第五章 介词.doc

第五章 介词一、介词的形式：介词是一种虚词，它不能单独担任句子成分，必须与名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句构成介词短语，才能担任句子成分。1、 介词的种类和介词短语的用法（1） 介词的种类1. 简单介词 at, in, on, to, since, until 等。如：Hes worked there since 1998.2. 复合介词 into, onto, out of 等。如：She is out of school. 她毕业了。3. 二重介词 from under, from behind, from out of, until after, except in 等。如：Im from out of town. 我是从城外来的。4. 短语介词 because of, instead of, in spite of 等。如：I went back not because of the rain, but because I was tired. 我回去不是因为下雨，而是因为我累了。 介词名词，例如： by bus 乘公共汽车 in the park 在公园里 on Sunday 在星期天 介词代词，例如：(talk) to oneself 对自己（说），自言自语 (a letter) for you 给你的（信） (not) at all 一点也（不） 介词数词，例如：(cut sth) in two （把切）成两半 介词动名词，例如：(a way) of doing that做那件事的（方式）be good at drawing pictures善于画画 介词wh-短语，例如：(talk) about what to do next（谈论）下一步该做什么 介词从句，例如：Please think of what I said. 请你考虑我说的话。二、介词的作用1. 表示地点：after, along（沿着，顺着）, at, below（在下面）, by, of, near, over, through（通过，穿过，凭借）, under 等。如：Near the village the boys are skating on the ice. 男孩子们正在村子附近的冰上滑冰。 They lay down under the shade of a tree. 他们躺在一棵树的树阴下。2. 表示时间：about, after, across（穿过，横穿）, at, during, for, in, of, till（直到）, until（在以前，到为止） 等。如：After class he will tell us about the accident. 课后他将告诉我们有关事故的情况。The accident happened during the night. 事故发生在夜间。3. 表示动作：at, across, around（四处，在周围，大约）, on, over, under 等。如：The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳运行。The car is under repair. 汽车在修理中。4. 表示比较：as（如同，当做）, like, above（超过，在之上）, over, with 等。如：She was something like her sister. 她有几份像她的妹妹。Chinese is much more difficult in contrast（对比） with English. 和英语相比，汉语难得多。5. 表示原因：about, for, from, with 等。如：Dont worry about my lessons. 不要担心我的功课。Business kept me from coming. 我因事不能来。He was angry with what I did. 他对我所做的很气愤。6. 表示条件：to, with, without 等。如：Without your advice, he would have failed. 没有你的忠告他可能已经失败了。7. 表示手段、方式：as, by, in, with 等。如：He behaved as a child. 他的举止如同小孩一样。Learn the new words by heart. 记住这些生词。We see with our eyes. 我们用眼睛看。8. 表示距离、数量：from, in, within(在之内) 等。如：My house is ten miles from the school. 我家离学校十英里。They were thirty in all. 他们总共有三十人。9. 表示目的：as, for 等。如：I only said it as a joke. 我只是把它当作笑话讲的。Its time for class. 到上课的时间了。10. 表示让步：for, with 等。如：For all his effort, he didnt succeed. 虽然他做了一番努力，仍不能成功。With all his money, he is unhappy. 尽管他有钱，但他并不快乐。for 还可以引导插入语，例如：For one, I agree with this idea.( ) 1. He often goes _ school _ six thirty _ the morning.A. for; to; in B. to; at in C. to; for; at D, for; at; to( ) 2. The English teacher told me to get there_ half past ten.A: in B. at C. on D. of( )3. The children get up _ 6 oclock.A. at B. on C. during D. in ( ) 4. _ Tom gets up at five in the morning.A. Sometime B. Sometimes C. Some time D. Some times 三、几组介词的用法比较：1. in, at, on：这三个介词都可以表示时间，但在使用上有区别。 in表示时间段，即在较长的一段时间内。例如：in the morning / afternoon / evening 在早晨下午晚上in the daytime / night 在白天夜里in a day / week / month / year 在一天一周一个月一年内in August 在八月 in spring / summer / autumn / winter 在春天夏天秋天冬天in (the year) 2004 在2004年 in the winter holiday(s) 在寒假in ones life 在（某人）一生中 He is in his twenties. 他二十几岁了。 一般认为，at表示时间点，即钟点、（做某事的）时刻等。例如：at six oclock 在六点钟 at noon (= at 12:00 in the daytime) 在中午at that time 在那时候；当时 at the moment (= now) 现在；此刻at the end of the holiday 在假期结束时但是，在以下的时间短语中，at却表示时间段：at dinner time 在（吃）晚饭时 at night 在夜间at weekends / the weekend 在周末 at Christmas 在圣诞期间at this time of (the) year 在一年的这个时节 on表示特定的日子。例如： 表示日期：on March 20, 2004 在2004年3月20日 表示星期几：on Saturday 在星期六 on weekdays 在平时；从周一到周五（或周六） 表示某日的时辰：on Sunday morning 在星期日早晨on a Monday afternoon 在一个星期一的下午on the night of August 10 在8月10 日的夜里 表示节日、纪念日：on New Years Day 在元旦on my birthday 在我生日那天on that day 在那天 表示特别的日子：on the following day （在）第二天on a cold winter morning 在一个寒冬的早晨on a sunny day in October 在10月的一个晴朗的日子( ) 1. Children get gifts _ Christmas and _ their birthdays.A. on; on B. at; on C. in; in D. in; on( ) 2. -There is nothing _tomorrow afternoon, is there?-No. We can have a game of table tennis.A. on B. in C. out D. up( ) 3. A lot of students in our school were born_March, 1981.A. in B. at C. on D. since( ) 4. Tim suddenly returned_ a rainy night.A. on B. at C. in D. during( ) 5. My grandfather was born_Oct. 10, 1935.A. on B. in C. at D. of( ) 6. Mike does his exercises _ seven _ the evening.A. on; to B. at; in C. by; of D. at; on2. during, in:两者用作介词时均与表示一般时间的名词连用，意为“在期间”，一般情况下能相互换用。但是，在实际运用中应注意下面几点：. 若谓语动词着重于动作或状态的延续性时，习惯用during ；若表示某一行为发生在一段时间中的某一点时间时，习惯用in。例如：I learned a lot during my stay in the countryside .我呆在农村的那段日子里学了很多东西。She was born in 1997 .她出生于1997年。. 当表示对比或强调时，多用in，而不用during。例如：Mr. Black visited China in 1980 , not in 1970 .布莱克生先是1980年访问中国的，不是1970年。.表示一段时间的名词holiday , childhood , stay等词前，习惯上用during ，而不用in。例如： I think that maybe his Chinese teacher will give Jim some work to do during the holiday .我想这段假期或许吉姆的汉语老师会给他一些作业做。3. for, since:for和since引导的时间状语都有延续之意，但着眼点不同，用法也有所不同。 “for时间段”表示“（延续）之久”，其着眼点是现在，即表示延续到现在的一段时间（与现在完成时连用），或表示一段已经终结了的时间（与过去时连用），或表示将要延续的一段时间（与将来时连用）。例如：They have lived in China for two years. 他们在中国已住了两年（现在还在中国）They lived in China for two years. 他们在中国住过两年。They will stay here for a few weeks. 他们将在这里住上几个星期。 “since时间点”表示“自从（过去某时）以来”，其着眼点是过去某时，即表示自过去某时延续至今的一段时间，常与现在完成时连用。例如：She has worked here since 1999. 自1999年以来，她就在这里工作。I havent written home since Christmas. 自圣诞节以来，我就没有给家里写过信。We havent seen each other since three years ago. 自三年前以来，我们彼此就未见过面。since还可以用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句(通常用一般过去式)。例如：It has been raining since I got up this morning.今天早晨我起床以来一直在下雨。It is just a week since we arrived here. 我们到这里以来只有一星期的时间。1He has been late for school three times _ the morning of last Friday. A. inB. onC. sinceD. until2I forgot to bring the key _ my office. A. ofB. forC. withD. to3改错：The group of players will come back after three days.4. on, above, over： 这三个介词都可以表示地点，意思是“在上”，但具体含义有所不同。 on是指与物体表面接触而不是在其上方。例如：They are sitting on the grass. 他们坐在草地上。He jumped on the horse. 他跳上了马。 above是指离开物体表面而在其上方，其反义词为below。例如：The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云层之上飞行。The mountain is about 2,000 metres above the sea.那座山约海拔2,000米高。 over是指在物体的正上方，有时还有“覆盖；越过”之意，其反义词为under。例如：A lamp was hanging over the table.一盏灯高挂在餐桌上方。I saw a stone bridge over the river. 我看见一座石桥横跨河上。5. by, before, until：这三个介词都可以表示时间。用法区别如下： by和before的比较：by表示“不迟于某时”（= not later than），包括某时在内；before则表示“在某时之前”（= earlier than），不包括某时在内。请比较：by Friday.（不迟于星期五）I will finish it before Friday.（早于星期五） by和until的比较：by表示一个动作在不迟于某时的任何时候发生，动词常用瞬时性动词；until（用于肯定句时）表示一个动作一直延续到某时，动词常用延续性动词。请比较：We must leave by five oclock.（5点或5点以前离开）We must wait until five oclock.（一直等到5点）6. between, among：.between 多指两者之间。如：Whats the difference between the two words? among指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间，在或笼统的一群人或一些物之中，表示“在中间，在之中”。如：The young people lived and worked among the workers.7.in ,on , to 1.in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) Taiwan is _ the southeast of China .2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系) Hubei is on the north of Hunan .3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系) Japan is to the east of China .1 The school gate is _ the north of the classroom building. A. in B. to C .on D. at8,with，in，by with A.和一起Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗？ B.具有，带有 He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.他是有着一双明亮大眼睛的英俊男孩。C用某种工具或方法 Li Li cut her hand with a knife.莉莉用刀把手指弄破了。 I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。 He wrote the letter with a new pen.他用一只新钢笔写这封信。With ones help在某人的帮助下Eg. With the teachers help I have made progress.在老师的帮助下，我取得了进步。 in表示用什么材料（如用墨水，铅笔等），或用什么语言，或者表示衣着、声调特点时，不用with，而用in。she wrote a letter in black ink.她用黑色的墨水写信。Dont write it in pencil but in ink. 别用铅笔写，用钢笔（水）写。Can you speak in English？你能用英语说吗？比较：in和with1. 用in，with表示工具或方法时，在译成中文时区别不大，但在英语上的用法却不大相同。2. 用“with”时，后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。With my ears.用我的耳朵。With a pencil.用一只铅笔。3. 用in时，后面加物质名词，不能加冠词。In ink用墨水（钢笔）in pencil用铅笔。 by通过方法、手段必背：“by+交通工具”的词组：by bicycle骑自行车；by train坐火车；by plane/by air坐飞机； by taxi坐出租车；by car坐小汽车；by ship坐船； by bus坐公共汽车9. Without，like，as without没有，是with的反义词。Man cant live without air and water.人类没有空气和水不能生存。I cant read the book without using a dictionary.不用字典，我看不了这本书。Please give me a cup of coffee with（without） milk.请给我一杯（不）加牛奶的咖啡。 like像一样Nancy is just like her mother.南希和她的妈妈一样。注意：Nancy looks like her mother.（南希和她妈妈长得一样。）用look时，强调外表。 作为He is famous as a scientist here.他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。They treated me as a hero.他们像对待英雄那样对待我。The room is dirty as usual.这房间像平时一样脏。10.in front of / in the front of in the front of 表示在.内部的前面in front of 表示在外面的前面There is a desk in the front of our classroom . There is a big tree in front of our classroom.11.be made +介词的区别:be made of 由制成 (看得见原材料)be made from由制成 (看不见原材料)be made in +地点 由哪儿生产be made by sb. 由某人制造12. besides与except的区别A.介词besides表示“除之外（全部计算在内）”如：We have seen the rainbow besides Li Fang. B.介词except表示“除之外（不计算在内）”如：We are all Chinese except Tom in our class. 1. Youll get one thousand dollars _. A after all到底、毕竟 B at all C in all总共 D all together一起2. This bus can run _ 70 miles an hour. A. for B. with C. at D. in3. Tom didnt attend（参加） the meeting yesterday evening _ his illness. A as B for C because D because of4. Now its quite important _ us to make full use of time. A for B to C of D with5. Its nice _ you to get the ticket _ F1. Its said the car-race is very exciting. A of, for B for, for C of, of D for, of四、介词与其它词类的常见搭配“介词名词”的搭配：above zero 零度以上 after a while 片刻之后 after class 下课以后 along the road 沿路 at breakfast 早餐时 at first 起先；首先 at home 在家 at last 终于；最后 at least 至少；起码 at night 在夜里 at the bus stop 在公共汽车站 at the end of 在末 at the head of 在的前头 at the moment 此刻 at the same time 同时 at three oclock 在三点钟 at times 有时；偶尔 before long 不久以后 by air / bus 乘飞机公共汽车 by the door 在门口 by the end of 到末之前 by the time (when) 到的时候 by the way 顺便问（说）一下 during summer holidays 在暑假 from Monday to Friday 从周一到周五 from now on 从现在起in a hurry 匆忙地 in bed （躺）在床上in English 用英语 in fact 实际上；事实上in the city 在城里 in the country 在乡下in the daytime 在白天 in the east of 在东部in the end 最后 in the morning 在早晨in the open air 在户外；露天 in this way 用这种方法in time 及时 on display / show 陈列；展出on duty 值班；值日 on foot 走路；步行on Monday morning 在星期一早晨 on the east of 在以东（接壤）on the left 在左边 on the other hand 另一方面on time 按时；准时 over there 在那边to the east of 在东面（不接壤） with sbs help 在某人的帮助下“动词介词”的搭配：agree with 同意的意见 ask for 请求；询问 begin with 以开始 fall off （从）掉下get off 下（车） get on 上（车）get to 到达 go over 过一遍；仔细检查hear of 听说 knock at 敲（门） laugh at 嘲笑 learn from 向学习 listen to 听 look after 照顾；照看 look at 看 look for 寻找 look like 看起来像一样 look over 仔细检查pay for 付钱；支付 point at / to 指向 argue with 跟某人争吵 talk about 谈论 think about 考虑 think of 认为；想起trip over （被）绊倒 wait for 等候 “形容词介词”的搭配：be afraid of 害怕；担心 be amazed at 对感到惊讶 be angry with 对生气 be excited about 对感到激动 be famous for 因而有名 be far from 远离 be fed up with 厌倦 be full of 充满；装满be good at 善于；擅长于 be interested in 对感兴趣 be kind to 对友好 be late for 迟到 be near to 靠近 be pleased with 对感到满意be proud of 以自豪 be ready for 准备好 be sure of 对有把握 be worried about 为感到焦急，担心 （4）有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语：day after day 日复一日地 year after year 年复一年one after another 一个接一个地 one by one 一个接一个little by little 一点一点地 side by side 并肩step by step 一步步地 face to face 面对面arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牵手地day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地a day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天heart to heart 互相交心的(5)还有一些成语包含两个介词：from beginning to end 从头至尾 from bad to worse 越来越糟from time to time 不时地 from head to foot 浑身from morning to night 从早到晚 from start to finish 从头至尾from door to door 挨门挨户地 from place to place 到各地from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover (书面) 全部地，从头至尾五.不用介词的情况1).当时间状为: tonight,today,yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词. What are you going to do tonight ?2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语. He went to Wuhan last week .3).以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词. He has worked all day .4).以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词.【巩固练习】( ) 1. We returned to our hometown_.A. next week B. in the last week C. last week D. for a week( ) 2. Children wake up very early_the morning of Christmas Day.A. in B. on C. for D. at( ) 3. _ a cold winter morning, I met her in the stfeet.A. In B. On C. At D. For( ) 4. It happened to be very cold_ the morning of our sports meet.A. at B. on C. with D. of( ) 5. Why did you get up so early _ this morning.A. on B. / C. at D. in( ) 6. He went to Shanghai_ September 3, 1991 and came back_ a cold morning last year.A. in; on B. on;