agency is undertaking a federal activity.Whether an EIS is required for a federal activity depends on whether the other two criteria are met. The federal activity must be major. There are no dollar guidelines as to what constitutes a major activity. The courts generally say that the activity requires a substantial commitment of resources, with resources being broadly defined to include both financial and human resources. A substantial commitment of either type of resources is sufficient.The third criterion is that the proposed activity must have a significant impact on the human environment. The phrase significant impact on the human environment is so ambiguous that it initially generated substantial litigation. Then, in 1979 the CEQ tried to resolve some of the controversy by adopting a series of guidelines for the implementation of NEPAs procedural provisions. In these guidelines, the CEQ tried to define better what was meant by significant impact. The CEQ stated that determining the significance of an impact necessitated examining both the context and the intensity of the action. Looking at the context was said to require consideration of both the short-and long-term effects of the activity and looking at the impact of the activity on the local area, the region, and society as a whole.Procedure Under the EIS RequirementOne of the major criticisms of the EIS process is related to the time-consuming nature of the procedures necessary for preparing an EIS. Initially, the agency required to file the EIS will assemble a team of specialists to prepare a draft report. In many cases, this team will consist of outside consultants, many of whom may have a vested interest in preparing positive assessments so that they will be able to secure contracts from the agency in the future. Next, a draft version will be circulated within the agency, to be reviewed by several parties. There may frequently be disputes between reviews who are pro-agency or pro-industry and those who are more environmentally concerned. The draft may be revised as a result of these initial comments.Following the agencys completion of that draft, the document goes to the CEQ for review and comments. Then, in accordance with the Administrative Procedure Acts rules for informal rule making, the draft is published in the Federal Register for public comment. Many other agencies, including the EPA, will submit comments at this time, as will citizens groups and business interests. After the public comments have been received, a similar process will be followed for the final draft. If a draft has been severely criticized, the agency is faced with the difficult decision of whether to try to repair the heavily criticized draft or months. Preparing a new draft is time-consuming and costly because all the steps have to be repeated with the new statement. However proceeding with an inadequate EIS may lead to a successful legal challenge by parties opposed to the action. Once the agency is satisfied with its final draft, it publishes it in the Federal Regist