牛津高中英语高二语法虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。 If I were a bird, I could fly in the air. 如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination. 我希望我能通过考试。 May you succeed! 祝您成功!I简单句中的虚拟语气 一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。 Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？I should be grateful if you would be kind enough to help me. It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别熬夜到很晚。 二、表祝愿。 常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。 God bless you! / Heaven help you! 愿上帝保佑你！ May you be happy! 祝你快乐！ May you do even better! 祝你取得更大成就！ May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。 II状语从句中的虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的用法： 1. 表示与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句。其句子结构为： 从句：If + 主语+ 动词的过去式 (be 用were) + 主句：主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ If I were you, I would go with him. If the weather were fine, I would go there. If it werent snowing, we wouldnt stay in the house. If it werent for your help, we would get into trouble. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now. 2. 表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。其句子结构为： 从句：If + 主语+ had +动词的过去分词+ 主句：主语+ would (should, could, might) + have +动词的过去分词+ If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。 If it hadnt been for your help, I shouldnt have finished this work on time. 要是没有你们的帮忙，我就不会按时完成了这项工作。（事实上你们帮助了我） If I had been your headmaster, I should have dismissed you from school. 我要是你们校长的话，就把你开除学籍了。（事实上我不是） If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.3. 表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句，其句子结构为： 从句：If + 主语+ should (were to) + 动词原形 / 动词的过去式+ 主句：主语+ would (could, should, might) + 动词原形+ If I were to work at this problem, I would do it in another way.要是我来解这道难题，我会用另外一种方法的。 If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的话，我将待在家里。If he came tomorrow, I would do it with him.如果明天他来的话，我将和他一起做此事。If she should come to see you, tell her to wait for me.If you should meet Jane, give her my regards.4. 混合条件句-主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气 有时条件从句中的动作与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。 If we hadnt made adequate preparations, we shouldnt dare to do the experiment next week。 If we shouldnt have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now. If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now. If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.If you hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now. 5. 含蓄条件句 有时虚拟条件句并没来用if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况； 条件暗含在短语中What would I have done without you? It would be easier to do it this way. We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. We could have done better under more favorable conditions. 假设我们有更有利条件，我们还会做得更好。I didnt know that he was a liar, or else I wouldnt have believed him. 条件暗含在上下文中You might stay her forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to) We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying) Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含if you should accept the gift) I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。I would like to come. 我愿意来。 I wouldnt have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。 6. 条件从句中省略if 采用倒装语序的情况 在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had, should, were 等助动词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。 原句：If she were younger, she would do it. 去If：Were she younger, she would do it. 原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it. 去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。 Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。 Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。 二虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中1.表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。 He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。 He acts as if he were / was a TV expert. 他做起事来好像是个电视专家。 Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman艾伦谈起罗马来好像他是个罗马人一样。 He pretends as if he didnt know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.他假装好像完全不懂那事，其实他对那事非常了解。 2. 表示与过去事实相反, 谓语动词用过去完成式。如： The tree looked as if it hadnt been watered for a long time. 那棵树看上去好像很久没人给浇水了。The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.那老人看着照片，他觉得仿佛回到20年前的时光。 3.表示与将来事实相反: They talked and talked as if they would never meet again 他们谈了又谈，仿佛他们不会再相见的样子。 注意: （1）在as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成为事实, 用陈述语气. He looks as if he is going to be ill. （2） as though或as if引导的状语从句,从句主语和主句主语相同时,从句中可省略主语和部分谓语She paused, as if to let the painful memories pass. (省略she wanted) From time to time Jason turned round as though searching for someone. (省略he were) The boy started, as if awakened from some dream. (省略he were) 三虚拟语气用在lest，for fear that，so that 及 in order that引导的目的状语从句中 表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should/ could/might 动词原形构成He was punished lest he (should) make the same mistake again他被处以惩罚以免他再犯。He reminded her twice of it lest she (should) forget.I will not make a noise for fear that I should / might disturb you. I did this so that I might have a couple of weeks to prepare my paper. 四由“providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ suppose(that)/ supposing (that)”引导的条件从句，根据情况，可用虚拟语气。（）Suppose/Supposing that it rained, we shouldnt go out.有时也可用陈述语气They are willing to surrender provided they are given free pardon.You can borrow my car, providing you get it back to me before 11 oclock.5 In case 引导的从句中既可以用陈述句，也可以用虚拟语气：（should）+ 动词原形The game will be put off in case it (should) snow. The game will be put off in case it snows.III名词性从句中的虚拟语气 一宾语从句中的虚拟语气 1. 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 对现在情况的虚拟： 从句谓语动词用过去式或过去进行式I wish (that）I knew the answer to the question.I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.对过去情况的虚拟：从句谓语动词用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。I wish I hadnt wasted so much time. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. 对将来情况的虚拟： 从句谓语would/should/could/might + 动词原形 I wish it would stop raining.You wished she would arrive the next day.I wish she would change her mind.2. 在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气, 均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，“should”常被省略，常用的此类动词有： 表示“提议、劝告、建议”的： propose, suggest, recommend, advise, 表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“同意、坚持”的： insist 表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight. He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. The workers demand that their wages should be raised by 10 percent.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios not to play after 11 oclock at night. 注意：suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 He insisted that he was not involved in the case.All these facts suggest that he is not guilty.3. 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等情绪。 I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。He just couldnt believe that his hometown should have gone through such great changes. 4. would rather , had rather，后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来相反，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或 “对过去做的事的懊悔”。 I would rather he came tomorrow than today. John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the caseId rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。 注意若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形 I would rather stay at home today Id rather not have told her the news. She is such a gossip.would ratherthan中用动词原形 I would rather stay at home than go out today I would rather die than surrender.5. “had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。I had hoped/ intended/ planned to go to the U.S and study there, but I didnt.I hoped/ planned / intended to have gone to the U.S and study there , but I didnt.二主语从句中的虚拟语气 1. “It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气 ，表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should常用的形容词：natural ，appropriate ，advisable ，necessary ，important ，urgent ，probable ，possible ，desirable ，strange。 常用的过去分词 required , demanded, requested , desired , suggested , recommended .It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible注意：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。 I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。 2. 在 “It is（was） 名词that ” 结构中的虚拟语气, 表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，order，pity ，proposal，recommendation， suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。 It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建议派他去国外进一步学习。It is my desire that all the members of the family should gather once a year.三表语从句或同位语从句中的虚拟语气 某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有： demand，desire，requirement，advice，recommendation，suggestion，order， necessity， proposal, plan，idea , We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。 The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. IV在It is（abouthigh）time that定语从句中的虚拟语气。表示“该做的时候了”，其动词形式用一般过去时或should 动词原形。 Its already 5 oclock nowDont you think its about time we went home？It is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.I suppose it is almost time that were leaving.注意： 在this is the first time second time that句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。 Is this the first time that you have visited HongKong？这是你第一次参观香港吗？ Vif only 引起的感叹句中的虚拟语气 if only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望！If only he didnt drive so fast! (现在) If only the rain would stop. (将来) Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had followed your advice. (过去)VI. Multiple choice1. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he _ our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be 2. If you _ Jerry Brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right was strange. A. shouldnt contact B. didnt contact C. werent to contact D. hadnt contacted 3. _ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday . A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice . A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed 5. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _a sudden loud noise. A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been 6. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man. A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off 7. I apologize if I _ you but I assure you it was unintentional. A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended 8. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _ fully occupied the whole of last week. A. were B. had been C. have been D. was 9. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun _round the earth. A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling 10. If the Watergate Incident_ Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency. A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling 11. I hadnt expected James to apologize but I had hoped _ . A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me 12. George would certainly have attended the proceedings _ . A. if he didnt get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadnt happened C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself 13. The teacher suggested that her students _experiences with ESP. A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his 14. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he _a Chinese. A. were B. had been C. is D. has been 15. Looking round the town, he felt as though he _ away for ages. A. has been B. was C. is D. had been 16. Most insurance agents would rather you_ anything about collecting claims until they investigate the situation. A. do B. dont C. didnt D. didnt do 17. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they _ the experience of meeting. A. hadnt B. didnt have had C. hadnt had D. hadnt have 18. Without electronic computers, much of todays advanced technology _ . A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved 19. He told her to return the book in time so that others _ a chance to read it . A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have 20. It is time that the government _ measures to protect the rare birds and animals. A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking 21. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he _ to the meeting. A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come 22. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldnt be surprised if he _acting for a living one day. A. had taken up B. takes up C. have taken up D. would have taken up 23. If I had seen the movie, I _ you all about it now. A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told 24. Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. A. do B. didnt do C. dont D. didnt 25. Mary _ my let