动名词和分词.doc

（二）动名词1 形式一般式：v-ing否定式：not v-ing主动一般式： v-ing主动完成式： having done 被动一般式： being done被动完成式： having been done复合结构：ones doing2 作用作主语Eg. Seeing is believing.There is no denying this.Its no use/good/useless crying over the spilt milk.作表语Eg. His hobby is collecting stamps.作宾语动词宾语 I have finished reading the book.介词宾语 She is very fond of dancing.宾补He called this robbing Peter to pay Paul.Do you find staying here interesting?Do you find it interesting staying here?动名词作宾补经常转换成：vt.（谓语） + it（形式宾语） +Adj.（宾补）+ v-ing（动名词短语为真正的宾语）定语动名词作定语，说明人或物的性能or用途现在分词作定语，表明动作进行，是主谓关系Eg. sleeping pills a sleeping child3 结构及考点：否定式和复合结构否定式 not v-ing复合结构: 名词所有格或物主代词+动名词（作主语或宾语） 名词通格或代词宾格+动名词（非正式文体或语中）Eg. Its no use buying books but not reading them. His/Him going there wont help much. Johns/John coming here will get us out of trouble. I dont remember his/him giving me back that dictionary. I dont remember my wifes/wife complaining about prices.I heard of Miss Marys/Mary coming back.附录：有些动词或短语后需接动名词作宾语：anticipate, appreciate, involve, remember, forget, forgive, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, regret, avoid, consider, discuss, encourage, finish, like, love, resist, delay, admit，risk, resume, suggest, advise, allow, permit, deny, dislike, favor, fancy, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, leave off, overlook, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, prohibit, quit, recommend, require, resent, recall, tolerate, understand, stop, approach to doing, be busy doing, object to doing, feel like doing, cant help doing, prefer doing A to doing B,(三) 分词1形式 现在分词一般式：v-ing 否定式: not v-ing 主动一般式： doing主动完成式： having done被动一般式： being done 被动完成式： having been done过去分词一般式: v-ed否定式: not v-ed被动一般式: v-ed/done独立（主格）结构: (with) + n./pron. + 分词2作用作表语My pencil was broken. (过去分词作表语主语状态)Her speech was quite stirring. (现在分词作表语主语性质)作定语A lost opportunity never returns.The woman sitting at the desk is his secretary.The material used is cement.注:分词(短语)作定语可以转化成定语从句作状语:分词(短语)作状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致a时间状语 (When) Seeing the professor, the students smiled and said good morning to him.(When) Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.b原因状语Being ill, he stayed at home.Convinced of the accuracy of the data, I stuck to my opinion.c条件状语Working hard, youll succeed.United, we stand; divided, we fall.d让步状语Working very hard, he did not feel a little tired.Though beaten by the opposite team, the players did not lose confidence. (连词though加强语气)e结果状语A letter has just come, relieving her from anxiety.New machines were installed, thus/thereby resulting in an increase in production. (thus/thereby加强语气) f方式状语Traveling by car, the students visited many places.Armed with Marxism-Leninism, the Party solved the problems one after another.g伴随状语The teacher, followed by some students, went onto the classroom.They stayed at home all day, giving the house a thorough cleaning.补语a宾补 I am sorry I have kept you waiting.I have my hair cut once a month. (谓语v.多为使役v.和感官v.)b主补 She was seen going up stairs. The work was left half done.3结构与考点（一）分词短语作状语(其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致)Having worked for an hour, he didnt feel tired yet.(现在分词working的现在完成式)Having been questioned for an hour, he admitted having stolen the money. (过去分词questioned的现在完成被动式)(having stolen为动名词现在完成式)现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别 一般说来，现在分词与过去分词作句子状语时的主要区别在于：现在分词表示主动的意思，而过去分词表示被动的意思。Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc.He stood there, surrounded by his three daughters.分词作状语时的时态1)一般式：分词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时或几乎同 时发生Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.= As she saw nobody at home, she decided to leave a note.2)完成式：分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden.= After we had cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. “when / while + 分词”结构 如果谓语动词表示的动作发生在分词表示的动作过程之中，分词的前面通常需要加上连词when或while，这样的分词结构可以放在句子前面，也可以放在句子后面。Be careful when crossing the street.= Be careful when you are crossing the street.While discussing the matter, many people got very excited.= While they were discussing the matter, many people got （二）分词的独立主格结构分词(短语)作状语时,无论是现在分词还是过去分词，是一般式还是完成式，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。否则，分词前必需有自己的主语，即用独立主格。可以说，独立主格结构是分词作状语的一种特殊形式。这里将详细论述独立主格结构，不仅是分词的独立主格结构。1独立主格结构的构成： 1) n./pron. +现在分词、过去分词2) n./pron. + adj.3) n./pron + adv.4) n./pron. + 不定式5) n./pron. + 介词短语2 独立主格结构的特点：1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2) 名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是主谓关系。3) 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。Eg. The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.The president assassinated, the whole counry was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.This done,we went home.The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier.He came into the room, his ears red with cold.He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.3 with的独立主格结构with + n./pron. +现在分词/过去分词形容词副词不定式介词短语Eg. The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A being tied B having tied C to be tied D tied= The murder was brought in, his hands tied behind his back.4 独立主格结构使用中的问题1) 介词使用相关问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with的复合独立结构不受此限制。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.= A robber burst into the room, with a knife in his hand.2) 当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.5 解题关键:先看句中是否有连词，以此判断句子类型，进而判断该应用什么结构。分词为v.的变化形式,接下来分析句子是否有谓语,若有则考虑分词作状语;如果分词(短语)的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,还要考虑分词独立主格结构作状语;然后看主被动关系确定用现在分词还是过去分词,最后考虑时态和语态.典型例题：Weather _, well go out for a walk.A permits B permitting C permitted D for permitting答案B。本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we小写，可知其不是两个简单句。我们可以判定这是一个简单句，并且句中已有谓语动词 “will go out”。逗号前部分能够这样使用的只有独立主格结构或with的复合独立主格结构。至此可以断定，本句使用的是 “n. + 分词” 独立主格结构。由于permit在这里翻译为“天气允许”，表示主动，应用现在分词，故选B。Eg.Being very poor in those days, my father couldnt send me to school.（分词短语作状语）= Because my father was very poor in those days, he couldnt send Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to her.（分词短语作状语）= Because he hadnt received an answer, he decided to write Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow.（独立结构作状语）= If weather permits, well have an outgoing tomorrow.All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.（独立结构作状语）= If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value 时状: Class being over, the students went home. Her supper finished, she went out for a walk.原状: Her mother having fallen ill, she had to do the housework.His leg badly hurt, he had to be sent to hospital.条状: We shall have an outgoing tomorrow, weather permitting.More time given, he would be able to do better.方状: She related her adventure in Australia, her eyes sparkling with joy.Her eyes fixed on the fire, she did some serious thinking.伴状: She came home greatly pleased, her daughter running forward to meet her. The undercarriage pulled up, the plane flew out of sight.With独立主格结构例句:With the question being settled, we went home.The boy cant do his homework with his sister singing in the room.With her well taken care of, I left very relieved.Wit