乌梁素海生态功能定位初步分析.doc

乌梁素海生态功能定位初步分析付新峰1, 2*作者简介：付新峰（1977），男，河南周口人，博士，工程师。主要从事水文水资源与水生态方面研究。Email:，谷晓伟1，刘晓岩3，何宏谋1（1黄河水利科学研究院郑州450003; 2 北京师范大学，地理学与遥感科学学院北京100875; 3 黄委会水文局郑州450004）摘要：乌梁素海是由黄河改道形成的河迹湖，中国八大淡水湖之一，对维护流域湿地生态平衡，保护物种的多样性起着举足轻重的作用。其生态环境恶化直接影响到区域粮食安全，并威胁到黄河中下游水资源安全。根据乌梁素海在黄河流域所处的位置，从生态修复的角度，明确乌梁素海的生态定位。即湿地生态功能定位、防洪防凌功能定位、黄河水资源安全功能定位、生态与环境保护功能定位、景观生态功能定位与生态服务功能定位等六个方面。从而对各生态功能定位进行初步分析论证。关键词：乌梁素海；湿地；生态定位；生态功能1引言乌梁素海位于内蒙古巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗境内，西临河套灌区，东靠乌拉山，是内蒙古自治区较大的湖泊之一12。湖形为北宽南窄，东北至西南较长，约35km，宽约412km3。现状乌梁素海水面面积224.3km2，平均水深0.7m，水面高程为1018.6m，蓄水总量达24亿m3。乌梁素海是由黄河改道形成的河迹湖，中国八大淡水湖之一，也是全球荒漠半荒漠地区极为罕见的具有生物多样性和环保多功能的大型草原湖泊，对维护世界性的生态平衡，保护物种的多样性起着举足轻重的作用。乌梁素海不仅蕴含着巨大的水生植物、渔业、鸟类和旅游业等资源，在我国北方地区承担着重要的生态屏障作用，同时，现有水域还是确保黄河内蒙古河段枯水期不断流的主要水源补给库，也是黄河汛期、凌期以及当地局地暴雨的滞洪库，对于维系黄河水系具有巨大的不可替代的作用。乌梁素海是河套灌区的重要组成部分，它接纳了河套地区90%以上的农田排水，然后经过湖泊的生物生化作用后，排入黄河，客观上起到改变水质、调控水量、控制河套地区盐碱化等关键作用，减少了农业排水对黄河水质的直接影响。乌梁素海还是我国北方重要候鸟迁徙和繁衍地，拥有的180多种鸟类中属国家一、二级保护动物的珍稀鸟类就达30多种，对保护物种多样性起着不可替代的作用，有资料记载，乌梁素海是全球半荒漠地区极为少见的具有很高生态效益的大型多功能湖泊4。由于该地区近年来工业化、城镇化进程的加速带来的工业废水及城镇生活污水以及农业退水的大量排放和湖泊自身因素的影响，导致湖泊富营养化严重，水域生态环境恶化1，突出的表现：一是总磷、总氮严重超标，水体中营养物质过多，富营养化问题严重；二是水生植物过量生长，沼泽化趋势加剧；三是湖泊周围水土流失严重，湖体萎缩加速；四是水源减少，水位下降迅速。所有这些不仅影响湖泊整体功能发挥，还直接影响到区域粮食安全，并威胁到黄河中下游供水安全。乌梁素海的水生态环境问题已经成为该地区乃至整个内蒙古自治区经济社会可持续发展的制约因素。因此，从生态修复的角度明确乌梁素海的六个方面的生态定位，为乌梁素海的生态保护与修复指明了方向，具有极为重要的实际意义，同时作为维持黄河健康生命理论与实践的一部分，发挥着重要的生态功能。2乌梁素海生态功能定位2.1湿地生态功能定位（1）清除污染的功能乌梁素海湿地是水资源的“贮存库”和“净化器”。湿地具有强大的水文调节和循环功能，可以有效贮存、滞留降水和地表径流，并补充地下水。湿地还具有强大的降解污染和净化水质功能。乌梁素海湿地土壤及生存于其中的多样的植物群落、微生物群落，具有吸附、吸收和分解污染物，净化环境的功能，它们在去除悬浮物，促进营养物质循环，产生O2等方面亦有重要作用，因而乌梁素海湿地被喻为巴彦淖尔的“自然之肾”。乌梁素海湿地中有芦苇等许多水生植物在其组织中富集重金属的浓度大大高于周围水体中的浓度。沼泽中的芦苇对污染物质具有吸收、代谢、积累及其对污水净化作用。乌梁素海水面面积与芦苇覆盖总面积达346km2，水量24亿m3，具有较为强大的清除污染的功能56。（2）气候调节的功能乌梁素海湿地也是重要的“储碳库”和“吸碳器”。2001年卫星遥感影像解译结果表明其中明水面面积为167.6 km2，天然生长的芦苇覆盖面积为146 km2，加上生长在废弃农田上的芦苇地，其总面积达346km2，乌梁素海是内蒙中部地区重要的生态屏障，有效地减缓着土地沙漠化的进度，湿地生态系统通过强烈蒸发和蒸腾作用，把大量的水分送到大气，调节降水，使局部气温和温度等气候条件得到改善。湿地释放的CH4、H2S、N2O和CO2等微量气体，对全球气候变化都有重要意义。因此乌梁素海湿地具有重要的大气调节功能，对改善周边地区气候、气象条件和增加大气降水、维护当地生态平衡起着相当重要的作用。（3）基因保护的功能乌梁素海湿地又是“物种基因库”。自然湿地不但是水生动物、水生植物优良的生存场所，也是多种珍稀濒危野生动物，特别是水禽必须的栖息、迁徙、越冬和繁殖地。乌梁素海是自治区级自然保护区。由于其得天独厚的地理位置和自然条件，成为世界上十分著名的鸟类迁徙地和繁殖地。乌梁素海苇蒲丛生，水草丰盛，为鸟类的生存繁殖提供了良好的环境。这里共有鸟类180多种，属国家一、二级保护的珍稀鸟类30 种，其中有黑鹳、白尾海雕、大鸨、白琵鹭和遗鸥5 种世界濒危鸟类，是亚洲重要的湿地系统生物多样性保护区。目前，乌梁素海湿地的疣鼻天鹅、白鹭等鸟类的繁殖地点明显扩大。疣鼻天鹅繁殖巢区由过去的10km范围扩大到30km。原来没有的鸟种如草原雕、灰鹤、小天鹅、黄嘴白鹭等现在也来这里栖息，鸟类由原来的185种增加到现在的209种4。乌梁素海也是内蒙古重要淡水渔业基地之一，有“北国水乡”之称。黄河鲤鱼是乌梁素海的特产，色美味鲜，久负盛名。乌梁素海湿地还为许多物种保存了基因特性，使许多野生生物在不受干扰的情况下安然生存和繁衍。生态多样性是生态系统健康的一个重要指标。乌梁素海湿地基因保护对于生态系统的可持续性维持具有决定性的作用。乌梁素海是全球范围内荒漠半荒漠地区极为罕见的具有生物多样性和环保多功能的大型草原湖泊，是地球上同一纬度最大的自然湿地，发挥着极其重要的湿地生态功能。同时，对维护世界性的生态平衡，保护物种的多样性，履行全世界“拉姆萨尔公约”起着举足轻重的作用。2.2防洪防凌功能定位宁蒙河道淤积日趋严重，导致主槽萎缩，河床抬高，河道过洪能力急剧减少，从而造成中小水水位明显抬高，平滩流量大幅减小，特别是内蒙古河道，如三湖河口断面流量1000m3/s相应水位1986年后持续抬升，至1996年升高约0.8m，到2004年又升高1.0m。2002年与1981年相比，巴彦高勒、三湖河口站2000m3/s相应水位分别抬高1.7m。1990年以前，巴彦高勒三湖河口的平滩流量基本在30005000m3/s之间，1990年以后持续减小。根据2004年7月实测大断面资料初步分析，巴彦高勒三湖河口河段平滩流量为1500m3/s左右，个别河段不足1000m3/s，三湖河口头道拐河段的平滩流量约为2000m3/s，一些河段不足1500m3/s。宁蒙河段是黄河凌汛最为严重河段，宁蒙河段冬季封冻，凌汛期常造成较大灾害。近年来，由于宁蒙河道河槽淤积，使河槽变得宽浅散乱，输水排冰能力下降，不时造成该河段堤防发生决口。如1993年12月7日晚，三盛公闸下3.3km处堤防决口，口门宽约40m，淹地耕地6万亩，13900多人搬迁，有9460家中进水，12月12日堵复。2003年9月5日晚，在毛不浪孔兑入黄口对岸下部位，在大河流量仅1300m3/s左右时发生决口，经过各方面的努力，至9月9日堵复，也造成了大的经济损失。当前，宁蒙河段，尤其是内蒙古河段防洪防凌问题突出，已直接威胁到两岸群众的安全。乌梁素海在宁蒙河段防洪防凌方面的地位相当突出，是黄河汛期、凌期以及当地局地暴雨的滞洪库。对维持两岸社会经济的发展，为确保人民群众生命财产的安全，具有重要的作用。2.3水资源安全功能定位乌梁素海居于黄河干流中游的极为重要的位置，对于黄河中游的水资源安全发挥着极为重要的作用。乌梁素海作为河套灌区水利工程的重要组成部分，她接纳了河套灌区90%以上的农田排水，达5亿多m3，也是工业、生活废水的唯一承泄渠道。它对河套灌区节水灌溉工程的正常运行和控制盐碱化起着关键性的作用。废水经过乌梁素海湖泊的生物生化作用后，排入黄河，客观上起到改变水质、调控水量、控制河套地区盐碱化的作用。减少了农业排水对黄河水质的直接影响程度。乌梁素海可以说是“八百里河套系于一身”，是黄河水质的“晴雨表”。乌梁素海退水入黄河只有20km的河道，退水口到黄河包头引用水取水口的距离较近，平水与枯水季节水量较少，其间黄河水体自净能力较弱，因此，乌梁素海退水水质将直接影响包头取水口引用水安全，同时，乌梁素海较差的退水水质对于小北干流，三门峡库区，小浪底库区等整个黄河下游的水资源安全将造成不可挽回的影响。目前来看，乌梁素海有24亿m3的水量，是一个巨大的污染物存储池，对于缓解黄河下游的污染具有重要的作用。同时乌梁素海是位于黄河宁蒙河段的一个天然水库，维持着24亿m3的水量，具有一定的调蓄能力。现有水域还是确保黄河内蒙古河段枯水期不断流的主要水源补给库，对于维系黄河水系具有巨大的不可替代的作用。对于黄河中下游的水量调配发挥着积极的作用。2.4生态与环境保护功能定位河套灌区的主要生态问题是土地退化，包括土地沙化、水土流失和土壤盐碱化。乌梁素海对于河套地区的生态与环境保护显得尤为重要。（1）延缓土地退化巴彦淖尔市地域辽阔，境内有乌兰布和沙漠500多万亩，乌拉特草原7000多万亩，河套平原有可耕地1000多万亩。乌兰布和沙漠和乌拉特草原上退化的土地是巴彦淖尔市目前生态最为恶劣的地区，水土流失面积占总土地面积的83。巴彦淖尔市气候条件属中温带大陆性季风气候。冬长夏短，光热丰富，多年平均降雨量250mm左右，多年平均蒸发量2300mm。全年大风日数达130d。其中八级以上大风日数为60d，且经常伴有沙尘暴。恶劣的气候条件加上近几年水资源短缺，灌区施行节水灌溉、渠道防渗等技术措施，减少了地下水的补给，加上个别地区过渡开发地下水资源，造成地下水位逐年下降，这些因素导致了原来半沙化的地区植被枯死逐渐沙化。无节制的垦荒，造成森林植被剧减，水土流失严重。在乌梁素海周围恢复植被、拦截泥沙，进行水土保持规划，加强环境生态保护，对于降低土地沙化，减轻沙尘暴威胁和沙漠化发展具有重要意义。（2）降低土壤盐碱化降雨稀少、蒸发强烈的气候特征决定了乌梁素海地区土壤受到的天然淋洗作用十分微弱，土壤盐碱化的威胁严重存在。同时灌区采用不合理的灌溉方式，造成灌溉用水过多，引起高矿化度的地下水位上升，加速了土壤蒸发积盐。引黄灌区年灌溉用水量高达48亿m3，加之排水不良，盐碱化面积不断扩大。乌梁素海作为宁蒙灌区排水系统中最重要的一部分，乌梁素海的健康对于境地土壤盐碱化起很重要的作用。2.5景观生态功能定位大型浅水湖乌梁素海位于中国内蒙古自治区，是中国西北部最大的内陆湖泊，中国的第八大湖泊。在广袤的半干旱草原地区，它是重要的湿地生态系统，具有重要的景观生态功能。2001年，乌梁素海湿地开始实施生态保护示范工程，巴彦淖尔市委及上游各旗县区切实加大了治污力度。随着管护设施的投入使用，管护力度不断加强，乌梁素海湿地的疣鼻天鹅、白鹭等鸟类的繁殖地点目前明显扩大。原来没有的鸟种如草原雕、灰鹤、小天鹅、黄嘴白鹭等现在也来这里栖息，鸟类由原来的185种增加到现在的209种。湿地生物种群数量逐年明显恢复和增加。在乌梁素海可以观赏湖光山色，可以探索珍禽候鸟的活动奥秘；也可以泛舟畅游，体察鱼乡的生活风韵。乌梁素海的美丽的景观生态吸引着大批游人，成为旅游观光的胜地。 2.6生态服务功能定位生态系统服务功能是指生态系统与生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用。湿地作为地球上最富有生物多样性、多功能的生态系统，为区域环境提供许多重要的服务功能。根据乌梁素海的特点，其产品生产功能包括提供生态系统产品和旅游休闲功能。生命支持系统功能包括水资源调节、水质净化、生物多样性、大气调节、文化科研等功能78。就产品生态功能而言，乌梁素海的主产业是渔业和芦苇。乌梁素海是内蒙古自治区第二大渔场，巴市最大的天然经济鱼类生产区，闻名遐迩的黄河大鲤鱼就盛产于此。历史上，最高年份曾产鲜鱼3000t，现年产经济鱼类700多t，其中无公害水产品乌鳢(黑鱼)年产125t，远销山东、河北、河南等地。乌梁素海年产芦苇11万t，是自治区最大的造纸原料生产基地，所产芦苇具有纤维长、出浆率高的特点，总供应量占前旗两家纸厂基础原料的80%以上。年产薄叶6000 t，生产蔬菜大棚保温帘600万m2，直接给呼、包郊区及巴市地区的蔬菜大棚提供了80%以上的保温材料。乌梁素海是内蒙古自治区西部久负盛名的旅游名胜景区，是旅游休闲的胜地。1998年，乌梁素海年接待达10万人(次)。乌梁素海是一个风景秀丽的内陆湖泊，不仅有丰富的植物资源，还拥有种类繁多的珍稀鸟类资源，还是内蒙中部地区重要的水产品生产基地，乌梁素海水域面积宽广，自然风景极为优美。乌梁素海因其独特的自然环境发挥着重要的生态功能，具有极高文化科研价值。另外，可作为非常重要的生态教育示范基地，对大、中、小学生及普通公众进行环境教育。3结论（1）乌梁素海是中国八大淡水湖之一，也是全球荒漠半荒漠地区极为罕见的具有生物多样性和环保多功能的大型草原湖泊，对维护世界性的生态平衡，保护物种的多样性起着举足轻重的作用。（2）乌梁素海当前存在的生态与环境问题不仅影响湖泊整体功能发挥，还直接影响到区域粮食安全，并威胁到黄河中下游供水安全与水资源安全。乌梁素海生态定位的提出明确了其生态系统的保护与修复的方向，具有极为重要的理论与实际意义，也是维持黄河健康生命的重要组成部分。（3）乌梁素海因其在黄河流域独特的地理位置而具有重要的生态功能，即具有湿地生态功能、防洪防凌功能、水资源安全功能、景观生态功能与生态服务功能等。参考文献：1 孙惠民, 何江, 吕昌伟, 等. 乌梁素海氮污染及其空间分布格局. 地理研究, 2006, 25(6): 10031012.2 厚福祥, 邓芳. 内蒙古乌梁素海生态恢复工程试验研究. 内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版), 2006, 37(1): 105110.3 Konarska. KM, Sutton P C, Castellon M. Evaluating scale dependence of ecosystem service valuation: a comparison of NOAA-AVHRR and Landsat TM datasets J. Ecological Economics, 2002, 41: 491507.4 邢莲莲. 乌梁素海鸟类志M . 呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社, 1996, 150.5 Barbier E B. Valuing environmental function in developing countries J. Biodiversity Conservation, 1994, 1: 3450.6 Mitsch WJ, Gosselink J G. The value of wetlands: importance of scale and landscape setting J. Ecological Economics, 2000, 35(1): 2533.7 段晓男; 王效科; 欧阳志云;乌梁素海湿地生态系统服务功能及价值评估. 资源科学, 2005, 27(2): 110115.8 段晓男, 王效科, 欧阳志云, 等. 乌梁素海野生芦苇生物量及相关因子分析J. 植物生态学报,2004 , 28 (2) : 246251. Preliminary analysis on orientation of the Wuliangsuhai lake ecosystemXin-feng FU1,2*The author: FU Xin-feng(1977-), male, Born in Zhoukou city, Henan province, Ph.D. Engineer. Major study fields are hydrology and water resource and ecology. Email: , Xiao-wei GU1, Xiao-yan LIU3, Hong-mou HE11 Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou 450003, China; 2 School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 3 Hydrological Bureau of Yellow River Conservancy Commission; Zhengzhou 450004, China;Abstract: The Wuliangsuhai lake is a river trace one transformed from the Yellow River, which is one of Chinas eight major freshwater lakes, and which plays a decisive role in maintaining ecological balance of the basins wetlands and protecting diversity of species. Its deteriorating ecological environment has direct impact on regional food security and is a threat to water safety in the middle and lower Yellow River. According to the location of the Wuliangsuhai lake in the Yellow River Basin, the lake ecosystem is orientated clearly based on the perspective of ecological restoration. That is, the ecosystem is orientated in the following six aspects, such as the ecological function of wetlands, the flood control and ice jams prevention function, the water resources safety function, the ecological and environmental protection function, the landscape ecological function and the ecosystem service function. Thus, the orientated functions of ecosystem of Wuliangsuhai lake are preliminary analyzed.Key words: the Wuliangsuhai lake; wetland; orientation of ecosystem; ecological function1 IntroductionThe Wuliangsuhai lake is located in Wulateqianqi of Bayannor city in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the west of which is the Hetao irrigation district and the east is the Urals Mountains, which is one of the largest lakes in Inner Mongolia 1,2. The lake is narrow in the south and wide in the north, which is longer from northeast to southwest, and which is about 35 km of the length and 412 km of the width3. Actually, the surface area of the Wuliangsuhai lake is 224.3 km2, with an average depth of 0.7 m, the surface elevation is 1018.6 m, and total water storage is about 0.20.4 billion m3.The Wuliangsuhai lake is a river trace one transformed from the Yellow River, which is one of Chinas eight major freshwater lakes as well as extremely rare prairie lake with many functions of biodiversity and environmental protection in global desert and semi-desert areas. The lake plays a decisive role in maintaining ecological balance of the basins wetlands and protecting diversity of species. The Wuliangsuhai lake not only contains a huge aquatic plants, fisheries, birds and tourism resources, but also bears an important ecological barrier in nations northern region. At the same time, the existing water area is main water supply reservoir ensuring constant flow at Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River in dry season, which is also a flood retention reservoir in flood or ice flood period of the Yellow River as well as local storm stage. The lake has tremendous irreplaceable role in keeping the Yellow River water system. The lake is an important component of the Hetao irrigation district, which accepted more than 90% of farmland drainage water, and then drained into the Yellow River after biological and biochemical reaction that plays a key role of water quality changing and water regulating and salinization controlling of the Hetao irrigation district objectively. And that lowered directly influence of agricultural drainage water on the Yellow River. The Wuliangsuhai lake is also an important migrating and heredity and self-multiply place for migratory birds in northern China, which has more than 180 kinds of birds that the rare birds of the first or secondary national protected species are more than 30 kinds, which plays an irreplaceable role of protecting species diversity. Some materials showed that the Wuliangsuhai lake is extremely rare large-lake with high ecological benefits in semi-desert region in the world 4.In recent years, industrialization and urbanization is speeding up in the region, which caused industrial wastewater, municipal sewage and agricultural drainage water. Considering impact of the lake its own, therefore, the lake is in serious eutrophication, and eco-environment of the water is deteriorated 1. The outstanding Performance of that is in the flowing: First, total phosphorus and total nitrogen is in serious superscale, and the nutrients is excessive in water, and eutrophication problem is serious; Second, aquatic plants is in excessive growth, marshes trend is increasing; Third, soil erosion is serious around the lake, which accelerated shrinkage of the lake; Fourth, the water source is reducing, the water level drops rapidly. All of these not only affect overall function of the lake, but also have a direct impact on regional food security, and threatened water supply safety in the middle and lower reaches of Yellow River. The water eco-environment issue of the Wuliangsuhai lake has become constraints of sustainable economic and social development in the region and even the whole Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Therefore, from the perspective of ecological restoration the six aspects of ecological orientation of the Wuliangsuhai lake are clear, which is pointing out the direction for the lakes ecological protection and restoration, and which is in very important practical significance. The orientation of the Wuliangsuhai lake ecosystem plays an important ecological function as part of theory and practice of Maintaining the healthy life of the Yellow River.2 Orientation of the Wuliangsuhai lake ecosystem2.1 Orientation of wetland ecological functions (1)Function of decontaminationThe Wuliangsuhai lake wetland is the bank and cleaner of water resources. Moreover, wetland has a strong function of water regulation and hydrological cycle, which can store, strand precipitation and surface runoff effectively, and add groundwater. The wetland also has strong function of pollution degradation and water purification. The wetland soil and in which survives a variety of plant communities, microbial communities have the function of adsorption, absorption and decomposition of pollutants, and of cleaning up the environment, which play an important role in removing suspended solids, promoting nutrients recycling and generating O2. Thus, the Wuliangsuhai lake wetland is called the natural kidney of Bayannor. The lake wetland has reed and many other aquatic plants in which concentration of heavy metals is much higher than that of the surrounding water. The reed in wetland has the role of absorption, metabolism, accumulation of contaminated material, and sewage purification. The total water surface and reed-covered area of the Wuliangsuhai lake is 346 km2, and water volume is 0.20.4 billion m3 with more powerful decontamination capabilities 5,6.(2) Function of climate regulationThe Wuliangsuhai lake wetland is also an important carbon storage and carbon sink. Remote sensing imagery in 2001 interpreted that the water surface area of 167.6 km2, the area of natural reed covers 146 km2, coupled with the reed growing in abandoned farmland, its total area is 346 km2. the Wuliangsuhai lake is an important ecological barrier in the central region of Inner Mongolia, which is slowing progress of the land desertification effectively. The wetland ecosystem sends a great deal of water to atmosphere to regulate precipitation and to improve local air temperature and other climate conditions through strong evaporation and transpiration. The CH4, H2S, CO2 and N2O, and other trace gases released from the wetland are of great significance on the global climate change. Therefore, the Wuliangsuhai lake wetland has important regulatory function of the atmosphere, plays a very important role in improving the climate and weather condition in surrounding areas, and increasing atmospheric precipitation, and preserving local ecological balance.(3) Function of gene protectionThe Wuliangsuhai lake wetland is also a species gene pool. Natural wetland is not only an excellent place for aquatic animals and aquatic plants to survive, but also a habitating, Migration, overyearing and propagation place for a variety of rare and endangered wild animals especially waterfowl. The lake is a nature reserve of autonomous region-level. Because of its unique geographical location and natural conditions, the lake becomes one of the worlds well-known bird migration and propagation place. The numerous reed and aquatic plants in the lake provides a good environment for the birds survival and propagation. The lake has more than 180 kinds of birds that the rare birds of the first or secondary national protected species are more than 30 kinds, which including five kind of world endangered birds such as black storks, white-tailed sea eagles, bustards, white spoonbills and YI gulls, which is an important wetland biodiversity conservation zones in Asia. At present, the nose warts swans, egrets and other birds propagation sites are expanding significantly in the Wuliangsuhai lake wetland. The propagation nest area of the nose warts swan expands from 10 km to 30 km. Here habitat new birds such as grassland eagles, gray cranes, little swans and egretta eulophotes. The birds increase from 185 kinds to the current figure of 2094. The Wuliangsuhai lake is also an important base of freshwater fisheries in Inner Mongolia, which is called North Water. The Yellow River carp is specialty with delicious fresh color and long repute in the Wuliangsuhai lake. The wetland preserves genetic characteristics for many species, makes much wildlife survive and thrive without interference.Ecological diversity is an important indicator of ecosystem health. The wetland gene protection of the Wuliangsuhai lake plays a decisive role of maintaining the sustainability of the wetland ecosystem. The lake is an extremely rare prairie lake with many functions of biodiversity and environmental protection in global desert and semi-desert areas, and is the largest natural wetland at the same latitude of the Earth, has an extremely important ecological function of the wetland. At the same while, the lake plays the pivotal role of maintaining of the ecological balance of world, and of protecting diversity of species, and of carrying out the whole world Ramsar Convention.2.2 Function of flood control and ice jams preventionThe riverway of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia section is silting seriously, which results in main channels shrinking, riverbeds elevating, and the rivers flood conveying capacity is drastically reduced. And that small and medium-sized water level was elevated significantly and bankfull discharge is reduced substantially. Take the Inner Mongolia riverway for example, when the Sanhuhekou section discharge is 1000m3/s, corresponding water level is sustained uplifting after 1986, and increases abo