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动名词 Gerund动名词是英语中动词的非谓语形式的一种，起名词的作用, 动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语及定语。在动名词短语中，动名词还保留动词的属性，如可以带有自己的宾语、状语等。 一、动名词作主语的几种类型 1. 直接位于句首做主语 Talking mends no holes. (谚) 空谈无济于事。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语 注意：有时可用先行词it作主语，而把动名词主语放到后面去，作表语的可以是形容词（a），也可以是名词（b）。a 形容词：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。b 名词： “It is no/little use.”，“It is no good.”，“It is fun.”，“It is a waste of time.” “It is worthwhile .” 等句型。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 It is no use crying over split milk. 覆水难收3. 用于“There be”结构中动名次可用于“There be”句型中，例如：theres no; theres no point in; theres nothing worse than; whats the use/point.There is no saying when hell come.很难说他何时回来。 There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑的。4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中例如： No spitting. 禁止吐痰。No parking. 禁止停车。5. 动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构 (这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。 注意: 动名词复合结构在句首作主语时, 其中的物主代词不能用人称代词宾格，名词所有格不能用名词普通格来代替。例如： Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset.玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。 His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。 【翻译】 1 is not a pleasure but a suffer. （在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。） 2 It is . （上这种拥挤的公交真难。） 3 It is .（劝说这样的人加入我们真是浪费时间。） 4 There was . （没法和她争论。）5 encouraged all of us. （她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。）6 caused so much trouble. （简的粗心惹来了不少麻烦。）二、动名词作宾语的几种类型 1. 作动词的宾语 某些动词或动词词组后只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：admit, appreciate, advise, allow, avoid, be/get used to, consider, cannot help, defer, delay, deny, excuse, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, look forward to, mind, miss, object to, permit, put off, practice, pardon, postpone, prevent, risk, resist, stand, suggest, set about, succeed in, worry about 等。 例如：Do you mind mailing this letter for me? 你介意替我寄这封信吗？ Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。 2. 作介词的宾语 Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？He was not accustomed to associating with such people. 他不习惯和这类人交往。3. 作形容词的宾语 The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。 We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。4. 动名词复合结构做宾语在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替。如： Would you mind my/me using your computer? 你介意我用下你的电脑吗？ The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。 注意: 在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格： a. 无生命名词 Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof? 你听见雨点打在屋顶上了吗？ b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义 Have you ever heard of women practicing boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？ c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列 Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？ d逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this, that , somebody , someone , nobody, none, anybody, anyone 时 She was woken up by somebody shouting outside. 她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。【翻译】7. The president decided to . （总统决定推迟举行会议。）8. They are . （他们在练习唱新歌。） 9. . （你负责把房间保持整洁。）10. I dont remember . （我不记得我母亲曾对我抱怨此事。）11. Im not surprised at . （我并不为你误会我感到奇怪。）三、动名词作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows. (= Cleaning the windows is your task.)你的任务就是擦窗户。 What I hate most is being laughed at. (= Being laughed at is what I hate most.)我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 四、动名词作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如： a walking stick a stick for walking = a stick which is used for walking sleeping pills = pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping 五动名词的否定结构注意：动名词的否定结构由not + 动名词组成。如： Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。 He hated himself for not having work hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。 There is no denying the fact that he is diligent. （no denying 也是动名词一般式的否定） 六动名词的被动形式 注意：当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时，用被动语态。如： I like being given harder work. 我喜欢接受难点的工作。 She is proud of being admitted into the university. 她为被大学录取而感到自豪。【翻译】12. You cant eat anything before . （你动手术前不能吃东西。）13. I appreciate . （我很感谢给了我这个机会。）七动名词的完成形式动名词的完成式所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。 例如：I am very pleased at your having been honored with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。 I cant forgive myself for having taken you by surprise. 我不能原谅自己这样突如其来地问你。【翻译】14. We were praised . （我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。） 15. He regrets . （他后悔没有参加这个项目。） 八. 动名词（gerund）和现在分词（present participle）的区别1. 动名词就是名词, 只是保有一些动词的功能。所以它在句中可以作主语，宾语，表语，同位语，定语等那些名词可以充当的成分。现在分词相当于形容词, 在句中作定语或者状语。所以当-ing形式出现在句中作主语, 宾语, 同位语时, 它肯定时动名词。 当-ing形式出现在句中作状语时, 它肯定是现在分词。例如：One of the best exercises is swimming. （动名词） The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring. （现在分词）She hates speaking in the public. （动名词短语，作宾语）Speaking in the public, he will surely be very cheerful. （现在分词短语，作状语） 2. 动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语, 区别方法是: 作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事, 此时系动词相当于“是”, 通常把主语和表语的位置互换, 语法和意思不变, 例如: My hobby is swimming. 可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换) 现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质, 不能与主语互换位置, 例如: The story is interesting. 不可改为: Interesting is the story. 3. 动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词, 两者的区别在于: 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；而现在分词修饰名词时表示该名词的性质、状态或动作等，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 例如: a swimming boy和a swimming suit a swimming boy的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”, 即a boy who is swimming, 现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作; 而a swimming suit的意思是“游泳衣”, 即a suit for swimming, 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途。 Multiple choices1. The thief took away the womans wallet without_.A. being seen B. seeing C. him seeing D. seeing him2. You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another.A. to hear B. to be heard C. hearing D. with hearing3. He is very busy _ his papers. He is far too busy _ callers.A. to write.to receive B. writing.to receiveC. writing.receiving D. to write.for receiving4. The suspect at last admitted _ stolen goods but denied _ them.A. receiving.selling B. to receive.to sellC. to receiving.to selling D. to have received.to have sold5. It is difficult to get used _ in a tent after a soft, comfortable bed to lie on.A. sleep B. to sleeping C. slept D. to sleep6. We had some trouble _ the house and nobody seemed _ where it was.A. in finding.knowing B. finding.to knowC. to find.knowing D