大学英语精读第二册11.doc

Book 2 ； lesson 11altitude ltitju:dalt(高的)+itude(名词词缀) n. 1.the height of a place above sea level 高处 海拔:we are flying at an altitude of 6000 meters. 2.(c usually pl) a place that is high above sea level (海拔高的)高处 高地固定搭配：compute altitude 计算测量高度近义词辨析altitude height elevationaltitude指海平面的垂直距离或角度测量时地平面向上垂直距离:The mountain has an altitude of 1000 meters.height指任何能够测量出来的，从某比较的标准是高还是低的东西:The tree attains a height of 50 feet.elevation 主要是指高出海面的高度:The elevation of a mountain 形近字：altitude高度 attitude态度补充归纳:grab for altitude a. (空战中)抢占高度 b. 俚语大发脾气 ；in ones altitude.a. 飘飘然；自高自大 b. 美国俚语醉 anticipatentisipeit anti(前)+cip(拿)+ate vt & vi 过去式anticipated 过去分词anticipated 现在分词anticipating .1.to expect sth预期，期望:We anticipated her winning first prize.我们期望她获得第一名。2.to see what might happen in the future and take action to people for it 预见并做好准:Economists anticipate that the new policy will unleash another colossal growth potential for the country.经济学家预测：新的政策将会大幅度增加国家潜在的经济收入.3.to think with pleasure and excitement about sth that is going to happen . 期望，期待:We anticipated her winning first prize.我们期望她获得第一名.4.to do sth before it can be done by sb else先于前行动，抢之先，占之先，先人一着；早于别人做(或做成)，在之前做(或取得):Did the Vikings anticipate Columbus in discovering America.是北欧海盗在哥伦布之前就发现美洲的吗?5. 预先考虑并满足(需要、请求、希望等)，(想到别人可能提出的命令、要求等而)预先作好，未等待下达就执行(命令)；未等提出就回答(问题)：She anticipated each of my orders.未等下达她便执行我的每道命令。6. 过早地考虑(或提出)：to anticipate more difficult questions过早考虑较多困难问题.7. 使提前发生；使突然发生；加速；促使：The bank staff anticipated his dismissal by stealing money.那名银行职员因偷钱而遭提前开除。8. 预为；预用，预先使用(或享受)，提前支用(钱财)，提前享受: to anticipate a legacy.提前享用遗产常见搭配：anticipate it/that/ving/n近义词辨析:except anticipationexcept means to believe that someone or something is going to arrive anticipate means to expect that something will happen and be reading for it派生词anticipation预期 预料 anticipatory预期的 预料的Brace breis1.n. a device that holds things firmly together or holds and supports them in position 夹子,支架2. n .a mental device that children wear inside the mouth to help their teeth grow straight牙套3 .n. braces straps for holding trouser up 吊带裤4 .n.either of two marks 大括号5.n.a pair of birds or animals that have been killed in hunting 猎获的一对鸟6.v.brace sb/yourself for sth :to prepare sb/yourself for sth difficult or unpleasant that is going to happen 做准备:He braced himself to hear what the boss would say.他做好准备听老板会说些什么。7.v.brace sth/yourself against sth : to press your body or part of your body firmly against sth in order to stop yourself from falling抵住,顶住:They braced the sagging wall with a piece of wood.他们用一根木头撑住那堵往一边倾斜的墙壁。8.vt.to tighten the muscles in your body or part of your body before doing sth that is physically difficult 绷紧身体:to brace ones muscles把肌肉绷紧.9.vt.to make sth stronger or more solid by supporting it with sth 加强,加固:Brace those sagging shelves with more crosspieces.多用横档加固那些下陷的架子。常用短语：1. in a brace of shakes 立刻，那间2. take a brace (运动员)提高技艺 (赌徒)时来运转3.wear a belt and braces口语不冒风险；为自己安 全过分担忧，过虑词形变形vt .braced bracing近义词pair brace Bump：bmp1.n a lump on the body caused by a blow肿块.2.n.something that bulges out or is protuberant or projects from itsurroundings隆起物3.vi .knock against with force or violence碰撞，撞击:My car bumped into the tree常用短语:1. a bump on a log美国口语呆头呆脑的人；乏味的伴侣2. (be) bumped up暴发的，擢升较快的，骤然升至高位的，担任徒有虚名的职务的3. bump(s) and grind(s)a. 俚语(脱衣舞女演员)扭屁股b. 迂回曲折，盛衰，浮沉4. like a bump on a long口语呆头呆脑，一声不吭5. (ones) bump of locality辨别方位的能力6. with a bump意外地，突然clench klentnC .1.A tight grip or grasp.抓紧或咬2.Something, such as a mechanical device, that clenches or holds fast.抓紧用具：抓紧或紧握的某物，例如某种机械设备vt/vi.1.To close tightly:咬紧,握紧 2.To grasp or grip tightly:紧握 3.To clinch (a bolt, for example).钉牢（例如螺丝钉）相关词组:clench ones teeth 咬紧牙关clench fists in anger 愤怒地握紧拳头clench the steering wheel 紧握方向盘典型考题：I _ teeth to myself said: You may, you certainly be able to do! A clench B clutch C clinch D snatch答案:选A. A. clench ones teeth 咬紧牙关； B. clutch抓住，攫住； C. clinch钉住，把（木头）钉牢在一起，确定； D. snatch抢夺，攫取； 词义辨析clench, take ,grasp ,grab ,grip, clasp, clutch, snatch ,seize .这些动词均具有“抓住、 抓”之意。clench:抓紧用具：抓紧或紧握的某物，例如某种机械设备take: 最普通用词，不带感情色彩。指用手抓、取某东西或鞚制某物。grasp: 指紧紧抓住、抓牢。grab: 指粗暴而急迫的抓住。grip语气比grasp强，指用手的最大力量紧紧抓住。clasp: 指用手紧握或用臂紧抱。clutch: 强调匆忙、紧急地抓、抓紧。snatch: 指突然抢走，侧重动作更快或更具暴力性质。seize: 指突然抓住某物，强调突然的猛烈动作。形近词：clench klent vt., vi.紧合；咬紧（牙关）；捏紧（拳头）紧握；抓牢eg. She clenched her teeth when she was operated on; The girl clenched her money in her hand; clinch klint vt., vi.敲弯钉头钉牢；钉住，把（木头）钉牢在一起 ，确定；决定（贸易等）；达成买卖或合同 eg. The two companies clinched the deal quickly. The offer of more money clinched it for her. cliff klif nC.a steep high face of rock绝壁；悬崖eg. he stood on a high cliff overlooking the town相关词组sea cliff： 海崖；海蚀崖；海蚀崖,海崖；海蚀崖ice cliff： 冰崖；冰断崖abrupt cliff： 陡崖Red Cliff： 赤壁词形变换cliffy klifi adj. 陡峭的；多悬崖的； 比较级cliffier 最高级cliffiest discipline disiplinn 1. a branch of knowledge; C学科eg. in what discipline is his doctorate? 2. a system of rules of conduct or method of practice; U训练方法；行为准则eg. he quickly learned the discipline of prison routine 3. the trait of being well behaved U 训练, 锻炼, 训导eg. he insisted on discipline among the troops4. training to improve strength or self-controlU 自制力；遵守纪律5. the act of punishing U 处罚, 处分; the offenders deserved the harsh discipline they received vt 1. train by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control; 训练，训导 eg. Parents must discipline their children;2. punish in order to gain control or enforce obedience; 惩戒eg. The teacher disciplined the pupils rather frequently相关词组：discipline oneself to do严格要求自己discipline for因而处罚典型考题：The teacher his student for bad behaviour 。A exercise B disciplined C practice D training答案：选B；A. exercise主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧；B.discipline for因而处罚；C .practice指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧；D .training普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练词义辨析：drill，exercise，practice，training，discipline这些名词都有“练习、训练、锻炼”之意。drill侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习.eg. The teacher drilled grammar and the multiplication tables every day.教员每天通过练习传授语法和乘法表。exercise主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。eg. Both walking and riding are good exercise.步行和骑车都是很好的锻炼。practice指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。eg. Practice is the key to any skill .实践是取得任何技能的要诀。training普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。eg. Do you offer any personal training programs?你们提供个人训练的课程吗?discipline既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。eg. The football team was disciplined by a professional trainer.这支足球队受过专业教练员的训练。点击查看distract distrktdis-（除去，分离）+tract(系统，吸引力)v.1. draw someones attention away from something使(人)分心, 分散(注意力) eg. Noise outside distracted her mind from her studies.门外的噪音使她心神不宁, 无法集中注意力学习。2. disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed打扰相关词组：distract from： 转移；使 分心；使转移注意力；使分散精力distract at/by/with： 因.而发狂draw away （比赛）领先竞争对手；引开distract sb. With sth.： 分散某人的注意力词义辨析：puzzle, bewilder, confuse, embarrass, perplex, baffle, confound, distract这些动词均有“使困惑、迷惑、糊涂、伤脑筋”之意。distract: 主要用于注意力分散、思想矛盾或过分激动时产生的昏乱eg. Several people talking at once distract a listener.几个人同时讲话会使听者分散注意力puzzle: 侧重使人难于理解、困惑、伤脑筋。eg. I am puzzled by his failure to reply.他不给我回信使我感到困惑。bewilder: 语气强烈，指因迷不解或惊愕而慌乱，不知所措，无法清醒地思考。eg. Those shifting attitudes bewilder me.那些犹豫不定的态度令我为难。confuse: 语气较弱，指由于混淆、混乱而糊涂。eg. The two steps cannot be confused.这两个步骤不能搞混了。embarrass: 常指因处境或困难问题而感到窘迫、局促不安或焦急而不知所措。eg. His bad table manners embarrassed her.他的不雅的吃相使她很尴尬perplex: 除困惑外，还含焦虑或缺乏把握之意，因而难于作出决定，无从下手处理。eg. His strange behaviour perplexed her greatly.他的奇怪举止使她茫然不解。baffle: 语气最强，多指遇见奇怪情景或复杂困难情况时所产生的惶恐困惑心理。eg. The unexpected news baffled me.意料之外的消息使我困惑不解。confound: 常指人惊慌失措和狼狈不堪。eg. The news has confounded our plans.这个消息打乱了我们的计划。ease Ii:z easy 的名词和动词 （eased eased easing）【释义】1、n. u freedom from difficulty or financial difficulty that promotes a comfortable state. 舒适，悠闲 ；容易，不费力.2、v. the condition of being comfortable or relieved (especially after being relieved of distress); move gently or carefully; lessen pain or discomfort; alleviate使舒服减轻（痛苦、负担等），缓和 ；小心缓慢的移动 ；放松，调节，使安心【常用短语】1、at ease安逸,自在,无拘束,高枕无忧e.g. His state of mind was not at ease. 他心绪不宁。(ill at ease 局促不安，不自在)2、with ease 容易地e.g. He got his job with ease.他很容易地得到那一份工作。3、ease off 放松,缓和,减轻 减轻某人之.e.g. The flow of traffic eased off. 交通已经通畅.4、ease sb of sth.减轻某人的痛苦、负担等e.g. The doctor tried his best to ease lily of her headache.医生在尽力减轻莉莉的头疼。emergency im:dnsi复数：emergencies【释义】点击查看n. a sudden unforeseen crisis (usually involving danger) that requires immediate action; a state in which martial law applies 紧急情况,突然事件,非常时刻【参考例句】1、We must reserve money for emergencies.我们应当储备钱留着急用。收藏 2、Call the police in the event of an emergency.万一紧急情况就打电话给警察。收藏 3、In the rear of the plane is an emergency exit. 在飞机的后面是紧急出口。收藏【常用短语】1、emergency room急诊室,急救室2、emergency brake应急刹车，紧急制动器，安全制动器脚刹. 3、emergency exit紧急出口，备用引出端，安全门4、emergency procedure应急操作步骤5、emergency landing紧急降落【词义辨析】1、emergency，crisis这两个名词都有“危急”之意emergency多指突然发生的出乎意料的紧急情况或事故。 crisis含义广泛，可指国家存亡、历史、经刘或人的生命、疾病等面临危急关头。也可指好的或恶化的转折点。2、emergency 和emergence：emergence出现，浮现The emergence of many factories in this area is due to the rapid development of economy.这一地区众多工厂的出现源于经济的迅猛发展。emergency紧急事件【典型考题】I keep a fire extinguisher in my car for use in a (an) . CA. pressure B. urgency C. emergency D. extremity试题解析 译文：我车上备有一灭火器，在紧急时使用。emergency紧急事件，紧急情况，多指具体的紧急事件；pressure压力；urgency也指紧急，急迫，但泛指紧急的行动，而本句中指具体的紧急事件，所以emergency为最佳答案；extremity极限，极度endurance indjurns【释义】the power to withstand hardship or stress ；a state of surviving; remaining aliven. 忍耐,忍耐力,耐性【参考例句】1、Endurance enabled him to win the race.耐力使他获胜收藏 2、Our endurance was tested to the utmost.我们的忍耐力受到了最大限度的考验。收藏 3、To the last measure of human endurance.人类忍耐的极限收藏。【派生词】：endurance n.忍耐，耐力 enduring adj.持久的，不朽的 enduringly adv.持久地 endurable adj.可忍受的【辨析】endure, bear, stand和tolerate：Endure: put up with something or somebody unpleasant指长时间忍受痛苦或不幸，一般用于非常严重的情况，强调持久力和意志坚定。She has endured great pain for several years.几年来她忍受着极大的痛苦。Bear普通用语，可用于精神、身体上忍受，强承受力。与否定词连用时表示极不喜欢。I cant bear strong tea.我受不了浓茶。Stand: hold ones ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright多用于口语中，强调不屈不挠或经得起。The work cant stand the close examination.这工作经受不起仔细检查。Tolerate: put up with something or somebody unpleasant多指忍受人及其行为或容忍意见等精神方面的内容。We had to tolerate his rudeness.我们不得不忍受他的无礼。 【典型考题】I cant _ seeing animals suffer like that. DA. survive B. retain C. maintain D. endure试题解析survive逃生，幸免于，存活 retain保留/持 maintain维持，保持exhaustion igz:stn【释义】extreme fatigue ; serious weakening and loss of energyn. 疲惫,筋疲力尽,竭尽 ;排气装置【常用短语】1、heat exhaustion 中暑衰竭，热量消耗，热衰竭，热虚脱e.g. He passed out from heat exhaustion.他因中暑而晕倒。收藏点击查看2、nervous exhaustion【医】 神经衰弱, 脑力衰竭e.g. Nervous exhaustion from prolonged piloting of aircraft. 飞行员神经机能病长时间飞机飞行所导致的神经疲惫。收藏点击查看3、Finally reached the point of exhaustion.终于到达筋疲力尽的程度。Frame freim时态：framed,framing,frames形容词：framable【释义】点击查看n.1、a structure supporting or containing something ; one of a series of still transparent photographs on a strip of film used in making movies框架,结构,体格vt.2、enclose in a frame, as of a picture 更多 . ; take or catch as if in a snare or trap ; formulate in a particular style or language ; make up plans or basic details for.构成,设计,制定,使适合,陷害; 框架,(是指在数据链路层中,将网络层数据包加上开始与结尾信息包组成一个框架)常用短语1、frame of mind心境,心情,心绪,情绪 e.g. Her frame of mind is confusing.她心绪烦乱。收藏2、 frame up装框,阴谋,构思 e.g. It takes long to frame up an article. 构思一篇文章要花好长时间.3、window framen. 窗框 n. 窗口框架 e.g. The woodwork of the window frames is perishing.窗户的木框在烂下去。收藏点击查看4、 time frame时间量级，时间帧e.g. Remember that kids this age dont have a long time frame. 你要记住这个年纪的孩子都没有一个长期的计划。 更多 . 收藏点击查看点点击查看initial inil adj A no comp.无比较级 which is (at) the beginning 开始的，最初的：The initial talks formed the basis of the later agreement.最初的会谈形成了后来协议的基础。| the initial inverstment/outlay 最初的投资费用n usually pl. 一般用复数 a CAPTIAL（=large）letter at the beginning of a name , especially when used alone to represent a persons first name(s) and last name (姓名的)大写首字母：His initials are PFW ; they stand for Peter Francis White.他的姓名开头字母是PFW，它们是彼得弗朗西斯怀特的英文姓名的首字母。v T to write ones initials on (a piece of writing), usually to show approval or agreement 用姓名开头字母签名于（一份文件）（通常表示批准或赞同）；草签：Please would you initial these memos, sir?先生，请您草签这些备忘率。 【同义词辨析】initial, original, primitiveinitial：开始的，最初的，强调处于事物的起始阶段，也可以指位于开头地方的。original：最初的，最早的；原版的，原物的。指按顺序是首位的，在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西；也指原件的，原物的，非仿造的东西。This is the original piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.就是在这架钢琴上，这位作曲家创作出了他的一些伟大的作品。primitive：原始的，上古的，早期的，指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段，也可以指自然的或简朴的。Primitive tribes live in the Amazon River basin.原始部落居住在亚马逊河盆地。【常用搭配】initial investment： 期初投资；初期投资；最初投资；原始投资期初投资。initial condition： 初值条件；原始条件；初始状态,初始条件；原始状态。【典型例题】My _ good opinion of him changed with time.A. initial B. original C. primitive【详细解答】答案A符合题意，题目大意为：时间长了我对他最初的好印象改变了。nausea n:zi, -si, -, - n U fml a feeling of sickness and desire to VOMIT(=to throw up the contents of the stomach through the mouth) 正式恶心，呕吐感：Early pregnancy is often accompanied by nausea.怀孕早期常有恶心现象。| Do you experience any nausea?你感到恶心吗？【常用搭配】creatic nausea：油腻性恶心；nausea vomiting：恶心或呕吐；gravidarum nausea：妊娠期恶心jerk d:k v 1.T to pull suddenly 急拉，猛地拉一下：He jerked the string and the puppet jumped.他猛地一拉绳子，木偶就跳了起来。2.I to move with jerks 颠簸地行进：The bus jerked to a stop.公共汽车猛然刹车，就停住了。n 1. a short quick pull or (backward) movement 猛地一拉：The knife was stuck but she pulled it out with a jerk.那把刀子被卡住了，她猛地一拔，把它拔了出来。2.贬，俚，尤美傻瓜，笨蛋（尤指不体贴女性的男子）：Stop dancing on my feet , you jerk!跳舞别老踩我的脚，你这个笨蛋！adj 牙买加风味的：jerk chicken牙买加风味烤鸡。【常用搭配】 in a jerk马上，立刻；put a jerk in it俚语加紧干，使劲干，卖力干notorious nut:ris adj famous or widely known for something bad 贬臭名远扬的，声名狼藉的：a notorious murderer 一个臭名远扬的杀人犯【同义词辨析】notorious，famousnotorious adj. 声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，表示由于不好的事而出名：be notorious for (以臭名昭著)famous adj. 著名的，表示广为人知或常受谈论，往往含有称颂之意：be famous for (以著名)The city is famous for its hot springs.He is notorious for dirty tricks.guarantee ,rnti:n c (assurance)保证：You have my guarantee that Ill finish the job on time. 我向你保证按时完成工作；(COMM)(warranty)质量保证：The TV set has a years guarantee. 这架电视机有一年的保修期。 vvt(promise)+success,safety,happiness确保；保证：He will guarantee us possession of the house by May.他保证我们在五月可搬入这间房子；（COMM）+product,work担保【同义词辨析】pledge : 普通用词，指严肃地承诺、信守原则，常以个人名誉作为承诺的保证。guarantee : 一般指以口头的、协定或合同的形式作为保证、担保，强调口头承诺，含违背许诺，则予以补偿之意。 assurance : 指用语言保证以消除人们思想上的怀疑与担心。【常用搭配】a/no guarantee有/没有的保证；to guarantee to do sth保证做某事【典型例题】Buying a train ticket ahead of time will usually _ you a good seat.A. stretch B. protect C. guarantee D. prevent【详细解答】 答案选C . guarantee后接双宾语，表示：保证你有一个好座位。Rescuereskju: v. ( rescued, rescued, rescuing ) to save sb/sth from a dangerous or harmful situation 营救；援救；抢救： He rescued a child from drowning. She had despaired of ever being rescued alive. n. 1.u the act of saving sb/sth from a dangerous or difficult situation; the fact of being saved 救援；营救；抢救；获救：We had given up hope of rescue. 2.c an occasion when sb/sth is saved from a dangerous or difficult situation 营救行动：Ten fishermen were saved in a daring sea rescue.常用短语sb/sth (from sth/sb) 营救，救援，抢救：The house was rescued from demolition. a rescue attempt/operation 一次救援行动 a mountain rescue team 高山救援队 rescue workers boats/helicopters 救援人员/船只/直升机 come to ones rescue 解救某人，救助某人（见考题）典型考题 Teddy came to my _with a cheque of $200 to pay my room rate, after I phoned him that my wallet had been stonlen. A. attendance B. assistance C. rescue D. safety 试题分析详细解答句意：在我打电话告知泰德钱包被偷了之后，他带着200美元的支票来救助我，为我支付了房租。Come to ones rescue 意为“解救某人，救助某人”；A.意为“出席，照料”B, 意为“帮助，援助”；D，意为“安全”，这三个词与came to 无法构成固定搭配。Resemblerizemblv.(resembled,resembled,resembling) VNno passive(不用于进行时) to look like or be similar to another person or thing 看起来像；显得像；像：1She closely resembles her sister. 2 So many hotels resemble each other.3The plant resemble grass in appearance.Salesmanseilzmn n.复:salesmen. a man or woman whose job is to sell goods, for example,in a shop/store 售货员；推销员：a car salesman 汽车推销员.The salesman showed her nearly all the hats in the shop. 变形:saleswomanseilz,wumnn.女售货员Sensationsensein n.1c a feeling that you get when sth affects your body 感觉；知觉：a tingling/burning/pleasant sensation 刺痛/烧伤/愉悦的感觉：I had a sensation of falling,as if in a dream.我有一种堕落的感觉，像在梦中似的。2uthe ability to feel through your sense of touch 感觉能力，知觉能力 ：She seemed to have lost all sensation in her arms. 3ca general feeling or impression that is difficult to explain ; an experience or a memory 直觉；莫名其妙的感觉；经历；记忆：He had the eerie sensation of being watched. 4c.very great surprise ,excitement or interest among a lot of people ;the person or the thing that causes this surprise轰动；哗然；引起轰动的人（或事物）：News of his arrest caused a sensation.常用短语 have the sensation of 觉得；有知觉；感觉到，感受到；体会到；体验到（身体上或情绪上的情况）典型考题 Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news many create a great_. A. explosion B. sensation C. exaggeration D. stimulation试题分析 此题测试词的意义，答案为B.详细解答句意：有些记者为了追求轰动效应，经常在报道新闻是对局势进行夸张。Sensation意为“激动，轰动”，create a great sensation 意为“赵成很大的轰动”。A. explosion 意为“爆炸，爆发”，C. exaggeration意为“夸张，夸大”；D. stimulation意为“刺激，激励，鼓舞”。Slopeslup n.1 c a surface or piece of land that slopes(=is higher at one end than the other ) 斜坡；坡地：a grass/wooded slop 长满草的/长满树的坡地。The town is built on a slope. 2 c an area of land that is part of a mountain or hill 山坡 th