李元胜 2013年秋 语言学_Chapter_1_invitations_to_linguistics.ppt

ChapterOneInvitationstoLinguistics LIYuanshengliyuansheng10AboutthecourseLinguisticsisauniversitycourseforEnglishmajorsintheir3rdor4thyearanditinvolvesmanyfieldsofresearch e g psychology sociology philosophy soit snotsurprisingifyoufinditdifficultatthebeginning It samustforlanguagestudentstolearnsomethingaboutlinguisticsandveryimportantforthosewhowanttodofurtherstudyaftergraduation ThecoursewillbegivenmainlyinEnglish butinChinesewhennecessary TheGoalsforthisCourse Togetascientificviewonlanguage Tounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteachingToprepareforthefutureresearchwork Requirements Attendanceisa must foreverystudent Attendthecourseregularlysinceit sacompulsorycourse Notanoptionalone Noabsencefromclasswithoutreasonablereasons Completeallthetasksrequired Self disciplineisnecessary Beattentiveandinteractiveintheclass classroomdiscussionandparticipation Self studyisdesirable Previewandreviewthelessonsordosomefurtherreading Itemsyouneedintheclass YourtextbooksAnotebookAnexercisebook DistributionofGrades 10 Attendance10 ClassroomBehavior10 Assignmentandoralpresentation70 ExaminationFinalexaminationpaperwillcoverallthematerialsusedandallworksdoneduringclasstimeandafterclasstime Alistofreferencebooks 1 语言学教程 英语版 胡壮麟 北京大学出版社 2 语言学概论 王德春 上海外语教育出版社 3 现代英语语言学概论 英语版 戴炜栋 上海外语教育出版社 4 现代语言学 何兆熊梅德明 外语教学与研究出版社5 简明英语语言学教程 英语版 戴炜栋等 上海外语教育出版社6 语言学和语言的应用 王宗炎 上海外语教育出版社7 语言学 H G Widdowson 上海外语教育出版社8 语言学入门 英语版 StuartC Poole外语教学与研究出版社9 新编简明英语语言学教程 戴炜栋 何兆熊 2002 上海外语教育出版社 10 西方语言学流派 刘润清 1995 外语教学与研究出版社 8 1 Whystudylanguage 2 WhatisLanguage 4 themainfunctionsoflanguage AddYourTextinhere 5 Whatislinguistics 6 Themainbranchesoflinguistics 3 thedefinefeaturesoflanguage Focus Previewquestionsfor1 1 1 2 1 Whyshouldwestudylanguage 2 Whatisthedefinitionoflanguage 3 Whatmakeshumanlanguageadvantageousoveranimallanguage 10 1 1WhyStudyLanguage AtoolforcommunicationAnintegralpartofourlifeandhumanity Ifnotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity 11 1 2WhatisLanguage Saussure Language isbothasocialproductofthefacultyofspeechandacollectionofnecessaryconventionsthathavebeenadoptedbyasocialbodytopermitindividualstoexercisethatfaculty FerdinanddeSaussure 1857 1913 CourseinGeneralLinguistics 1916 12 Languageisapurelyhumanandnon instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols EdwardSapir 1884 1939 Language AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech 1921 Sapir 13 FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset finiteorinfinite ofsentences eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements NoamChomsky 1928 SyntacticStructures 1957 Chomsky Liao Meizhen 2008 语言是什么 语言是人 人是什么 人是语言 Weexistbecausewespeak 我说故我在 Manismanonlywhenmandoesnotregard take languageasatool 只有当人不把语言作工具的时候 人才成为真正意义的人 当人把语言当作工具的时候 人以为自己是主人 其实人是奴隶 当人无论是在显意识还是潜意识中都不把语言当作工具的时候 人才能真正地得到解放 人文精神才真正地实现 否则人永远是奴隶 把语言看作工具永远无法得到语言和语言研究的真谛 QianGuanlian 2005 语言是人类的最后家园 人活在语言中 人不得不活在语言中 人活在程式性语言行为中 语言实际上是人类的一种社会活动 是一种行为 顾曰国 2008 学一门语言是懂一个人的心声 懂一个文化 就是整个文化的大门给你开放了 整个文明给你开放了 我感觉语言这个东西 不要把它看成是一个简单的符号 它是一个心 另外对于个人来说 是一个文化的大门 一个文明的大门向你开放了 这个太有意思 我现在正在准备学蒙古语 我想看看蒙古人怎么看世界 18 Webster sNewDictionaryoffersafrequentlyusedsenseoftheword language a humanspeechb theabilitytocommunicatebythismeansc asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings d thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem DefinitionsofLanguage Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication Languagedistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimalsbecauseitisfarmoresophisticatedthananyanimalcommunicationsystem 19 Agenerallyaccepteddefinition Previewquestions 1 Whatarethefourdesignfeaturesoflanguage 2 Findoutthedefinitionofthefollowingterms DesignfeaturesArbitrariness 1 3DesignFeaturesofLanguage 21 Designfeatures thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals Arbitrariness Duality Creativity Displacement 1 3DesignFeaturesofLanguage 22 1 3 1Arbitrariness Definition Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds 语言形式的符号与所表示的意义无天然的联系 Differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages book buk 书 shu Buch buh woman wu mn 女 n Frau frao tree tri 树 shu 木 23 1 Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning evenwithonomatopoeicwords ThedogbarkswowwowinEnglishbut 汪汪汪 inChinese MurderousandmurmurousAlthoughtheybothbearmoreorlessresemblancetothegenuinenaturalsound murmurous ischosentomeanthenoisewhile murderous ischosentomeansomethingquitedifferent Theyarearbitraryassignifiers Arbitrariness 1 24 Onomatopoeicwords CreakCuckooBangMooclip cloptick tackBuzzpit a pat 布谷布谷咯吱咯吱砰砰作响得得声哞哞嗡嗡 哼哼声噼噼啪啪的滴答滴答 25 2 Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel Asthenightfell thewindrose Asthewindrose thenightfell Whenthetwopartsinterchange thefocusandthemeaningofthesentenceisforcedtochange becauseclausesoccurringinlinearsequencewithouttimeindicatorswillbetakenasmatchingtheactualsequenceofhappening Arbitrariness 2 26 3 Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention Conventionality Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning 1 3 1Arbitrariness 3 27 Arbitrarinessandconvention AccordingtoSaussure everylinguisticsignisunityofabsolutearbitrarinessandrelativearbitrariness Betweenthesoundanditsmeaning Atthesyntacticlevel Makeslanguagepotentiallycreative ClicktoaddTitle Makeslanguagesystematic Language Arbitrariness Convention 28 1 3 2Duality PreviewQuestionsforyou 1 Whatdoesdualitymean 2 Whatarethetwolevelsinlanguage 3 Doesanimallanguagehavetwolevelstoo 4 Whatisthesignificanceofduality 29 Duality Definition Thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels meaningfulunits e g wordsinwrittenlanguage andmeaninglesssegments e g sounds lettersinspokenlanguage 30 HierarchyofLanguage ExpressionofDuality Scoresofsounds Hundredsofmorphemes Thousandsofwords Astronomicalnumberofsentencesandtexts 1 Combinemeaninglesssoundsintomeaningfullinguisticunits2 Combinesmallunitsintobigunits Expressionofduality 31 SignificanceofDuality Becauseofduality thespeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard Inotherwords languageisproductivebecauseofitsownduality 32 1 3 3Creativity Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings 创造性指语言的能产性 这来源于语言的二层性和递归性 人可以通过使用数量有限的语法规则来对数量同样有限的词汇排列组合 生成数量无限的词组 短语和句子 即通过对数量有限的语言基本成分的排列组合来产生新的语言单位 熊学亮2003 11 33 Therecursivenatureoflanguage Pleasewritearecursivenaturesentencefollowingtheexampleinsection1 3 3 Forexample IwanttomakefriendswithNickywhoworksinatranslationcompanywhichhasemployedmorethan1 000peoplethisyearwhentheeconomyhasgonedownhillinChinawhere 34 Previewquestions 1 Whatisdisplacement 2 Canyougiveusanexampleofdisplacement 3 Whatisthesignificanceofdisplacement 1 3 4Displacement 35 Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent intimeandspace atthemomentofcommunication 移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体 时间或观点 DefinitionofDisplacement Displacement Discussion Whenadogbarks istheredisplacementinitsbarkingtoo 37 Differencefromanimalcommunication Whenaman forexample iscryingtoawoman aboutsomething itmightbesomethingthathadoccurred orsomethingthatisoccurring orsomethingthatistooccur Whenadogisbarking however youcandecideitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistsnowandthere Itcouldn tbebow wowingsorrowfullyforlostloveorabonetobelost 38 SignificanceofDisplacement 语言的置换性使语言具有元语言功能使得话语对上层建筑和意识形态具有一定的反向影响作用 即话语可以制造意识形态和创造现实 熊学亮2003 5 3 Inaword theintellectualbenefitsofdisplacementtousisthatitmakespossibleforustotalkandthinkinabstractterms Fowler 1974 8 39 Reviewquestions 1 Whyshouldwestudylanguage 2 Whatisthedefinitionoflanguage 3 Whatisarbitrarinessoflanguage 4 Whatisdualityoflanguage Whatisthesignificanceofduality 5 Whatiscreativityoflanguage 6 Whatisdisplacement Pleaseuseoneortwoexamplestoillustratethesignificanceofdisplacement 40 41 1 4Originoflanguage Previewquestion Howdidlanguagecomeintobeing 42 1 TheDivine OriginTheory AndoutofthegroundtheLORDGodformedeverybeastofthefield andeveryfowloftheair andbroughtthemuntoAdamtoseewhathewouldcallthem andwhatsoeverAdamcalledeverylivingcreature thatwasthenamethereof 耶和华神用土所造成的野地各样走兽和空中各样飞鸟都带到那人面前 看他叫什么 那人怎样叫各样的活物 那就是它的名字 43 Adam snaming AndAdamgavenamestoallcattle andtothefowloftheair andtoeverybeastofthefield butforAdamtherewasnotfoundanhelpmeetforhim 那人便给一切牲畜和空中飞鸟 野地走兽都起了名 只是那人没有遇见配偶帮助他 44 仓颉造字 汉字 仓颉陵遗址 仓颉 史皇氏 今濮阳市南乐县吴村人 相传是黄帝时期造字的史官 仰观天象 俯察鸟兽虫鱼之迹 总结远古各部落的刻划符号首创文字 从而结束了远古先民结绳纪事的历史 后人尊之为 造字圣人 仓颉陵遗址上建有仓颉陵墓和仓颉庙 还有藏甲楼 故宅井及部分石刻 碑刻 目前主要修复的建筑有万古一人殿 仰圣门 碑亭 朝天门 六书殿 字圣坊 造书台 碑林 上古仓颉 cangjie 造字时 飞沙走石 天雨粟 鬼夜哭 45 2 Theinventiontheory a thebow wowtheory咆哮说 拟声说b ThePooh poohtheory啵啵说 感叹说c The Yo he ho theory吆嘿嗬说 喘息说 46 a TheBow wowtheory 咆哮说 拟声说 Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatethesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat Evidence Onomatopoeicwords 47 b ThePooh poohtheory 啵啵说 感叹说 Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpain angerandjoy Evidence InterjectionssuchasOh Ah Aiyo 48 c The Yo he ho theory 吆嘿嗬说 喘息说 Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage Evidence Prosodicuseofrhythms 49 1 5FunctionsofLanguage Previewquestions 1 Whataremetafunctionsoflanguage 2 Whatarethemainfunctionsoflanguage 3 Explaineachofthefunctionswithanexample 50 M A K Halliday 韩礼德 1925 founderofsystemicfunctionalgrammar linguistics 1947 1949studiedatBeijingUniversity 1955gotdoctor sdegreeatCambridgeUniversitywithTheLanguageoftheChinese SecretHistoryoftheMongols 51 MetafunctionsofLanguage 纯理功能 Halliday sModel 1 Ideational toconveynewinformation tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer throughtransitivesystem 概念功能指的是人们通过语言来表达现实世界中的各种经历 包括内心世界 即运用语言来反映客观和主观世界中所发生的事情 所涉及到的人物 物体以及相关的时间 地点等因素 MetafunctionsofLanguage 纯理功能 Halliday sModel 52 2 Interpersonal enactssocialrelationships throughmoodandmodality InterpersonalMetafunction 人际功能指的是讲话者运用语言来参加社会活动 从而确立自己的身份 地位 表达行事的态度和动机以及对事物的判断 从而建立一定的社会关系 53 ContextualMetafunction 3 Contextual referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences throughcoherenceandcohesion 语篇功能指的是语言运用 口头表达和书面表达 中的前后连贯 并与相关的语域发生联系 为概念功能和人际功能提供物质基础 54 ThreeMetafunctions Aboutthenaturalworldinthebroadestsense includingourownconsciousness Relatestothecontextofculture Aboutthesocialworld especiallytherelationshipbetweenspeakerandhearer Relatestothecontextofsituation Abouttheverbalworld especiallytheflowofinformationinatext Relatestotheverbalcontext Metafunctionsoflanguage Ideationalfunction Interpersonalfunction Contextualfunction 55 1 Theinformative ideational function Informativefunction 信息功能 themajorroleoflanguage languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation Informativestatementsareoftencharacterizedbytheuseofdeclarativesentences andlabeledastrue truth orfalse falsehood Lighttravelsfasterthansound facts Thefilmisratherboring opinions 56 Interpersonalfunction 人际功能 themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety Forexample thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves DearSir DearProfessor Johnny yours yourobedientservant 2 InterpersonalFunction 57 Theperformativefunction 施事功能 Thismeanspeoplespeakto dothings orperformactions Oncertainoccasionstheutteranceitselfasanactionismoreimportantthanwhatwordsorsoundsconstitutetheutteredsentence 3 ThePerformativefunction Forexample Inowdeclarethemeetingopen Ibetyoutwopoundsitwillraintomorrow 58 4 Theemotivefunction Theemotivefunction 情感功能 oneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething God Damnit Whatasight Wow Ugh我的妈呀 老天爷啊 晕 59 吃了吗 家里都还好吧 这是到哪里去呢 5 Phaticcommunion Theuseoflanguagetoestablishanatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact E g Greetings Farewells andCommentsontheweather etc 60 thewell knownmovie 刘三姐 featuresasceneof 对歌 songdueling mostlyforthesheerjoyofplayingonlanguage 6 Therecreationalfunction Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingitsuchasababy sbabblingorachanter schanting 61 Metalingualfunction 元语言功能 ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself talkingabouttalkandthinkingaboutthinking Tobehonest onsecondthought totellyouthetruth asamatteroffact thatistosay Suchexpressionsareusedmostfrequentlywhenwewanttoexpatiatethemeaningofformerclausesinanotherwayinargumentation Itmakesthelanguageinfinitelyself reflexive 自我反身性 7 Themetalingualfunction HAPPYTeacher sDAY 3RDCLASS 62 Reviewquestions 1 Whatarethetwolevelsoflanguage 2 Whatdoescreativityoweto 3 Givesomeexamplestoexplaindisplacementofhumanlanguage 4 Whatarethemainfunctionsoflanguage Givesomeexamplestoillustratethesefunctions 63 1 6WhatisLinguistics Definition thescientificstudyofhumanlanguages Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonesociety butthelanguageofallhumanbeings Alinguist though doesnothavetoknowandusealargenumberoflanguages buttoinvestigatehoweachlanguageisconstructed 64 WhatisLinguistics Alinguistisalsoconcernedwithhowalanguagevariesfromdialecttodialect fromclasstoclass howitchangesfromcenturytocentury howchildrenacquiretheirmothertongue andperhapshowapersonlearnsorshouldlearnaforeignlanguage 65 WhatisLinguistics Inshort linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprincipleswhereuponallhumanlanguagesareconstructedandoperatedassystemsofcommunicationintheirsocietiesorcommunities 66 1 7MainbranchesofLinguistics 1 Soundphonetics2 Soundsphonology3 Wordmorphology4 Words sentencesyntax5 Meaningsemantics6 Meaninginacontextpragmatics 67 Thescopeormajorbranchesoflinguistics 1 9Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics Previewquestions 1 Whatisthedifferencebetweenprescriptiveanddescriptive 2 Givesomeexamplestoshowthedifferencesbetweensynchronicanddiachronic 3 Findoutthedifferencesbetweenlangueandparole 4 Whatisthemajordifferencebetweencompetenceandperformance 70 1 9 1Descriptivevs Prescriptive 1 Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse itissaidtobedescriptive 2 Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage i e totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay itissaidtobeprescriptive 71 Descriptive Prescriptive Todescribethelinguisticfactsobserved1 whatisinlanguage describeactualspeechbehaviors 2 Whatpeopleactuallysay modernlinguistic Tolaydownrulesfor correct linguisticbehavior1 Whatshouldbeinlanguage laydownrulesfor 2 Whatpeopleshouldsay traditionallinguistics Descriptivevs Prescriptive Descriptivevs Prescriptive Linguisticstudiesbeforethiscenturywerelargelyprescriptivebecausemanyearlygrammarswerebasedon high literaryorreligious writtenrecords 73 Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive however It thelatter believesthatwhateveroccursinnaturalspeech hesitation incompleteutterance misunderstanding etc shouldbedescribedintheanalysis andnotbemarkedasincorrect abnormal corrupt orlousy 74 Descriptivevs Prescriptive ExamplesofPrescriptivegrammar traditional1 A ItisI B Itisme YoushouldsayAinsteadofBbecause be shouldbefollowedbythenominativecase nottheaccusativeaccordingtotherulesinLatin ExamplesofPrescriptivegrammar traditional 2 A Whodidyouspeakto B Whomdidyouspeakto YoushouldsayBinsteadofAbecauseWhomisusedinformalspeechandinwriting Whoismoreacceptableininformalspeech 76 1 9 2Synchronicvs diachronic Asynchronic 共时的 description thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation staticstate Mostgrammarsareofthiskind AGrammarofModernGreek TheStructureofShakespeare sEnglish 77 Diachronic 历时的 thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime dynamicstate Pejorative 轻蔑语 SenseDevelopmentinEnglish 78 1 9 2Synchronicvs diachronic Synchronicvsdiachronic Synchronicstudy descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime modernlinguistics Diachronicstudy descriptionofalanguagethroughtime historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime 1 9 3Langue parole Langue language theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity 说话者的语言能力 Parole speaking therealizationoflangueinactualuse 语言上的实际表现 80 ProposedbySwisslinguistF deSaussure sociological Saussure Differencesbetweenlangueandparole 81 82 Whatalinguistoughttodo accordingtoSaussure istoabstractlanguefrominstancesofparole i e todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningallinstancesofparoleandmakethemthesubjectoflinguistics Differencesbetweenlangueandparole Langue language Parole speaking thegeneralizedrulesoflanguage1 abstract systemofrules 2 shared byallmembersofaspeechcommunity 3 relativelystable theapplicationofrules1 concrete useoflangue 2 specific toindividualpersons contexts 3 changeable 1 9 4Competenceandperformance Competence theidealuser sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage 语言能力 Performance theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations 语言运用 84 Chomsky ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN Chomsky psychological Relationsb tcompetence performance 1 Competenceenablesustoproduceunlimitedsentences torecognizegrammaticalerrorsandambiguities Socompetenceistheprerequisiteforperformances 2 Aspeaker scompetenceisrelativelystable performancesarechangeableinfluencedbymanyfactors Performances relatedfactorssocialfactors addressee environment timepsychologicalfactors pressure distress anxiety embarrassment fear interest confidence Relationsb tcompetence performance 3 Aspeaker scompetencemightbeperfect buthisperformancescan tavoidimperfection Eg Imperfectperformanceaslipoftongue口误falsestarts头起错了unnecessarypauseshesitation mouthfillers语塞 Relationsb tcompetence performance Differencesbetweencompetenceandperformance Chomskybelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetence ratherthanperformance Inotherwords theyshoulddiscoverwhatanidealspeakerknowsofhisnativelanguage 88 SaussureVs Chomsky Notexactlythesame thoughsimilar 89 Exercises 1 tru