现在完成-现在完成进行体.doc

Present perfect and present perfect progressive 现在完成时一、现在完成时的意义及其构成：现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态, 其结果的影响现在还存在; 也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成: have (has) +过去分词二、通常使用现在完成时的几种情况：1、表示过去发生的事对现在仍有影响。 The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy(Justin在过去失踪，但Kelly至今仍旧为他的失踪感到不高兴) 2、表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在。 I havent seen Justin since last Friday night(从上周五晚上到现在一直都没有见到过3、表示动作的确切时间不明确或不重要。 The boy has already come home(男孩已经回家，但没有指出何时回家)4、表示刚结束的动作。 The police have just finished searching the area(警方刚结束对该地区的搜查)5、表示反复发生的动作。 Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times(村民们曾多次看到UFO)三、常与现在完成时连用的时间状语1、 表示过去的事或动作对现在有影响，动作的时间不明确、不重要或动作刚结束，一般可用already(用于肯定句或疑问句)、yet(用于否定句或疑问句)、ever、just、recently、lately never等。除此之外，before也可用于现在完成时。 The boy has already come home男孩已经来家了。 I havent heard anything from him yet/ recentlylately. 近来，我没收到他的任何信件。 The police have just finished searching the area警方已经结束对这个地区的搜查。 Ive met the old man somewhere before我以前在某个地方见过那位老人。2、 表示动作从过去开始，并一直延续到现在，一般可用forsince短语或由since引导的时间状语从句。在介词for后一般跟表示一段时间的短语，在since后一般跟表示某个时间的短语，或表示过去时间的状语从句。 We havent seen him for two yearssince 2002我两年没见到他了/自从2002年以来就没见过他。 We havent seen him since he left Nanjing自从他离开南京我们就一直没见到过他。3、 表示反复发生的动作，一般可用数词+times、recently和lately等。 Some villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times/ recently/lately一些村民说他们多次/近来看到飞碟。四、用于现在完成时的句型： 1) It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分, 用现在完成时。如果主句是过去时，从句相应地改为过去完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次参观这座城市。 It was the third time that the boy had been late. 这是男孩第三次迟到了。2) sb./ sth. + be + 形容词最高级+ that结构, that从句要用现在完成时。如果主句是过去时，从句相应地改为过去完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的电影中最好的一部。 You are the most creative man that I have ever met. 你是我遇到过的人中最有创造性的一位。 3) since 引导时间状语从句时，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。例如： It has been/ is a long time since I last came to the city. 自从我上次到城里来，已经有好长一段时间了。I started my teaching career at the school. That was more than twenty years ago, and I have been there ever since.我是在那个学校开始我的教书生涯。那是二十多年前的事了，从那时起我一直就在那儿。注意: 非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错) I have received his letter for a month.(对) I received this letter a month ago.(对) I havent received his letter for almost a month.比较since和for用 法举 例since说明动作起始时间I have lived here since I was born.自从出生以来我一直住这儿。for说明动作延续时间长度I have lived here for more than 20 years. 我已经住这儿20多年了。注意: 并非有for 时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years. 我在这儿住了20多年 (我现在已不在这里工作) 。I have worked here for many years. 我在这里已经工作许多年了(现在我仍在这里工作) 。注意: 用句型转换的方法, 很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1) (对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2) (错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然, 第二句不对, 它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.例1：- Do you know our town at all?- No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 解析：B。这是It is the first / second time. that句型，该结构中的从句部分, 用现在完成时。四个选项中只有B是现在完成时。例2：It is the most delicious food I_ . A. ever had B. even have C. have ever had D. have even had解析： C。本句句意为：他说这是我吃过的饭中最可口的一顿。符合sb./ sth. + be + 形容词最高级+ that结构, that从句要用现在完成时，排除A、B。ever常与最高级连用，加强语气，表示“曾经中最的”，而even表示甚至，语意不通。例3：- Have you _ been to our town before? - No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come解析：D。ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 一般过去时现在完成时意义过去发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情, 强调动作过去发生的事情对现在的影响, 强调的是影响。构成didhave/ has done常用时间状语yesterday, last week, ago,in1980, in October, just now等具体的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,up to now, in the past/ last years等不确定的时间状语动词特征come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married,move, join等非持续性动词live, teach, learn, wait, read, work, study, know, stay, be away/in , stay, talk, paint, have等延续性动词注意：由when, where等引导的特殊疑问句，较少使用现在完成时，常用一般过去时。I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响, 电影的内容已经知道了)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用)Great changes have taken place in the past 10 years. (in the past 10 years是不确定的时间状语)I returned for the book. (回来的动作是非持续性动词)He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)- When and where did you buy this computer? (询问者关心的是过去发生的事情的地点、时间)- I bought it last Sunday at the supermarket. 例1：Where_ the map? I cant see anywhere.I _ it right here just now. A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; have put解析：B。第一道横线：由when, where等引导的特殊疑问句，较少使用现在完成时,因为这种疑问句的询问者关心的是过去发生的事情的地点、时间等, 这种情况常用一般过去时, 所以排除B、C； D中的were youputting是过去进行时，表示过去正在放地图了。第二道横线：just now是具体的时间状语，该用一般过去时，也仅有B正确。例2：Dont put the waste on the ground. Oh, Im very sorry. I _ the dustbin there. A. dont see B. isnt seeing C. didnt see D. havent seen解析：C。本句句意为：-不要把垃圾扔在地上。-对不起，我没看到那边的垃圾桶。没看到是刚才的过去的动作，所以排除A、B；该动作没有对现在产生影响（垃圾并没有扔在垃圾桶里），所以就用一般过去时。 现在完成进行时一、现在完成进行时的意义及其构成： 现在完成进行时表示某一动作在过去开始发生, 已经持续到现在, 并且还将持续, 或刚刚停止。其构成:have (has) +been + doingI have been learning English for three years. (学英语这个动作从三年前开始持续到现在，还将继续学)I have been waiting three hours for you. (等待从过去开始，一直持续到现在，刚刚结束) 二、通常使用现在完成进行时的两种情况：1 表示过去开始的动作一直延续到现在并仍在继续之中。 I have not been sleeping well since I returned home(“我”回家后一直都没有睡好，现在也没有睡好)2 表示过去开始的动作刚结束并在某种情况下与现在有关联。 Kelly：Sorry Im lateHave you been waiting long? (凯利刚到，对方虽然不再等了，但已一直等到现在) Sally：YesI have been waiting for an hour现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如： We have been cleaning the classroom我们打扫教室来着。其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。表示教室刚刚打扫过。 We have cleaned the classroom我们把教室打扫过了。其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。表示教室可能是昨天打扫的。 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时现在完成进行时意义表示事件或动作刚结束强调动作仍在继续构成have (has) +过去分词have (has) +been + doing提问方式表示反复发生的动作，提问时用how many times表示持续的、不间断的动作，提问时用how long谓语用表示状态或动作的动词做谓语只能用表示动作的动词做谓语注意：现在完成时的句子中可以用像never、yet、already和ever这样的词，而现在完成进行时的句子中则不可以用这样的词。Helen has read a book about Stonehenge. (可表示海伦已经读完了)Helen has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (表示海伦仍在读)- How many times have you visited Egypt this month? -I have visited Egypt twice this month. (现在完成时在这一组对话当中表示被问者过去往返于埃及和居住地，但现已经回来)- How long have you been touring Egypt ? - I have been touring Egypt for two months. (现在完成进行时在这一组对话中表示被问者过去一段时间内一直呆在埃及，没有离开过)I have had this camera for five years(had是表示“拥有”状态的动词)I have taken photos of UFOs with this camera. (taken是表示动作的动词)I have been taking photos of UFOs with this camera. (taking是表示动作的动词